Mobility Anchor Research Articles

An Enhanced Method to Improve Proxy Mobile IPv6 Efficiency Through Software Defined Network

This suggested method, called the Software Defined Open-Flow Mechanism of PMIPv6 (SD-PMIPv6), modifies the Proxy Mobile IPv6 protocol to match the Augmented Open-Flow architecture. The flexibility aspects of the PMIPv6 components, including the Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) and Local Mobility Anchor (LMA), are broken apart and rebuilt in order to take use of the Open-Flow strategy. The LMA components, which serve as the network's Open-Flow controller for the switches, maintain the mobile node's (MN) location. The contact access entities that are capable of managing MAG signals interact with the MN. The recommended approach has two primary objectives: (a) separating the control and data planes; and (b) shortening the handover delay.

Improved flat mobile core network architecture for 5G mobile communication systems

The current mobile network core is built based on a centralized architecture, including the S-GW and P-GW entities to serve as mobility anchors. Nevertheless, this architecture causes non-optimal routing and latency for control messages. In contrast, the fifth generation (5G) network will redesign the network service architecture to improve changeover management and deliver clients a better Quality-of-Experience (QoE). To enhance the design of the existing network, a distributed 5G core architecture is introduced in this study. The control and data planes are distinct, and the core network also combines IP functionality anchored in a multi-session gateway design. We also suggest a control node that will fully implement the control plane and result in a flat network design. Its architecture, therefore, improves data delivery, mobility, and attachment speed. The performance of the proposed architecture is validated by improved NS3 simulation to run several simulations, including attachment and inter- and intra-handover. According to experimental data, the suggested network is superior in terms of initial attachment, network delay, and changeover management.

Minimizing the Localization Error in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Multi-Objective Optimization Techniques

When it comes to remote sensing applications, wireless sensor networks (WSN) are crucial. Because of their small size, low cost, and ability to communicate with one another, sensors are finding more and more applications in a wide range of wireless technologies. The sensor network is the result of the fusion of microelectronic and electromechanical technologies. Through the localization procedure, the precise location of every network node can be determined. When trying to pinpoint the precise location of a node, a mobility anchor can be used in a helpful method known as mobility-assisted localization. In addition to improving route optimization for location-aware mobile nodes, the mobile anchor can do the same for stationary ones. This system proposes a multi-objective approach to minimizing the distance between the source and target nodes by employing the Dijkstra algorithm while avoiding obstacles. Both the Improved Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (IGOA) and the Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA) have been incorporated into multi-objective models for obstacle avoidance and route planning. Accuracy in localization is enhanced by the proposed system. Further, it decreases both localization errors and computation time when compared to the existing systems.

An overview of internet engineering task force mobility management protocols: approaches and its challenges

<p><span lang="EN-US">In recent years, internet protocol mobility management has become one of the most popular research areas in networking. Mobility management protocols are in charge of preserving continuing communications as a user roam between different networks. All existing internet protocols (IP), like MIPv6, and PMIPv6, rely on a centralized mobility anchor to control mobile node traffic and signaling. The disadvantages of centralized mobility management (CMM) include ineffectiveness in handling massive volumes of traffic, poor scalability, wasteful use of network resources, and packet delay. When CMM is required to handle mobile media, which demands a huge amount of information and frequently needs quality of services (QoS) such as session continuance and reduced latency, these difficulties become apparent. It drives the need for distributed mobility management protocol (DMM) systems to manage the growing amount of mobile data, the overwhelming of this is video communication. DMM approaches could be regarded as an innovative and effective method to deal with mobility. An overview of the CMM protocol and its drawbacks are analyzed. This study examines the various DMM protocol techniques and their performance metrics are compared to highlight similarities and differences. The study reveals the network-based DMM protocol improves overall handoff time and packet loss.</span></p>

MES-FPMIPv6: MIH-Enabled and enhanced secure Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6 handover protocol for 5G networks[Formula: see text

Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) is an extension of the PMIPv6 mobility management deployed as part of the next-generation internet protocol. It allows location-independent routing of IP datagrams, based on local mobility to IPv6 hosts without involvement of stations in the IP address signaling. A mobile node keeps its IP address constant as it moves from link to link, which avoids signaling overhead and latency associated with changing IP address. Even though local mobility requirements hold, it entails security threats such as Mobile Node, Mobile Access Gateway, as well as Local Mobility Anchor impersonation that go beyond those already exist in IPv6. As mobile station keeps moving across different serving networks, its IP remains constant during handover, and location privacy may not also be preserved. Moreover, homogeneous network dependence of PMIPv6 is one of the gaps, which FPMIPv6 could not mitigate. FPMIPv6 does not support heterogeneous network handover, for which numerous researchers have proposed Media Independent Handover (MIH) enabled FPMIPv6 schemes to allow fast handover among heterogeneous networks, but in the absence of security solutions. As a comprehensive solution, we propose a new handover authentication scheme and a key agreement protocol for the ‘MIH-enabled Network Only FPMIPv6’ model. As one of the basic requirements, mobility management should minimize signaling overhead, handover delay and power consumption of the mobile node. The proposed scheme improves wireless link overhead (mobile node overhead) by 6-86% as cell radius, wireless failure probability and number of hop vary. The security of the proposed scheme has also been analyzed under BAN logic and Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool and its performance has numerically been evaluated through a pre-determined performance matrix and found to be effective and preferably applicable compared with other schemes.

Mobility Management Issues and Solutions in 5G-and-Beyond Networks: A Comprehensive Review

The fully accomplished standardization of the new mobile generation has led to the deployment of fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks to gratify enormous traffic volume for Internet services. The current centralized mobility system could not be sufficient to manage an explosive increase in data volume and is considered a steadily rising issue in modern wireless communication. A new technique that can affluently handle traffic problems and completely avoid network breakdown chances is indispensable. Recently, distributed mobility management (DMM) was introduced to overcome the inevitable obstacles that destructively impact the existing networks. Specifically, a novel design based on the deployment of distributed mobility anchors, closer to the terminal points, was introduced. Several works have been proposed to build DMM solutions with different focuses for 5G-and-beyond networks (B5G), which are also referred to as sixth-generation solutions (6G). In this paper, we present the potential and benefits of flat network design for efficient and fast routing of traffic and furnish the effectiveness of the scheme toward mobility management in B5G by delineating recent research works. We also present the current limitations, challenges, and future research directions for seamless mobility to achieve the desired objectives in the current 5G and upcoming 6G cellular communications.

A Decision-Based Hybrid Proxy Mobile IPv6 Scheme for Better Resources燯tilization

Seamless mobility is always one of the major requirements of modern-day communication. In a heterogeneous and massive IoT environment, efficient network-based mobility protocol such as proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), is potentially a good candidate for efficient mobility as well as resource utilization efficiency. Several extensions are devised for performance in the research domain. However, a multi-criterion decision-based resource-efficient PMIPv6 extension is required to achieve efficiency when network resources are overloaded. In this research, a multi-criterion decision-based PMIPv6 scheme is devised that provides better performance when the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) or Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) is overloaded. The objective is achieved by monitoring the load status of MAG or LMA and based on their status, the proposed scheme adapts itself to provide seamless mobility in addition to optimal efficiency. The proposed scheme is compared with the existing LMA and MAG-based mobility management protocol extensions. Based on the analysis of the comparison, the obtained results prove that providing a decision-based PMIPv6 scheme is better for service continuity as well as optimal performance in the context of required buffering, handover efficiency, and necessary signaling cost.

A Novel Handover Mechanism of PMIPv6 for the Support of Multi-Homing Based on Virtual Interface

The Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a network-based accessibility managing protocol. Because of PMIPv6’s network-based approach, it accumulates the following additional benefits, such as discovery, efficiency. Nonetheless, PMIPv6 has inadequate sustenance for multi-homing mechanisms, since every mobility session must be handled through a different binding cache entry (BCE) at a local mobility anchor (LMA) according to the PMIPv6 specification, and thus PMIPv6 merely permits concurrent admittance for the mobile node (MN) which is present in the multi-homing concept. Consequently, when a multi-homed MN interface is detached from its admittance network, the LMA removes its moving part from the BCE, and the current flows connected with the apart interface are not transmitted to the multi-homed MN, even if a more multi-homed MN interface is still linked to another access network. A superior multi-homing support proposal is proposed to afford flawless mobility among the interfaces for a multi-homed MN to address this problem. The projected method can shift an application from a disconnected interface of a multi-home MN to an attached interface using the PMIPv6 fields of Auxiliary Advertisement of Neighbor Detection (AAND).

