Mobility Management Mechanism Research Articles

The impact of IMS mobility management with google mobile phone on quality of experience

The widespread of a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) access network in residential areas provides low-cost and high-speed access to the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) services for end users. This has virtually made WLAN to be a complementary access network to Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The interoperability of WLAN and UMTS is made possible with the use of a mobility management mechanism in IP Multimedia Subsystems (IMS) architecture. Current problems in mobility management mechanisms are found in device mobility such as mobile phones. Such problems affect several layers and disrupt services. In this paper, IMS mobility management mechanisms with G1 mobile phone as an IMS client testbed is implemented, and its impact on the Quality of Experience (QoE) during end-to-end VoIP call session and its conformity to the 3GPP requirements of seamless service continuity is evaluated. The QoE driven mobility management mechanism is then proposed and evaluated to improve the QoE and to meet the 3GPP requirements of seamless service continuity during the handover between UMTS and WLAN access networks. Preliminary results show that there is an improvement in QoE and the requirements of 3GPP service continuity were met. The proposed Quality of Service (QoS) driven mobility management mechanism will help in the development of dual-mode mobile handsets with QoE adaptability.

An Overview of Mobility Management Mechanisms and the Related Challenges in 5G Networks and Beyond

Ensuring a seamless connection with various types of mobile user equipment (UE) items is one of the more significant challenges facing different generations of wireless systems. However, enabling the high-band spectrum – such as the millimeter wave (mmWave) band – is also one of the important factors of 5G networks, as it enables them to deal with increasing demand and ensures high coverage. Therefore, the deployment of new (small) cells with a short range and operating within the mmWave band is required in order to assist the macro cells which are responsible for operating long-range radio connections. The deployment of small cells results in a new network structure, known as heterogeneous networks (HetNets). As a result, the number of passthrough cells using the handover (HO) process will be dramatically increased. Mobility management (MM) in such a massive network will become crucial, especially when it comes to mobile users traveling at very high speeds. Current MM solutions will be ineffective, as they will not be able to provide the required reliability, flexibility, and scalability.Thus, smart algorithms and techniques are required in future networks. Also, machine learning (ML) techniques are perfectly capable of supporting the latest 5G technologies that are expected to deliver high data rates to upcoming use cases and services, such as massive machine type communications (mMTC), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), and ultra-reliable low latency communications (uRLLC). This paper aims to review the MM approaches used in 5G HetNets and describes the deployment of AI mechanisms and techniques in ″connected mode″ MM schemes. Furthermore, this paper addresses the related challenges and suggests potential solutions for 5G networks and beyond.

The Challenges and Compatibility of Mobility Management Solutions for Future Networks

Wireless network devices can attain the required level of quality of service (QoS) and maintain connectivity even after detaching from a current point of access. This detachment (mobility) requires various mobility management (MM) mechanisms, which present numerous challenges due to the exponential growth of wireless devices and the demands of users. The network must be heterogeneous and dense to manage such a heightened escalation of network traffic, increased number of devices, and different types of user demands. Such factors will seriously challenge MM solutions, eventually making the networks non-feasible from the dependability, adaptability, extensibility, and power consumption points of view. Therefore, novel perspectives on MM mechanisms are desired for 5G networks and beyond. This paper introduces an innovative discussion of the functional requirements of MM mechanisms for advanced wireless networks. We present comprehensive arguments on whether the prevailing mechanisms perceived by standard bodies attempt to fulfill the stated requirements. We complete this discussion through innovative qualitative evaluation. We assess each of the discussed mechanisms in terms of their capability to fulfill the dependability, adaptability, extensibility, and power consumption benchmarks for upcoming MM schemes. Hereafter, we demonstrate the outcome and the identified gaps/challenges for the planning and deployment of 5G MM frameworks and beyond. Next, we present the capabilities and possible MM solutions to tackle the gaps/difficulties. We complete our discussion by proposing a 6G MM architecture based on defined parameters.

