Mobility Management Architecture Research Articles

An optimization-based machine learning technique for smart home security using 5G

Generally, cellular networks are divided into discrete geographic zones where a secure routing protocol is important. In this study, Sailfish-based Distributed IP Mobility Management (SbDMM) architecture for security protocol in a smart home using 5G is suggested. Smart homes first gathered data via IoT devices which are then communicated with the use of a Home Gateway (HGW). Mobile Nodes (MN) and Corresponding Nodes (CN) process data communication (CN). In addition, the acquired data are encrypted and secured using the session key. Additionally, use an authenticated key and a cipher key to secure the routing optimization. As a result, the fitness of sailfish is updated in a protocol path that is optimized for securing data from attackers. The designed framework is then implemented in Python and the obtained results are compared to those of other methodologies in terms of execution time, confidentiality rate, efficiency, delay, and task completion.

SDMob: SDN-Based Mobility Management for IoT Networks

Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications are envisaged to evolve to support mobility of devices while providing quality of service in the system. To keep the connectivity of the constrained nodes upon topological changes, it is of vital importance to enhance the standard protocol stack, including the Routing Protocol for Lossy Low-power Networks (RPL), with accurate and real-time control decisions. We argue that devising a centralized mobility management solution based on a lightweight Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller provides seamless handoff with reasonable communication overhead. A centralized controller can exploit its global view of the network, computation capacity, and flexibility, to predict and significantly improve the responsiveness of the network. This approach requires the controller to be fed with the required input and to get involved in the distributed operation of the standard RPL. We present SDMob, which is a lightweight SDN-based mobility management architecture that integrates an external controller within a constrained IoT network. SDMob lifts the burden of computation-intensive filtering algorithms away from the resource-constrained nodes to achieve seamless handoffs upon nodes’ mobility. The current work extends our previous work, by supporting multiple mobile nodes, networks with a high density of anchors, and varying hop-distance from the controller, as well as harsh and realistic mobility patterns. Through analytical modeling and simulations, we show that SDMob outperforms the baseline RPL and the state-of-the-art ARMOR in terms of packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay, with an adjustable and tolerable overhead. With SDMob, the network provides close to 100% packet delivery ratio (PDR) for a limited number of mobile nodes, and maintains sub-meter accuracy in localization under random mobility patterns and varying network topologies.

Survey on PMIPv6-based Mobility Management Architectures for Software-Defined Networking

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has changed the network landscape. Meanwhile, IP-based mobility management still evolves, and SDN affects it dramatically. Integrating Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) – a network-based mobility management protocol – with the SDN paradigm has created several promising approaches. This paper will present an extensive survey on the joint research area of PMIPv6 and SDN mobility management by detailing the available SDN-integrated network-based techniques and architectures that intend to accelerate handover and mitigate service disruption of mobility events in softwareized telecommunication networks. The article also provides an overview of where PMIPv6 can be used and how SDN may help reach those ways.

Flexible and Distributed Mobility Management for Integrated Terrestrial-Satellite Networks: Challenges, Architectures, and Approaches

Integrated terrestrial-satellite networks (lTSNs) are envisioned to provide seamless broadband services through evolving terrestrial B5G/6G cellular systems and emerging mega satellite constellations. The inherent dual mobility (i.e., satellites and ubiquitous mobile users) and highly overlapped satellite footprints in such ITSNs may result in massive and frequent handovers. This increases handover delays, signaling overheads, and decision making loads, especially under existing fixed, even limited, deployments of ground mobility management functions (MMFs). Thus, a lightweight handover scheme and a mobility management architecture with dynamic MMF configurations are of great significance to guarantee service continuity and management timeliness. Specifically, this article proposes mobility management architectures with an augmented reconfigurable management plane on a higher orbit. The architectures can support flexible configurations of space-distributed MMFs for efficient mobility management together with the ground MMFs. Subsequently, to achieve rapid and unified decisions for massive handovers, we design a clustering and game-based handover decision framework including centralized and distributed decision making functions for different conditions. Based on handover procedures, simulation results validate the high performance of the proposed schemes regarding handover delays, signaling overheads, and convergence property. Notably, many academic issues are worthy of further studies under this architecture, such as higher-layer constellation design and inter-layer management structure optimization.