Optimized seamless handover scheme with information and decision server‐assisted partially distributed mobility management in heterogeneous 5th generation wireless networks

SummaryExisting mobile network architectures are flatter and employ a centralized mobility management (CMM) scheme, where the entire intelligence is focused on the single‐end, which leads to low scalability, lack of dynamic mobility support, suboptimal routing, and insufficiency to support large volumes of data. The fifth‐generation (5G) networks demand high‐speed seamless connections to the best‐connected network irrespective of user position and connectivity. Further, seamless handover has to be carried out between wireless local area network (WLAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS), and long‐term evolution (LTE). This paper aims to propose a distributed mobility management (DMM) solution in order to bring the mobility anchor point nearer to the mobile node (MN) to support the acceptable quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) provision to end users. An information and decision server (IDS)‐based partial DMM scheme (IDS‐PDMM) is suggested to support optimized handover in internet protocol (IP)‐based heterogeneous architecture. The IDS estimates the nearest candidate network for MN during handover and thus provides a seamless connection for delay‐sensitive applications. The performance of the presented approach is compared with the existing CMM scheme and the simulation results prove that the IDS‐PDMM efficiently minimizes the handover delay and packet loss rate with guaranteed QoS provision.

Mining Vehicle Trajectories to Discover Individual Significant Places: Case Study using Floating Car Data in the Paris Region

In this study we discovered significant places in individual mobility by exploring vehicle trajectories from floating car data. The objective was to detect the geo-locations of significant places and further identify their functional types. Vehicle trajectories were first segmented into meaningful trips to recover corresponding stay points. A customized density-based clustering approach was implemented to cluster stay points into places and determine the significant ones for each individual vehicle. Next, a two-level hierarchy method was developed to identify the place types, which firstly identified the activity types by mixture model clustering on stay characteristics, and secondly discovered the place types by assessing their profiles of activity composition and frequentation. An applicational case study was conducted in the Paris region. As a result, five types of significant places were identified, including home place, work place, and three other types of secondary places. The results of the proposed method were compared with those from a commonly used rule-based identification, and showed a highly consistent matching on place recognition for the same vehicles. Overall, this study provides a large-scale instance of the study of human mobility anchors by mining passive trajectory data without prior knowledge. Such mined information can further help to understand human mobility regularities and facilitate city planning.

A Novel Anchor Selection Scheme for Distributed Mobility Management

The number of subscribers in mobile networks is growing rapidly, which challenges the network management and data delivery. The efficient management and routing are key solutions. An important one of the solutions is the Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) that to handles the mobility of subscribers at the edge of mobile networks and load balancing. Otherwise, mobility anchors are distributed across the network, which can manage the handover procedures. In this paper, we propose a novel mobility anchor selection scheme based on the results of a cost function with three factors, to select a suitable cell and anchor for moving subscribers and improve the handover performances of the network. Our results illustrate that the proposed scheme provides significantly enhanced handover performance.

A multiple handover method by using the guide of mobile node

<span>Today’s healthcare system can be characterised using the up-and-coming integral component of mobility management of wireless body area networks (WBANs). In general, remote sensor nodes of WBAN are positioned on the body of a subject. Meanwhile, recommendations for specific proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIP) approaches have emerged, but its comparatively unfeasible nature in terms of group mobility management with regards to WBAN. Therefore, it shows a likelihood for expansive registration and handover interruptions. Thus, this work offered an alternative aimed at curbing such restrictions via an enhanced group mobility management method. The approach underlined the integration of authentication, authorisation, and accounting (AAA) services into the local mobility anchor (LMA) as another option for independent practice. Moreover, the proxy binding update (PBU) and AAA inquiry messages were consolidated, whereas the AAA response and proxy binding acknowledge (PBA) message were amalgamated. The resulting outcomes depicted the proposed method’s superior performance in comparison with the current PMIP approaches in the context of registration delay time, handover interruption, and average signalling cost.</span>

