Abstract
With the low latency, high transmission rate, and high reliability provided by the fifth-generation mobile communication network (5G), many applications requiring ultra-low latency and high reliability (uRLLC) have become a hot research topic. Among these issues, the most important is the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). To maintain the safety of vehicle drivers and road conditions, the IoV can transmit through sensors or infrastructure to maintain communication quality and transmission. However, because 5G uses millimeter waves for transmission, a large number of base stations (BS) or lightweight infrastructure will be built in 5G, which will make the overall environment more complex than 4G. The lightweight infrastructure also has to be considered together. For these reasons, in 5G, there are two mechanisms for handover, horizontal, and vertical handover; hence, it must be discussed how to handle handover to obtain the best performance for the whole network. In this paper, to address handover selection, we consider delay time, energy efficiency, load balancing, and energy consumption and formulate it as a multi-objective optimization (MOO) problem. At the same time, we propose the handover of the mobile management mechanism based on location prediction combined with heuristic algorithms. The results show that our proposed mechanism is better than the distance-based one for energy efficiency, load, and latency. It optimizes by more than about 20% at most.
Highlights
In recent years, due to the development of smart devices and applications, people’s lives have become more convenient, and economic growth has been promoted
When 10–13 s has passed, indicating that the vehicle user equipment (VUE) enters the overlapping service range between the base station (BS) and the small cell, the VUE has more access points than the previous candidates such that the BS/lightweight infrastructure will hardly be overloaded. It can be seen from the results that when the time is longer, it means that there are more choices for VUE, and the load of the BS or small cell increases, which highlights that the method we propose is better than the distance-based handover strategy
We set the number of VUEs as 4500, small cells as 240, and BSs as 8 in the network environment
Summary
Due to the development of smart devices and applications, people’s lives have become more convenient, and economic growth has been promoted. There are many applications with a smart device such as an autopilot system, virtual reality (VR), and NB-IoT. These applications have become the focus of future technology development, they rely more on data transmission and real-time requests. To face these problems, Project (3GPP) has defined the many standards to achieve the goal [1,2,3]. The 5G will be a heterogeneous network (HetNet) architecture that we can know, and it will complex than the traditional cellular network
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