Decentralized Vehicular Mobility Management Study for 5G Identifier/Locator Split Networks

The identifier/locator split (ILS) architectures are highly promising to reduce the signaling latency of frequent handovers in fifth generation (5G) networks, while decentralized vehicular mobility management holds greater potential than the traditional centralized management to enhance the critical performance of highly dynamic and dense cell networks. By carefully exploiting ILS, dual connectivity, and multiaccess edge computing (MEC) concepts, this paper proposes a decentralized vehicular mobility management mechanism in the network with dense 5G Non-Standalone deployment. Under such a mechanism, we design an ILS-based local anchor handover management architecture to reduce signaling costs and handover latency. Specifically, we propose a quality of service- (QoS-) based handover decision algorithm using a long short-term memory- (LSTM-) based trajectory prediction method to obtain the cell sojourn time of connected vehicles (CVs) in predefined QoS coverage areas. Combining a built-in dynamic handover trigger condition, this algorithm can ensure a flexible load balance as well as low handover times. Extensive simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism in improving network performance.

Planning and management of logistics activities of pig-breeding complex

The goal is to analyze the functioning of agro-industrial enterprises, effectiveness of logistics processes that combine the movement of material, financial and information flows. However, until now these processes have been presented only as a separate area of activity of agricultural producers. In this regard, the aim of the study is to design a system for planning and managing logistics activities of economic entity. Methods – along with elements of dialectical direction of research, its methodological base includes monographic, statistical methods, scientific abstraction, as well as the principles of complexity, consistency, movement and development of economic phenomena. Results – it has been established that the existing logistics approaches to the regulation of supply, stocks, marketing, as well as organization of transport and storage facilities in many agricultural entities do not meet modern requirements. The most obvious and effective solution to this problem is the creation of an effective mobile logistics management mechanism, combined with an information structure. It is shown that logistics has been developed in large pig-breeding enterprises, however, it cannot be called integrated, since material flow management is a priority, and transport and warehouse operations are not fully developed. Conclusions – the authors have developed a draft of management model of logistics cycle, introduction of which into the practice of functioning of pig-breeding complex will allow rationalizing the sequence of actions and procedures assigned to the business logistics service, as well as eliminating miscalculations and errors as much as possible. The implementation of transport and warehouse automation project using a specific software product will contribute to modernization of logistics planning and management system.

The Efficient Mobile Management Based on Metaheuristic Algorithm for Internet of Vehicle.

With the low latency, high transmission rate, and high reliability provided by the fifth-generation mobile communication network (5G), many applications requiring ultra-low latency and high reliability (uRLLC) have become a hot research topic. Among these issues, the most important is the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). To maintain the safety of vehicle drivers and road conditions, the IoV can transmit through sensors or infrastructure to maintain communication quality and transmission. However, because 5G uses millimeter waves for transmission, a large number of base stations (BS) or lightweight infrastructure will be built in 5G, which will make the overall environment more complex than 4G. The lightweight infrastructure also has to be considered together. For these reasons, in 5G, there are two mechanisms for handover, horizontal, and vertical handover; hence, it must be discussed how to handle handover to obtain the best performance for the whole network. In this paper, to address handover selection, we consider delay time, energy efficiency, load balancing, and energy consumption and formulate it as a multi-objective optimization (MOO) problem. At the same time, we propose the handover of the mobile management mechanism based on location prediction combined with heuristic algorithms. The results show that our proposed mechanism is better than the distance-based one for energy efficiency, load, and latency. It optimizes by more than about 20% at most.

Dual Connectivity-Aided Proactive Handover and Resource Reservation for Mobile Users

Dual connectivity has been regarded as an effective mechanism for mobility management to reduce the handover latency and improve transmission reliability. In this article, we investigate a dual connectivity-aided proactive mobility management scheme for mobile users requesting realtime service with minimum data rate requirements. The proactive mobility management consists of a predictive resource reservation scheme and a proactive handover scheme. The predictive resource reservation scheme is optimized to improve the network throughput or user fairness with the predicted average channel gains and the predicted set of connected base stations for each user. The proactive handover scheme aims to avoid frequent and delayed handovers, and reduce the computational complexity by partitioning cell-center and cell-edge users and choosing different numbers of connected base stations for the two types of users. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms reactive counterparts, which can effectively reduce service outages meanwhile support higher network throughput when the traffic load is heavy, or improve user fairness meanwhile cause less service outages when the traffic load is light.