Investigation of multi-objective optimisation techniques to minimise the localisation error in wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have a major role in remote sensing environments. In recent trends sensors are used in various wireless technologies due to their smaller size, cheaper rates and ability to communicate with each other to create a network. The sensor network is the convergent technology of micro-electronics and electro-mechanical technologies. The localisation process can determine the location of each node in the network. Mobility-assisted localisation is an effective technique for node localisation using mobility anchor. The mobile anchor is also used to optimise the path planning for the location-aware mobile nodes. In this proposed system, a multi-objective method has been proposed to minimise the distance between the source and the target node using the Dijkstra algorithm with obstacle avoidance. The Grasshopper Optimisation Algorithm (GOA), and Butterfly Optimisation Algorithm (BOA) based multi-objective models have been implemented along with obstacle avoidance and path planning. The proposed system maximises the localisation accuracy. Also it minimises the localisation error and the computation time when comparing with existing systems.

A Multiple Handover Method by Using the Guide of Mobile Node

Today’s healthcare system can be characterised using the up-and-coming integral component of mobility management of wireless body area networks (WBANs). In general, remote sensor nodes of WBAN are positioned on the body of a subject. Meanwhile, recommendations for specific proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIP) approaches have emerged, but its comparatively unfeasible nature in terms of group mobility management with regards to WBAN. Therefore, it shows a likelihood for expansive registration and handover interruptions. Thus, this work offered an alternative aimed at curbing such restrictions via an enhanced group mobility management method. The approach underlined the integration of authentication, authorisation, and accounting (AAA) services into the local mobility anchor (LMA) as another option for independent practice. Moreover, the proxy binding update (PBU) and AAA inquiry messages were consolidated, whereas the AAA response and proxy binding acknowledge (PBA) message were amalgamated. The resulting outcomes depicted the proposed method’s superior performance in comparison with the current PMIP approaches in the context of registration delay time, handover interruption, and average signalling cost.

MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks

Mobile Router (MR) mobility supported by Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BS) is a Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) extension that supports Host Mobility. Proposed Multihoming and Route Optimization for MANEMO (MROM) scheme is designed to provide Route Optimization (RO) and Multihomed in NEMO architectures. This paper proposes two novel schemes; MANEMO routing scheme and Multihoming-based scheme. These are to provide support for next generation networks. The proposed MROM scheme differs from other schemes for NEMO environment because it considers the requirements of more application flows parameters as packet lost delivery, handoff delay as well as throughput). Another difference is that not only the network infrastructure can begin the functionality of flow routing, but also an Edge Mobile Router (EMR) can do this flow for routing. Moreover, it utilizes the state of the art and presently active access network to perform the separation of each flow in mobile network. Thus, proposed MROM exhibits multihoming features and improves handoff performance by initiating flow-based fast registration process in NEMO environment. A handoff method is proposed with enhanced functionalities of the Local Mobility Anchors (LMA), Mobile Routers (MRs) and signaling messages with a view to achieve continuous connectivity through handoff in NEMO. Both analytical and simulation approaches are used. Analytical evaluation is carried out to analyze packet delivery lost and handoff delay of our proposed scheme. It was also shown that cost of signaling messages and packet delivery are contributing to total handoff cost. At the simulation part, network simulator 3 (NS 3) has been used as the tool to get performance metrics that have been considered like packet delivery ratio, handoff delay, and packet loss. Our proposed scheme (MROM) has been benchmarking to the standard NEMO BS Protocol and P-NEMO. In this paper, we discuss proposed MROM for next generation networks, providing detailed analysis with a numerical model, proposed MROM, by maximizing the handoff performance, has been justified to have better mobility support than the ordinary NEMO BS Protocol and PNEMO.

Partial Bicasting with Buffering for Proxy Mobile IPV6 Mobility Management in CoAP-Based IoT Networks

Constrained application protocol (CoAP) can be used for message delivery in wireless sensor networks. Although CoAP-based proxy mobile internet protocol (PMIP) was proposed for mobility management, it resulted in handover delay and packet loss. Therefore, an enhanced PMIP version 6, with partial bicasting in CoAP-based internet of things (IoT) networks, is proposed. Here, when an IoT device moved into a new network, the corresponding mobile access gateway (MAG) updated the local mobility anchor (LMA) binding. Further, LMA initiated the “partial” bicasting of data packets to the new and the previous MAGs. The data packets were buffered at the new MAG during handover and were forwarded to Mobile Node (MN) after the handover operations. The proposed scheme was compared with the existing scheme, using ns-3 simulations. We demonstrated that the proposed scheme reduced handover delays, packet losses, end-to-end delay, throughput, and energy consumption, compared to the existing scheme.

