Mobility Management Scheme Research Articles

A Packet Delivery Cost Analysis of a Flow-Enabled Proxy NEMO Scheme in a Distributed Mobility Anchoring Environment

DMM (Distributed Mobility Management) is a present elective worldview for creating a mobility management scheme to discourse the centralized issues in present IP-based mobile environments. The main reason is to enable these schemes to adapt to the present increment in the number of mobile operators, as well as mobile information traffic size, just as the pattern in the mobile Internet towards Industry 4.0 in a flat architecture. Until this point, the advancement of schemes dependent on the DMM-based method is still at fundamental phases in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), as well as there is no present standard set up. With the point of taking advantage of utilizing different interfaces all at once, this paper proposes an enhanced Flow-enabled Proxy NEMO scheme in a Distributed Mobility Anchoring (FPNEMO-DMA) environment. Besides, a mathematical approach is advanced to assess the performance of the proposed FPNEMO-DMA scheme and benchmark with the existing Nemo Basic Support Protocol (NBSP) and Proxy NEMO.

QoS-Aware Flexible Handover Management in Software-Defined Mobile Networks

Handover support is one of the important issues in mobile networks to guarantee the quality of service (QoS) requirements for mobile users. Alongside the development of network technologies, handover management to provide service continuity has been researched and applied for the Internet or cellular networks such as 3G/4G/5G. However, each network paradigm provides its own individual handover management system, even though there are different kinds of QoS requirements for various mobile services. This causes inefficient network resource utilization from the network operators’ perspectives. Therefore, this paper proposes a QoS-aware flexible mobility management scheme for software-defined networking (SDN)-based mobile networks. The proposed scheme classifies flows into four classes based on the QoS requirements of services in terms of delay and loss tolerance. According to the classified service characteristics, it provides a differential handover method for each flow class to support efficient network operation without any service degradation by interacting between the forwarding plane nodes and SDN controller. The performance analysis shows that the proposed scheme enables flexible network resource utilization, satisfying the QoS requirements for each class well compared to the conventional schemes that only consider their own individual handover procedure.

Mobility Management for ILNP-based Tactical Network

In the future Network Centric Warfare(NCW), changing to IPv6 based network environment is required to enable various future technologies such as the Internet of Things(IoT) and cloud technology which are expected to be introduced to the tactical network evolution. With the change to the IPv6 network, an ID/LOC(Identifier/Location) separation protocol that decomposes context of the IP address to location and identifier can enhance network capacity of increasing number of device and provide efficient mobility management in the tactical network that changes topology dynamically. In this paper, we choose ILNP(Identifier-Locator Network Protocol) as an ID/LOC separation for tactical network environment. In addition to ILNP-based tactical network design, this paper proposes a network-based mobility management scheme for providing efficient mobility management. Through numerical performance analysis, we show that the proposed scheme can reduce network loads more effectively than the conventional IP-based mobility management scheme and common handover procedure in ILNP. Keywords: 식별자/위치분리, 이동성관리, 식별자-ìœ„ì¹˜ë„¤íŠ¸ì›Œí¬í”„ë¡œí† ì½œ Keywords: ID/LOC Separation, Mobility Management, ILNP

Mobility Management Based on Beam-Level Measurement Report in 5G Massive MIMO Cellular Networks

Massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MMIMO) in the mmWave band is an essential technique to achieve the desired performance for 5G new radio (NR) systems. To employ mmWave MMIMO technology, an important challenge is maintaining seamless mobility to users because we need to consider beam-switching within a cell besides the handover between cells. For mobility management in 5G NR systems, 3GPP specified a beam-level-mobility scheme that includes beam pairing and maintenance between a transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) pair. We propose a unific-measurement report based mobility management scheme for improved radio-link-failure (RLF) rate and the accuracy of the Tx-Rx-beam-pair (TRP) selection with low overhead in 5G mmWave MMIMO networks where both handover and beam-switching are required. Furthermore, we modeled a finite-state-machine (FSM) for a user terminal to evaluate performance gain based on a system-level-simulation (SLS). We use the FSM-based Monte-Carlo SLS for the experiment and compare the performance of the proposed scheme with that of existing schemes in the scenario where both beam and cell-level-mobility are necessary. We show that the proposed scheme achieves an improvement in terms of the 3-dB loss probabilities representing the accuracy of the TRP selection, signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (SINR), and RLF rates with a lower signaling overhead compared to existing methods.