A flattened architecture for distributed mobility management in IPv6 networks

A flattened architecture for distributed mobility management in IPv6 networks

A flexible IPv6 mobility management architecture for SDN‐based 5G mobile networks

AbstractWith the advent of increasingly diverse services, applications, and use cases, the 5G mobility environment is expected to be highly heterogeneous. The distributed mobility management (DMM) is emerging as a promising approach for 5G, which provides decentralized handover and traffic management at the edge of the network. However, in order to meet the disparate mobility needs, the DMM process requires flexible design considerations. This paper presents a novel mobile node (MN) centered, software‐defined networking (SDN)–based flexible mobility management architecture, named adaptive multimode mobility management (A3M), which can adaptively operate in multiple modes. The proposed A3M architecture incorporates a novel handover mode selection phase among the traditional handover phases during which a suitable mode of handover operation is evaluated. This makes the A3M handover process adaptable to the varying mobility requirements of the MN and enables it to provide differentiated handover management for MNs with different mobility profiles. The performance analysis of A3M shows that it offers optimal handover performance in terms of primary handover performance metrics such as session disruption delay, packet losses, and signaling costs, compared to the popular network‐based DMM approaches.

Mobile-Oriented Future Internet: Implementation and Experimentations over EU–Korea Testbed

Today’s mobility management (MM) architectures, such as Mobile Internet Protocol (IP) and Proxy Mobile IP, feature integration of data and control planes, as well as centralized mobility control. In the existing architecture, however, the tight integration of the data and control planes can induce a non-optimal routing path, because data packets are delivered via a central mobility agent, such as Home Agent and Local Mobility Anchor. Furthermore, the centralized mobility control mechanism tends to increase traffic overhead due to the processing of both data and control packets at a central agent. To address these problems, a new Internet architecture for the future mobile network was proposed, named Mobile-Oriented Future Internet (MOFI). The MOFI architecture was mainly designed as follows: (1) separation of data and control planes for getting an optimal data path; (2) distributed identifier–locator mapping control for alleviating traffic overhead at a central agent. In this article, we investigate the validity of the MOFI architecture through implementation and experimentations over the European Union (EU)–Korea testbed network. For this purpose, the MOFI architecture is implemented using OpenFlow and Click Modular Router over a Linux platform, and then it is evaluated over the locally and internationally configured EU–Korea testbed network. In particular, we operate two realistic communication scenarios over the EU–Korea testbed network. From the experimentation results, we can see that the proposed MOFI architecture can not only provide the mobility management efficiently, but also support the backward compatibility for the current IP version 6 (IPv6) applications and an Internet Protocol network.

A Bursty Multi-node Handover scheme for mobile internet using the partially Distributed Mobility Management (BMH–DMM) architecture

In the wireless network and mobile internet, several mobile nodes (MNs) may handover from the same previous network X to the same destination network Y at the same time. However, currently proposed Distributed Mobility Management (DMM)-based protocol mainly focus on the handover processing of a single MN’s handover. It causes many redundant messages’ exchanging when multiple MNs do handover at the same time. In this paper, a Bursty Multi-node Handover scheme for mobile internet using the partially Distributed Mobility Management (BMH–DMM) architecture is proposed to tackle the aforementioned problem. Using the proposed BMH–DMM method, one set of control messages for handover is used instead of n sets of control messages for a group that has n MNs. The performance analysis shown that when the number of MNs that perform handover at the same time and in the same place is increased, the handover overhead is not increased so much, for which the proposed BMH–DMM method can reduce about 30% bandwidth consumption for exchanging handover’s signaling messages. Furthermore, the network utilization, handover delay, packet loss, handover blocking probability of using the proposed BMH–DMM scheme are also smaller than that of using the individual handover approach.

CoAP을 이용한 사물인터넷 이동성 관리 구조 설계 및 구현

CoAP을 이용한 사물인터넷 이동성 관리 구조 설계 및 구현

Handover Analysis for Multicast Enabled Network Mobility Management Using Network Simulator

Network mobility management has become a popular topic in networking research due to its ability to mitigate mobile IPv6 problems. However the standard network mobility management does not support multicast traffic. Hence in this paper, we introduce context transfer and multicast fast reroute, to enable multicast in the standard network mobility management. This implementation enables multicast in network mobility management with high handover performance support. This paper evaluates handover performance for multicast enabled network mobility management using network simulator called NS3. NS3 is a network simulator that implements virtual network prototype. By using the virtual network entities provided by the NS3, the proposed network mobility management architecture is simulated and its activity is analyzed. The parameters used are referred to real network implementation.