Testbed evaluation of a seamless handover mechanism for an SDN-based enterprise WLAN

Many modern-day applications require seamless connectivity to provide a good quality experience to mobile users. Thus, mobility management mechanism becomes a crucial aspect of all the wireless technologies used to connect to the Internet. In this letter, we present the testbed implementation details of a Network Address Translation (NAT)-based, client-unaware, seamless handover mechanism for a Software-Defined Enterprise WLAN framework. The results from the testbed implementation corroborate that the handover mechanism can provide uninterrupted connectivity during a handover process.

Cluster Based Hybrid Routing Mechanism for Mobility Management in Wireless Mesh Networks

-Wireless mesh networks are the new advancement. In addition, they are enticing large number of researchers with their continuous utilization of the internet. However, providing QoS guarantee to the mobility of the nodes in the network is a thought-provoking problem. To overcome this, a hybrid routing mechanism for QoS management in wireless mesh networks is proposed. As an initial step, the clustering formation is developed for managing the scalability issues in mesh network. The Inter mesh routing and Intra mesh routing is developed for QoS guarantee routing for data forwarding in mesh networks. The evaluation of the proposed protocol is analysed under different parameters. The consequences of simulation show that the performance of proposed protocol is good in different conditions

An IEEE 802.21 MIS‐based mobility management for D2D communications over heterogeneous networks (HetNets)

SummaryThe rapid growth and innovation of the various mobile communication technologies have caused a change in the paradigm of Internet access. In next‐generation mobile system, which is also known as fifth‐generation (5G) network, all user connections are expected to be heterogeneous in nature. Hence, an intelligent mobility management mechanism is essential to satisfy the requirements of lower latency, less power consumptions, and last but not least, possible uninterrupted ongoing session when a user equipment (UE) moves across network boundaries. On the other hand, device‐to‐device (D2D) communication has been proposed as a promising technology to boost the network performance in 5G. The issue related to mobility management for D2D communication in 5G heterogeneous network environments has attracted attention from academic society. In this paper, we leverage on IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Service (MIS) and propose a new framework, enhanced version of IEEE 802.21 MIS that supports D2D communication (E‐MIS‐D2D) to enhance D2D mobility experience over heterogeneous networks. Moreover, a load‐aware mode selection algorithm is proposed for selecting the best target mode. Through extensive simulation studies, we validate that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods in terms of packet loss ratio, average throughput, latency, bandwidth usage, and load rate of Evolved Node B (eNB).

Software Defined 5G and 6G Networks: a Survey

The current mobile communications could not satisfy the explosive data requirement of users. This paper reviews the frontier technology of software definition networks (SDN) of 5G and 6G, including system architecture, resource management, mobility management, interference management, challenges, and open issues. First of all, the system architectures of 5G and 6G mobile networks are introduced based on SDN technologies. Then typical SDN-5G/6G application scenarios and key issues are discussed. We also focus on mobility management approaches in mobile networks. Besides, three types of mobility management mechanism in software defined 5G/6G are described and compared. We then summarize the current interference management techniques in wireless cellular networks. Next, we provide a brief survey of interference management method in SDN-5G/6G. Additionally, considering the challenges, we discuss mm-Wave spectrum, un-availability of popular channel model, massive MIMO, low latency and QoE, energy efficiency, scalability, mobility and routing, inter operability, standardization and security for software defined 5G/6G networks.

SR-DMM: A SDN-Based DMM Solution For Future Mobile Networks

The exponential growth in the number of mobile subscribers, as well as the data traffic generated by them is showing a major challenge in wireless Internet. Existing mobile networks are starting to be insufficient in meeting this demand, in part due to their inflexible and expensive equipment as well as complex and non-agile control plane. In this context, in which the heterogeneity on the access is even more extended, the mobility support becomes more crucial. Thus, the mobility management mechanisms need to evolve to fit with the cutting-edge technologies that are going to rule next generation mobile networks. A key enabler to 5G will be SDN (Software-Defined Networking), which brings a natural solution to decouple the network control plane from the data plane, allowing higher flexibility and programmability to the network. Based on SDN and following the recommendations of the DMM (Distributed Mobility Management) approach, this article presents the SR-DMM solution (SDN Redirection DMM), a mobility management mechanism that takes full advantages of the softwarization capabilities of the network. This proposal avoids the use of IP-IP tunnels and it adds the dynamic flow management capability provided by SDN. In order to analyse the performance of SR-DMM, an analytical model is developed to compare it with NB-DMM (Network-based DMM), one of the main DMM solutions. Additionally, SR-DMM performance is also evaluated with an experimental testbed. The results allow to measure the handover latency in real scenarios and numerical investigations, also shows that SR-DMM achieves better efficiency in terms of signalling and routing cost than NB-DMM solution.