The Power of Mobility Prediction in Reducing Idle-State Signaling in Cellular Systems: A Revisit to 4G Mobility Management

Conventional mobility management schemes tend to hit the core network with increased signaling load when the cell size is shrinking and the user mobility speed increases. To mitigate this problem research community has proposed various intelligent mobility management schemes that take advantage of the predictability of the users mobility pattern. However, most of the proposed solutions are only focused on signaling of the active-state (i.e., handover signaling) and proposals on improvement of the idle-state signaling has been limited and were not well received from the industrial practitioners. This paper first surveys the major shortcomings of the existing proposals for the idle mode mobility management and then proposes a new architecture, namely predictive mobility management (PrMM) to mitigate the identified challenges. An analytical framework is developed and a closed form solution for the expected signaling overhead of the PrMM is presented. The results of numerical evaluations confirm that, depending on user mobility and network configuration, the PrMM efficiency can surpass the long term evolution (LTE) 4G signaling scheme by over 90%. Analysis of the results shows that the best performance is achieved at highly dense paging areas and lower cell crossing rates.

Design and Evaluation of a Multihoming-Based Mobility Management Scheme to Support Inter Technology Handoff in PNEMO

Handoff management is an indispensable component in supporting network mobility. The handoff situation raises while the Mobile Router (MR) or Mobile Node (MN) crosses the different wireless communication access technologies. At the time of inter technology handoff the multiple interface based MR can accomplish multihoming features such as enhanced availability, traffic load balancing with seamless flow distribution. These multihoming topographies greatly responsible reducing network delays during inter technology handoff. This article proposes a multihoming based Mobility management in Proxy NEMO (MM-PNEMO) scheme that considers benefits of using multiple interfaces. To support the proposed scheme design a numerical framework is developed that will be used to assess the performance of the proposed MM-PNEMO scheme. The performance is evaluated in the state-of-art numerical simulation approach focusing the key success metrics of signalling cost and packet delivery cost, that eventually scaling the total handoff cost. The numerical simulation result shows that the proposed MM-PENMO delightedly reduces the average handoff cost to 60% compared to existing NEMO Basic support protocol (NEMO-BSP) and PNEMO.

Skipping-based handover algorithm for video distribution over ultra-dense VANET

Next-generation networks will pave the way for video distribution over vehicular Networks (VANETs), which will be composed of ultra-dense heterogeneous radio networks by considering existing communication infrastructures to achieve higher spectral efficiency and spectrum reuse rates. However, the increased number of cells makes mobility management schemes a challenging task for 5G VANET, since vehicles frequently switch among different networks, leading to unnecessary handovers, higher overhead, and ping-pong effect. In this sense, an inefficient handover algorithm delivers videos with poor Quality of Experience (QoE), caused by frequent and ping-pong handover that leads to high packets/video frames losses. In this article, we introduce a multi-criteria skipping-based handover algorithm for video distribution over ultra-dense 5G VANET, called Skip-HoVe. It considers a skipping mechanism coupled with mobility prediction, Quality of Service (QoS)- and QoE-aware decision, meaning the handovers are made more reliable and less frequently. Simulation results show the efficiency of Skip-HoVe to deliver videos with Mean Opinion Score (MOS) 30% better compared to state-of-the-art algorithms while maintaining a ping-pong rate around 2%.

Multicell Edge Coverage Enhancement Using Mobile UAV-Relay

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted communication is a promising technology in future wireless communication networks. UAVs can not only help offload data traffic from ground base stations (GBSs), but also improve the quality of service of cell-edge users (CEUs). In this paper, we consider the enhancement of cell-edge communications through a mobile relay, i.e., UAV, in multi-cell networks. During each transmission period, GBSs first send data to the UAV, and then the UAV forwards its received data to CEUs according to a certain association strategy. In order to maximize the sum rate of all CEUs, we jointly optimize the UAV mobility management, including trajectory, velocity, and acceleration, and association strategy of CEUs to the UAV, subject to minimum rate requirements of CEUs, mobility constraints of the UAV and causal buffer constraints in practice. To address the mixed-integer nonconvex problem, we transform it into two convex subproblems by applying tight bounds and relaxations. An iterative algorithm was proposed to solve the two subproblems in an alternating manner. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm achieves higher rates of CEUs as compared with existing benchmark schemes.