A Mechanism for Reliable Mobility Management for Internet of Things Using CoAP.

Under unreliable constrained wireless networks for Internet of Things (IoT) environments, the loss of the signaling message may frequently occur. Mobile Internet Protocol version 6 (MIPv6) and its variants do not consider this situation. Consequently, as a constrained device moves around different wireless networks, its Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity may be frequently disrupted and power can be drained rapidly. This can result in the loss of important sensing data or a large delay for time-critical IoT services such as healthcare monitoring and disaster management. This paper presents a reliable mobility management mechanism in Internet of Things environments with lossy low-power constrained device and network characteristics. The idea is to use the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) retransmission mechanism to achieve both reliability and simplicity for reliable IoT mobility management. Detailed architecture, algorithms, and message extensions for reliable mobility management are presented. Finally, performance is evaluated using both mathematical analysis and simulation.

Distributed All-IP Mobility Management Architecture Supported by the NDN Overlay

Two of the most promising candidate solutions for realizing the next-generation all-IP mobile networks are Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), which is the host-based and global mobility supporting protocol, and Proxy MIPv6 (PMIPv6), which is the network-based and localized mobility supporting protocol. However, the unprecedented growth of mobile Internet traffic has resulted in the development of distributed mobility management (DMM) architecture by the Internet engineering task force DMM working group. The extension of the basic MIPv6 and PMIPv6 to support their distributed and scalable deployment in the future is one of the major goals of the DMM working group. We propose an all-IP-based mobility management architecture that leverages the concept of Named Data Networking (NDN), which is a distributed content management and addressing architecture. In the proposed solution, mobility support services are distributed among multiple anchor points at the edge of the network, thereby enabling a flat architecture that exploits name-based routing in NDN. Our approach overcomes some of the major limitations of centralized IP mobility management solutions, by extending existing routing protocol and mobility management architecture, to distribute the mobility management function of anchor points in the IP network and optimize the transmission path of mobile traffic.

Autonomous and distributed mobility management in mobile core networks

The 5th generation mobile and wireless communication systems are expected to accommodate exploding traffic, increasing number of devices, and heterogeneous applications driven by proliferation of IoT and M2M technologies. However, the centralized mobility management architecture in a current mobile core network would face critical problems such as excessive concentration of load on specific servers and considerable increase in C-plane overhead. To solve the problems we first consider a novel architecture of distributed mobility management in C-plane in the mobile core network, which employs virtualized mobility management entity called ADMMEs (Autonomous Distributed Mobility Management Entity) in this paper. In addition, to assign an appropriate ADMME to a UE in accordance with mobility characteristics of the UE and a management policy, we propose an autonomous and adaptive ADMME selection scheme. We adopt a biologically-inspired algorithm, called attractor selection, to accomplish adaptive selection taking into account multiple objectives. Through simulation experiments, we confirmed our proposal could accomplish more than 63 % performance improvement comparing to the current method from viewpoints of delay, load balancing, and C-plane overhead under a dynamic mobility scenario.

A network-assisted flow mobility architecture for optimized mobile medical multimedia transmission

A large part of mobile Health (mHealth) use-cases such as remote patient monitoring/diagnosis, teleconsultation, and guided surgical intervention requires advanced and reliable mobile communication solutions to provide efficient multimedia transmission with strict medical level Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) provision. The increasing deployment of overlapping wireless access networks enables the possibility to offer the required network resources for ubiquitous and pervasive mHealth services. To address the challenges and support the above use-cases in today’s heterogeneous network (HetNet) environments, we propose a network-assisted flow-based mobility management architecture for optimized real-time mobile medical multimedia communication. The proposed system is empirically evaluated in a Pan-European HetNet testbed with multi-access Android-based mobile devices. We observed that the proposed scheme significantly improves the objective QoE of simultaneous real-time high-resolution electrocardiography and high-definition ultrasound transmissions while also enhances traffic load balancing capabilities of wireless architectures.

Software-Defined Mobility Management: Architecture Proposal and Future Directions

A common characteristic for all of the uses in 5G wireless networks is the ubiquity and the almost permanent connection to the mobile network to get access to external applications. This really imposes a challenge in the signaling procedures provided to get track of the user and to guarantee session continuity. The mobility management mechanisms will play a central role in the 5G networks because of the always-on connectivity demand. This article presents a software defined approach to mobility management procedures addressing the present challenges and proposing some future directions for a more efficient service provision and a better usage of the network resources. The feasibility of such a Software-Defined Mobility Management architecture is assessed in a specific test-bed.