Virtual Agent Clustering Based Mobility Management Over the Satellite Networks

Due to the high dynamic characteristics of the low-orbit satellite networks, the frequent handovers of the users led to heavy mobility management load and large handover delay. To solve these problems, one mobility management mechanism based on the virtual agent domain (VAD) is proposed. In this mechanism, a virtual agent cluster (VAC) is designed to co-manage the network architecture of users in the corresponding VAD. With the on-board processing and switching capabilities, the architecture of the distributed mobility management mechanism is adopted to support the information sharing between the VACs, which reduces the performance requirements for single satellite and improves the system scalability. Then, we construct the home mobile-agent-anchor (HMAA) and the local MAA. In this way, the MN triggers a binding update to the HA only when the home MAA is lost, and the MN's switching within the VAD only needs to update its intra-domain relations, which reduces the overhead of mobility management and switching delay. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is theoretically evaluated in terms of the signaling overhead and handover latency. Finally, the numerical simulation results are presented to verify the efficacy of our scheme. The experimental platform also demonstrates the availability and efficiency of the new mechanism.

Evolutionary 4G/5G Network Architecture Assisted Efficient Handover Signaling

Future wireless networks are expected to be ultra-dense and heterogeneous not just in terms of the number and type of base stations but also in terms of the number of users and the application types they access. Such a network architecture will require mobility management mechanisms that adapt rapidly to these highly dynamic network characteristics. In particular, the optimality of the handover signaling within these future network architectures will be extremely critical given their density and heterogeneity. In this paper, the optimality is relevant for both the total amount of signaling created and the total delay per handover process. In this paper, we first present a novel and optimized message mapping and signaling mechanism for the handover preparation and failure phases. We also develop a novel handover failure aware preparation signaling methodology, which accounts for the possibility of a handover failure and grants additional enhancements to the handover preparation and failure signaling phases. Through the analytical framework provided in this paper, we conduct studies to quantify the performance gains promised by the proposed mechanisms. These studies cover myriad handover scenarios as identified by 3GPP and use the statistics from cellular network operators and vendors. We then develop the idea and analytical framework for network wide analysis, in which the network wide processing cost and network occupation time for various handover failure rates are computed. Finally, we propose an evolutionary network architecture that facilitates the proposed signaling mechanism as well as assists operators in maintaining a manageable capital expenditure. It combines the current day and 3GPP proposed 5G network architecture with the software-defined networking approach. As a result, we argue that the proposed mechanisms are viable and outperform the legacy handover signaling mechanisms in terms of latency incurred, total network occupation time, number of messages generated, and total bytes transferred.

Group-Based Sidelink Communication for Seamless Vehicular Handover

With the evolution of communication technique, international mobile telecommunication (IMT) indicates that 5G services will be broadly deployed and be popular in 2020. It is imperative to tackle the challenges of high-mobility devices and dynamic communication demands in the real world. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) is one of the most important parts; hence, approaches to achieve higher communication quality and better spectrum utilization in V2X have become important issues. Presently, it is a common practice to group the users in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication based on device-to-device (D2D) techniques. In this paper, we consider the handover of groups of moving vehicles. To address the mobility problem, we assign three types of user equipments (UEs), i.e., the main leader, a sub-leader, and followers, in a group with different functions for different roles. The simulation result shows that our proposed group-based mobility management mechanism can decrease the handover failure ratio as well as increase V2V service continuity.

SDN Based End-to-End Inter-Domain Routing Mechanism for Mobility Management and Its Evaluation.

Nowadays, due to the widespread usage of mobile devices and wireless network technologies, we can use various ICT services almost anytime, anywhere even if we are changing our location at that moment. Therefore, mobility management technology have been attracting attention. This technology is to keep communication alive even when a mobile node (MN), which is communicating with the server or some nodes, moves to another network domain. Software Defined Networking (SDN) is used for mobility management to realize effective intra-domain routing that optimizes routes when an MN moves inside an SDN domain. However, many of the approaches mainly focus on intra-domain routing and it is difficult to optimize inter-domain route. In this paper, we focus on this routing optimization problem and propose an SDN based end-to-end routing mechanism specified for mobility management. The proposed routing mechanism can optimize an end-to-end route based on various parameters such as bandwidth, number of domains, and flow operations for mobility after an MN has moved across SDN domains. We carried out some simulational experimentations to evaluate the effect of proposal. It is shown that the proposed routing mechanism can reduce communication delay and enhance network performance. Thus, the proposed routing mechanism can realize effective ICT services.