다중 계층 무선 통신망에서 QoS 지원 적응형 이동성 관리 기법

본 논문은 모바일 사용자들에게 효율적인 QoS를 제공하기 위한 이동성 관리 기법에 관한 것이다. 극단적으로 작은 셀 반경을 갖는 마이크로 셀룰러 시스템은 높은 트래픽 용량을 제공하는 반면에 이동속도가 빠른 터미널들의 호들에 대해서는 최소한의 잔류 시간 요구들을 맞추기 어렵다. 이러한 문제점들을 극복하기 위해서 새로운 동적 다중 셀 구조를 설계하였다. 이동성을 지역화 시키는 QoS 적응형 이동성 참조 모델과 사용자의 다양한 이동성을 고려한 다중 계층 무선통신 시스템 등 새로운 이동성 관리 기법을 설계하고, 수학적 분석을 통하여 제안된 기법의 성능을 분석하였다.

A location‐aware network virtualization and reconfiguration for 5G core network based on SDN and NFV

SummaryIn 5G networks, mobile network and service functions run as software on general‐purpose servers that are distributed across remote sites. Dedicated networks, such as Internet of Things (IoT) network, disaster network, and immersive media network, are virtualized as software solutions on common hardware equipment. This means a new network can be easily provisioned by modifying the configurations of the network based on software‐defined networking (SDN) and network functions virtualization (NFV). Furthermore, the 5G core network architecture toward flat architecture with distributed cloud is a key solution for providing service flexibility and scalability in order to handle an explosive increase in mobile data traffic. To create heterogeneous networks and services on 5G networks, we propose a location‐aware network virtualization method that aims at minimizing the network load and resource cost by appropriately selecting the relevant cloud (including Virtual Machines (VMs), virtual network function [VNF] nodes, applications, and resources) and mobile core entities to provide the required virtual networking services that facilitate secure isolation of the virtual networks with automated resource convergence. In addition, we propose a selective mobility management scheme for service continuity in cases of user equipment (UE) handover. The numerical results show the trade‐off between the different cost factors, ie, network cost and service resources cost in terms of the number of deployed clouds on 5G core networks.

Radio access network design with software-defined mobility management

The softwarization of wireless networks has necessitated an overhaul of existing mobility management strategies. Specifically, mobility management is no longer constrained to function within the boundaries of a pre-existing radio access network. Softwarization of the network infrastructure allows resource configurations and associations to be changed on-demand, in a manner so as to support a least cost mobility management framework. To this end, this paper presents an optimal radio access network design framework augmented with user-specific clusters from the perspective of mobility management. The proposed framework is supported by a detailed mathematical model that characterizes user mobility, system traffic, and signaling costs. Performance evaluation is based on a cost comparison with conventional LTE/NR networks, and reinforces the fact that the framework proposed herein results in significant cost reduction, even in the face of changing network scenarios.

Design and analysis of a hybrid mobility management scheme for wireless mesh network to handle highly mobile mesh clients

Nowadays, the importance of continuous connectivity of wireless network has increased because of increase in the number of applications in handheld devices. For offering continuous connectivity, seamless mobility management is very much necessary. Many mobility management schemes have been proposed. The techniques can broadly classified as, tunnel based scheme and routing based scheme. The tunnel based techniques has the advantage of limited route management packet transmission. But disadvantage is that besides source and destination addresses each of the data packets carry an extra header for routing. In case of routing based scheme, advantage is that the data packets do not carry any extra header for routing. But the disadvantage is that during handoff lots of route management packets are transmitted. As the mesh client speed increases, these problems further increase. Hybrid mobility management technique has been proposed in this paper for minimizing the problems of both tunnel based scheme and routing based scheme. It has been designed to handle highly mobile mesh clients. The proposed scheme routes internet packets using routing table entries. On the other hand, it uses tunneling to route the intranet packets to the destination. The hybrid scheme and some of the existing schemes have been analyzed and compared. Performance comparison shows that the hybrid scheme outperforms these techniques.

A Comprehensive Survey on Mobility Management in 5G Heterogeneous Networks: Architectures, Challenges and Solutions

With the rapid increase in the number of mobile users, wireless access technologies are evolving to provide mobile users with high data rates and support new applications that include both human and machine-type communications. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets), created by the joint installation of macro cells and a large number of densely deployed small cells, are considered an important solution to deal with the increasing network capacity demands and provide high coverage to wireless users in future fifth generation (5G) wireless networks. Due to the increasing complexity of network topology in 5G HetNets with the integration of many different base station types, in 5G architecture mobility management has many challenges. Intense deployment of small cells, along with many advantages it provides, brings important mobility management problems such as frequent handover (HO), HO failure, HO delays, ping-pong HO and high energy consumption which will result in lower user experience and heavy signal loads. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive study on the mobility management in 5G HetNet in terms of radio resource control, the initial access and registration procedure of the user equipment (UE) to the network, the paging procedure that provides the location of the UE within the network, connected mode mobility management schemes, beam level mobility and beam management. Besides, this paper addresses the challenges and suggest possible solutions for the 5G mobility management.