A Survey on High Mobility Wireless Communications: Challenges, Opportunities and Solutions

Providing reliable broadband wireless communications in high mobility environments, such as high-speed railway systems, remains one of the main challenges faced by the development of the next generation wireless systems. This paper provides a systematic review of high mobility communications. We first summarize a list of key challenges and opportunities in high mobility communication systems, then provide comprehensive reviews of techniques that can address these challenges and utilize the unique opportunities. The review covers a wide spectrum of communication operations, including the accurate modeling of high mobility channels, the transceiver structures that can exploit the properties of high mobility environments, the signal processing techniques that can harvest the benefits (e.g., Doppler diversity) and mitigate the impairments (e.g., carrier frequency offset, intercarrier interference, channel estimation errors) in high mobility systems, and the mobility management and network architectures that are designed specifically for high mobility systems. The survey focuses primarily on physical layer operations, which are affected the most by the mobile environment, with some additional discussions on higher layer operations, such as handover management and control-plane/user-plane decoupling, which are essential to high mobility operations. Future research directions on high mobility communications are summarized at the end of this paper.

Advanced Cross-Layering Algorithm for Mobility Management Architecture in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

The advantage of proxy mobility management protocol over IPv6 is that it efficiently manages the latency time caused by a handover as the router on the access network takes the role of the mobility management of a mobile device instead. However, the frequent occurrences of handovers on the nested access network causes the increase of load on the MAG, which then brings about the loss of packets and delay of the handover process. Although fast proxy mobility management protocol has been suggested to resolve this problem, various implementations of the beacon or router advertisement on the wireless network and continuous research are required to provide stable multimedia traffic services. The proposed advanced cross-layering algorithm (ACL) builds a bi-directional tunnel between MAGs, based on the mobility prediction between the access routers on the nested network, using the reverse binding mechanism to optimize the route of the packets and therefore increase the efficiency of packet forwarding.

IP flow mobility scheme in scalable network-based mobility management architecture

Mobile nodes (MNs) have multiple interfaces for accessing heterogeneous networks. The multiple interfaces enable the MNs to access diverse networks simultaneously, and allocate or redirect data flows dynamically across the networks. In this paper, we introduce scalable network-based mobility management architecture and propose flow mobility management scheme for the multi-connectivity management in the multi-access and multi-homing context. They are simulated using NS-3 simulator. The proposed flow mobility management scheme is verified by a complicate scenario, which includes as many cases of flow handover as possible.

Performance analysis of mobility management architectures in cellular networks

Flattened cellular network architecture for the mobile internet is expected to meet the demands of rapidly increasing traffic from mobile users. Dynamic mobility anchoring (DMA) mechanism distributes the mobility management functions using such network architecture. In this paper, we compare DMA with a classical mobility protocol like proxy mobile IP (PMIP). A major cost factor of a mobility protocol is the management of contexts and tunnels. We propose an analytical model to compute the number of contexts and tunnels with DMA and with PMIP in a homogeneous network with random mobility of mobile nodes. The model is used under different configurations by varying the traffic loads and the capacities of access nodes in order to analyze the distributed and dynamic characteristics of DMA. The results show that the required number of contexts on an anchor node with DMA is significantly less than that required on an anchor node with PMIP and the required number of visitor contexts with DMA is significantly less in magnitude than that with PMIP for most of the configurations. The results also show that the number of required tunnels with DMA is less than those required with PMIP for most configurations.

An ID/Locator Separation-Based Mobility Management Architecture for WSNs

In this paper, we focus on a scheme that supports mobility for groups of sensor networks. Mobility in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is one of the most important WSN technologies for applications such as healthcare, vehicular communication systems, intelligent transport systems, and logistics applications. This paper proposes a new mobility management architecture for WSNs that is based on the ID/LOC separation concept for ID-based communications with location-based routing. The proposed architecture supports energy-efficient lightweight mobility control for a large number of WSNs by distributed management manner. Furthermore, the discover-before-forward concept is proposed for route optimization. Performance results show that the proposed ID/LOC separation-based mobility architecture for supporting 6LoWPAN is more efficient and lighter than the existing HIP scheme in terms of energy consumption, total signaling cost and packet delivery cost ratio.