An analytical framework for distributed and centralized mobility management protocols

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) maintains the mobility management of mobile users without involving them in the signaling of mobility process. The main limitations of PMIPv6 are the high latency and packet loss. Consequently, IETF has addressed these limitations by standardizing Fast Handover for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PFMIPv6) protocols. The whole processes of PMIPv6 and PFMIPv6 protocols, including mobility management and connectivity needs, are based on a centralized and static mobility anchor. Therefore, the centralized anchor usually suffers from enormous burdens and hence degradation in performance, scalability, and reliability of the network. Lately, Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) solution is introduced based on PMPv6 to tackle the issue of relying on a single entity. Analyzing and investigating the performance of these centralized and distributed solutions depends on traffic characteristics and user mobility model. Accordingly, we propose through these two factors an analytical framework to evaluate the handover performance of PMIPv6, PFMIPv6 and DMM in vehicular environment. Our analysis and experimental validation are very significant to determine the impacts of different network parameters on the handover performance of these protocols to facilitate decision making on which analytical framework must be adopted in a network. Analytical results demonstrate that there is a trade-off between network parameters and handover performance metrics. PFMIPv6 is the most suited protocol for low to high mobility scenarios in term of handover performance.

Reducing Handover Latency of PMIPv6 using Extended Open-Flow Technique

This proposed technique adapts PMIPv6 to the Extended Open-Flow architecture, and this technique is referred to as the Extended Open-Flow Technique of PMIPv6 (EOFT-PMIPv6). This method isolates the versatility capacities from the PMIPv6 segments, for example, the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) and Mobile Access Gateway (MAG), and recreates the parts to take points of interest of the Open-Flow design. The parts that contain the LMA work set the stream table of the switches situated in the way as the controller of Open-Flow, and as such, the area of the MN is kept up. The entrance switches with the MAG capacities tell the connection of a MN and introduce the portability related motioning of MAG. The fundamental commitments of this proposed strategy are twofold: 1) isolating the control and data planes and 2) reducing handover latency.

A Dynamic MAP Discovery and Selection Scheme for Predictive Hierarchical MIPv6 in Vehicular Networks

Recent developments and the ubiquitous availability of wireless technologies and inter-vehicle communication systems are anticipated to lead to the evolution of heterogeneous wireless networks. Based on standards such as the IEEE 802.11, 5G and WiMax, coupled with mobile IP for the content delivery of road safety and infotainment services to drivers over the new generation of vehicular networks. However, the performance of traditional mobility management protocols over vehicular networks is affected by network topology changes and vehicles' high mobility. Therefore, efficient mobility management solution that mitigates the challenges of vehicles' mobility is needed. In this paper, we present an adaptive mobility management protocol for predictive hierarchical mobile IPv6 in vehicular networks. We develop a dynamic Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) discovery and selection scheme that adjusts the network topology structure to fit the vehicles' mobility environment better. Moreover, the predictive handover scheme is based on a multi-observation hidden Markov model, which utilizes the vehicles' movement projections to estimate the subsequent point of access. The performance of our proposed protocol has been tested using NS-2 and several real and synthetic mobility traces. The results indicate that our protocol exhibits better performance results when compared to well-known handover protocols in reducing the handover latency and packet loss.

A Flow-Based and Operator-Centric Dynamic Mobility Management Scheme for Proxy Mobile IPv6

The continuous increase of mobile data traffic volume creates new challenges for telecommunication network operators. As a possible solution, many traffic offloading techniques have been proposed. In parallel, there is a trend to handle all the access techniques under the umbrella of IP, including non-3GPP networks (e.g., Wi-Fi), mainly with the help of IPv6. In this paper we provide a new architectural proposal in Evolved Packet Core (EPC) described as flow-based and operator-centric dynamic mobility management with Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). This new approach is supported by current EPC entities including Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF), Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF), and Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) and by defining a novel communication scheme between them. The proposal was evaluated in a virtual testbed environment, and measurements based simulations were carried out where the solution showed significant benefits by enhancing operator flexibility, increasing user experience, and decreasing signaling overhead due to its highly dynamic operation and optimized flow-level behavior.