“You study, you travel free”: when mobility management strategies meet social objectives

This paper presents the case of Catania, a medium-sized city (300,000 inhabitants) located in southern Italy, where University students are experiencing Fare-Free Public Transport (FFPT) since October 2018. This strategy is one of the main results of a strict collaboration between the Mobility Management office of the University of Catania, and two local PT operators, providing bus and metro transport services in the city. Traffic congestion, limited PT use, little cycling and walking for systematic trips, are among the main critical issues of mobility in Catania. FFPT for students goes beyond the mobility issues, and can be regarded as a social policy of the University of Catania aimed at improving the welfare and the quality of life of its students. First results based on a survey show the big impact of this policy on students’ behavior, and pave the way for future steps, where a constant monitoring of PT level of service, together with students’ experience, will be fundamental to improve PT and promote a paradigm change in transport.

Reliable AODV for DANET using Homomorphic Encryption Scheme

DANETs, when compared to MANETs, have high network density and mobility over time. To maintain a secure communication over DANET, requires the knowledge of mobility and complex key management scheme based on the topology change. Operation of DANETs can be categorized into two types based on the activity: 1. Activities requiring small key length 2. Activities requiring large key length. For disaster detection and emergency rescues, key length with reduced size (partial authentication mechanism) is preferable, whereas military operation or critical data sharing needs larger key size (complete authentication mechanism). The challenges for key management in DANETs include the identification of which routing information to be trusted, legitimate nodes with the key for conducting safety communication. Maintaining existing key management schemes over network density change leads to a complex routing and data handling methods.. In this paper we propose a novel approach of homomorphic encryption scheme for data communication security by combining network protocol steganographic security management scheme which reduces the critical information leakage in DANETs. The proposed algorithm helps to identify the distributed denial of service attack and identification of malicious nodes. The malicious activities in a group are identified by analysis of link failures, retransmission information encoded over application layers. In order to assure reliability, encoded data is used as a means to monitor, detect and remove malicious nodes from routing table. We conduct simulation experiments by using network simulator 3.26, Open street Map to verify that our method achieves significant improvement in preventing critical data leakage in presence of malicious nodes.

An optical backhaul solution for LiFi-based access networks

The light fidelity (Li-Fi) technology is being considered as one of the most promising solutions that can achieve a dramatic increase in communication capacity and a significant reduction in transmission latency especially when it is deployed in the indoor scenario. This technique can enable fully networking capabilities by exploiting the high speed transmission of visible light communication (VLC) technique and supporting massive deployment of LiFi access points to create a network of attocells. In this paper, we investigate the design of an optical backhaul network architecture that can provide efficient interconnection for LiFi access points. Specifically, we propose a LiFi access-point structure implementing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and optical encoding technique to provide multi-users access and allow all-optical processing and transmission in the backhaul network. A tunable optical encoding/decoding technique based on delaying optical pulses in a vector of optical delay line (ODLs) loops is designed to allow efficient mapping of the OFDM based access and data forwarding in the optical backhaul network. In this encoding scheme, optical codewords can be easily modified by dynamically changing the number of rounds that must be performed by the optical pulse in the ODL. This feature was exploited in the backhaul architecture to enable appropriate mobility management schemes and allow seamless handover between attocells. Performance evaluation using simulation was performed to show that the proposed optical backhaul solution can achieve high transmission capacity with reduced latency.

Effective Packet Loss Elimination in IP Mobility Support for Vehicular Networks

With the remarkable advances in wireless communications and mobile electronic technologies, traveling users have been demanding continuous and seamless Internet access to enjoy multimedia services such as video streaming, voice over IP, online gaming, and so on, through handheld smart devices. Providing ubiquitous wireless connectivity to mobile users is indispensable to support continuous online services when vehicles move across various kinds of access networks. However, the high vehicle velocity and complex user mobility in the urban environment impose great challenges on designing an efficient mobility management scheme. In this article, we study the packet loss issue in IP mobility support for vehicular networks. We first give detailed descriptions of some major mobility management solutions. Then, we analyze user mobility models in the urban environment and identify the packet loss issue when traveling users roam across various access networks. By flexibly utilizing tunneling and buffering technologies, we correspondingly design a comprehensive solution to eliminate packet loss in each handover scenario of the urban environment. Finally, performance comparisons between the proposed scheme and related proposals have been conducted, which demonstrate a noteworthy potential of the presented scheme in eliminating packet loss and improving handover performance in urban vehicular communications.