Distributed mobility management with ID/locator split network-based for future 5G networks

The challenge to provide seamless mobility in the near future emerges as a key issue. By a brief analysis of the drawbacks of existing mobility management mechanisms, this paper presents the essential reasons why the traditional network model employing the IP protocol cannot provide mobility support for the end-host. This paper produces a distributed mobility management scheme with ID (identification)/locator split network-based, named IDN. It can provide more efficient mobility performance without Triangle Routing. By applying the IDN scheme to the legacy network, the hierarchy of the legacy network can be evolved into one layer ASN architecture instead of 2 layers. A mobility protocol performance analysis model is created, which is applied for a performance comparison between IDN scheme and the other existing mobility protocols. The simulation results show that the IDN scheme can save resources due to elimination of the Triangle Routing up to 18–64%. A qualitative comparison among those main existing network-based approaches is proposed, such as locator/ID separation protocol (LISP) and distributed mobility management (DMM) approaches. The four main weaknesses of host-based mobility management protocols can be overcame by the IDN scheme.

QoS and Cost-Aware Protocol Selection for Next Generation Wireless Network

In the growing area of Internet of Things (IoT), mobility management protocols become necessary because in today’s environment everything is movable so there is no dominance of static nodes. Mobility is a key aspect for the next-generation wireless network. So, mobility management mechanism is necessary for providing the seamless handoff to end user regardless of their location. Thus, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has developed the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) for providing the mobility facility. But MIPv6 is not able to provide the mobility for next-generation wireless network due to large packet loss and high latency. Thus, Proxy MIPv6 (PMIPv6) is developed for providing the mobility for the next-generation network, but it has some limitation as well. In this paper, firstly a survey of various types of protocols based on PMIPv6 protocol is given. Then protocol is selected based on the Quality of Service (QoS) and signaling cost parameters. Two applications are considered i.e. streaming and background traffic class. For streaming traffic class, QoS (handoff latency) parameter is preferred and for background traffic class, signaling cost is preferred. Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) method is used for assigning the weight of different traffic class because user`s preferences play an important role in the decision-making process as it enhances the quality of experience of the user. Then multi-attribute decision making (MADM) and prospect theory are used for selection of protocols. Results show that different protocols are selected for different applications. The performance of MADM and prospect theory is shown in terms of accuracy.

A New Mechanism of the Flow Management for Vehicular Network

Most of the applications for intelligent transport system are developed by an information center, which can be a data center or a cloud. For vehicles to have access to the services offered by these systems, the vehicles usually need to be connected to a roadside infrastructure that gives them access to the internet. To the efficient use of such services, a vehicle mobility management mechanism is required to allow a seamless data transfer without any interruption in connection. In addition, if there is any change of access point, this exchange occurs transparently to the user. In this paper, we propose a mobility management mechanism that will have to manage the data flow of more than one active interface simultaneously with the objective of maximizing the flow of information trafficked, reducing the time of the exchange of flow between the interfaces, consequently reducing the delay.

Fog Radio Access Networks: Mobility Management, Interference Mitigation, and Resource Optimization

In order to make Internet connections ubiquitous and autonomous in our daily lives, maximizing the utilization of radio resources and social information is one of the major research topics in future mobile communication technologies. FRAN is regarded as a promising paradigm for the fifth generation of mobile networks. FRAN integrates fog computing with RAN and makes full use of the edge of networks. FRAN would be different in networking, computing, storage, and control compared to conventional RAN and the emerging cloud RAN. In this article, we provide a description of the FRAN architecture, and discuss how the distinctive characteristics of FRAN make it possible to efficiently alleviate the burden on the fronthaul, backhaul, and backbone networks, as well as reduce content delivery latencies. We focus on the mobility management, interference mitigation, and resource optimization in FRAN. Our simulation results show that the proposed FRAN architecture and the associated mobility and resource management mechanisms can reduce the signaling cost and increase the net utility for the RAN.