Mobility Management for Intro/Inter Domain Handover in Software-Defined Networks

To provide satisfactory Quality of Service (QoS) on the move, efficient mobility management is indispensable to provide mobile users with seamless and ubiquitous wireless connectivity. However, both the conventional centralized mobility architecture and the upcoming distributed mobility management face fundamental challenges such as sub-optimal routing, scalability, and so on. The emerging software-defined networking (SDN) architecture can efficiently manage network operations, and accordingly provides a new direction to address the challenges in mobility management. In this paper, we propose an SDN-based Mobility Management (SDN-MM) scheme to support seamless Intro/Inter domain handover with route optimization. SDN-MM decouples mobility management and packet forwarding functions by installing route optimizing and mobility control logics in an SDN controller, but exempting it from traffic redirecting. In SDN-MM, a comprehensive set of signaling operations are designed in order to provide transparent and efficient mobility support for ongoing sessions in each handover scenario, which prevents packet loss and tunneling overhead, and accordingly provide improved QoS to mobile users. For data communications, an SDN controller in SDN-MM pre-calculates the optimal end-to-end route before a handover, and decides whether to migrate traffic to the route by balancing the performance gain and the signaling overhead, which greatly improves bandwidth resource utilization. Finally, we develop a novel analytical model to evaluate the performance of SDN-MM, including signaling overhead, handover latency, and packet delivery cost. The simulation results have been provided to demonstrate that the proposed SDN-MM can greatly improve handover performance and maintain high resource utilization efficiency as well.

Rapidly IPv6 multimedia management schemes based LTE-A wireless networks

Ensuring the best quality of smart multimedia services becomes an essential goal for modern enterprises so there is always a need for effective IP mobility smart management schemes in order to fulfill the following two main functions: (I) interconnecting the moving terminals around the extended indoor smart services. In addition, (II) providing session continuity for instant data transfer in real-time and multimedia applications with negligible latency, efficient bandwidth utilization, and improved reliability. In this context, it found out that the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) over LTE-A network that offers many advanced services for large numbers of users with higher bandwidths, better spectrum efficiency, and lower latency. In GMPLS, there is an elimination of the routing searches and choice of routing protocols on every core LTE-A router also it provides the architecture simplicity and increases the scalability. A comparative assessment of three types of IPv6 mobility management schemes over the LTE-A provided by using various types of multimedia. By using OPNET Simulator 17.5, In accordance with these schemes, it was proven that the IPv6-GMPLS scheme is the best choice for the system's operation, in comparison to the IPv6-MPLS and Mobile IPv6 for all multimedia offerings and on the overall network performance.

Design and performance evaluation of cost-effective function-distributed mobility management scheme for software-defined smart factory networking

With the proliferation of mobile devices, Internet of Things (IoT), and edge commuting, and the advancement of ICT, mobile computing has become the norm, rather than the exception. Current network technologies and distributed system architectures make it difficult to meet users’ network trace, and incur high processing costs. To solve this problem, this paper proposes new functional distributed mobility management technologies for the application of the industrial future Internet. This implies the need for an efficient distributed mobility system to apply 5G or TSN (time sensitive network) technologies to the future industry Internet. Thus, it is assumed that various analytical techniques will be applied to provide superior performance in cost analyses, such as location update costs and packet transport costs. In this paper, we propose a cost-effective function-distribution mobility management system that will build a future industrial Internet to meet the needs and convenience of users. It also uses computer simulation to create the mobility provision system, and the electiveness of the cost analysis usage and rental management function models. Software-defined networking in smart factories (SFs) enables them to easily adapt the communication network to changing requirements. Similar to cloud-based systems, such SFs could be seen as producing clusters that could be rented and configured as needed. To achieve the required flexibility, the SF network uses software defined networking combined with network function virtualization. Despite the fact that the technology is not yet ready for deployment in today’s manufacturing networks, a novel network architecture for SFs based on software-defined networking and network virtualization is here proposed, to support smart services, especially for Industry 4.0.