Mobility Anchor Research Articles

Distributed Mobility Management in 6LoWPAN-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

In 6LoWPAN networks, several mobility management schemes have been proposed based on Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). However, the existing schemes are centralized, and thus they have many serious drawbacks such as nonoptimal data route, injection of unwanted data traffics into core networks, increased cost of network engineering, and large registration and handover delays. To overcome these limitations, we propose new distributed mobility management schemes for 6LoWPAN networks. In the proposed schemes, Home Agent (HA), Local Mobility Anchor (LMA), and Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) functions are implemented in 6LoWPAN gateways, and the handover operations are performed directly between two neighboring 6LoWPAN gateways. By numerical analysis, we show that the proposed distributed schemes can significantly reduce the registration and handover delays, compared to the existing centralized mobility schemes.

전술망을 위한 분산 이동성 관리 기법

In the conventional centralized mobility management schemes, it can lead to single points of failure, occurrence of a bottleneck, since all data and control are concentrated on the mobility anchor which is located in home network. In the current research of distributed mobility management, it is doing research into distributed mobility management which is supported by distributed mobility anchors. Such schemes do not consider a failure of the mobility anchor. However, it could be an issue under tactical environment since it occur non-service problem due to anchor movement, maintenance, failure, etc. In this paper, we proposed new DMM scheme named T-DMM(Tactical-Distributed Mobility Management) which can support handover even if mobility anchor breaks down. From the numerical analysis, we evaluate signaling cost and handover latency.

Implementation of a Locator-Based Route Switching Scheme for Improved Routing in Proxy Mobile IPv6

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a promising IP mobility protocols that is being deployed in emerging wireless technologies. This however has a non-optimal packet route as a result of the triangular routing problem. This creates a bottle neck at the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) thereby increasing packet delays. This paper presents the implementation of a locator-based route switching scheme on OPNET Modeler. The Mobility Access Gateway (MAG) and the LMA were enhanced by making them intelligent. This enables them to be able to check the position of the Corresponding Node (CN) with respect to the Mobile Node (MN) and also determine the available bandwidth on each link. From the checks made, a three-stage decision process is used to switch routing to the most optimal route that guarantees the best QoS. Node Models were developed for the MAG and LMA, network models were deployed and simulation tests were carried out. The results show that the developed scheme switched packets to a more optimal route according to the designed algorithm. The impact of this switching on differences between transmitted throughput at MN and the received throughput at CN was also evaluated. The receiver activity result shows a reduction in the bottleneck at the LMA-MAG link. The end-to-end delay results show over 50 milliseconds drop in packet delay as a result of the switching to a more optimal route. This shows that the packet delays result from the congestion at the LMA-MAG interface due to suboptimal routing.

Analytic Evaluation and Experimental Validation of a Network-Based IPv6 Distributed Mobility Management Solution

Mobile Internet traffic is growing steeply, mainly due to the deployment of new broadband wireless technologies and the ever increasing connectivity demand coming from new services being available to mobile users. Current mobile network architectures rely on centralized mobility protocols which intrinsically pose enormous burdens on the central anchors, both in terms of connectivity needs and user mobility management. In order to face these issues, a new paradigm, called Distributed Mobility Management, is being explored, based on flattening the network architecture by deploying multiple mobility anchors at the edge of the network. In this article we conduct an analytic and experimental evaluation of a network-based IP distributed mobility management solution that leverages Proxy Mobile IPv6 protocol operations. We develop an analytic model of the signaling and packet delivery costs, as well as the handover latency of both Proxy Mobile IPv6 and our distributed solution. We have also implemented a Linux-based prototype of our proposal, which has been used to experimentally assess the handover latency in a real IEEE 802.11 scenario. Finally, we use the results obtained from the analytic and experimental performance to evaluate the benefits that could be achieved by deploying a distributed mobility management solution.

Supporting Highly Mobile Users in Cost-Effective Decentralized Mobile Operator Networks

Due to the tremendous increase in mobile data traffic, there is a general trend toward the decentralization of mobile operator networks, at least to a certain extent. This shall be further facilitated with the virtualization of mobile network functions and the enabling of mobile cloud networking, whereby mobile networks are created on demand and in a flexible manner. Mobile network decentralization will not be efficient without rethinking mobility management schemes, particularly for users moving for a long distance and/or at a high speed (e.g., vehicles and bullet trains). To support such highly mobile users, this paper introduces: 1) a data anchor gateway (GW) relocation method based on user mobility, history information, and user activity patterns, and 2) a handover management policy that selects a target base station or evolved Node B (eNB) in a way to minimize mobility anchor GW relocation. The performance of the proposed schemes is evaluated via Markov model-based analysis and through simulations. Encouraging results are obtained, validating the design objectives of the scheme.

Adaptive quality of service aware multi‐mobility anchor point registration in hierarchical mobile IPv6 wireless access networks

In hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), mobility anchor points (MAPs) are introduced to reduce the signalling cost by localising the signalling traffic of mobile nodes (MNs). However, the presence of MAPs introduces areas of bottleneck within the network. This study evaluates the impact of overlapped domains of consecutive MAPs in HMIPv6 access networks. In this novel network architecture, an MAP registration algorithm is also proposed to enable MNs to register with more than one MAP simultaneously. For each flow, the proposed algorithm determines a primary and a secondary MAP according to the quality of service (QoS) requirements of the traffic flow. Load balancing is also introduced to provide an even distribution of load among MAPs. In addition, an extended router advertisement is proposed to enable multiple MAP registration of MNs. The impact of the proposed algorithm in the new HMIPv6 network architectures is compared with a non‐QoS aware multi‐MAP registration algorithm in access network with no overlapped MAP domains. The simulation‐based comparison study illustrates a maximum of 71 and 74% improvements in total amount of rejected bandwidth and the mean satisfied flow requests in network, respectively.

Modeling and Simulation of Partially Distributed Mobility Management Scheme

Most existing mobility management deployments such as MIPv6, PMIPv6 and 3GPP utilize centralized mobility anchors in the hierarchical network architecture. Centralized mobility schemes are subject to restrictions on reliability of SPOF (Single Point Of Failure) and network scalability, etc. As an alternative to the centralized approaches, DMM (Distributed Mobility Management) mechanisms have been actively and widely studied these days. In DMM, functions of the anchor node are efficiently distributed to access routers. This paper suggests the network-based partially distributed mobility management mechanism and performs extensive simulations under various traffic environments for verification and evaluation of the suggested scheme. Performance indexes such as Tx/Rx UDP traffic, end-to-end data transfer delay, binding delay, CPU utilization, WLAN throughput are analyzed and compared among MIPv6, PMIPv6 and the suggested DMM scheme. Simulation results show that the DMM scheme suggested in this paper is useful for IP mobility management research in wireless environment.

Route Optimization via RSSI APPs in Indoor Proxy Mobile IPv6 Test-bed

Traditionally IP mobility support mechanisms, Mobile IPv4 or Mobile IPv6 are based on the host-based solution to keep on going sessions despite the movement. The current trend is towards networks-based solutions where mobility support is based on network operation. Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) has been developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a network-based mobility management protocol. The development is aimed to guarantee and support mobility for IP devices or called as Mobile Node (MN) without the MN involving in any IP layer mobility related to signaling as stated in RFC5213. PMIPv6 in RFC5213 address the needed to enable Localized Routing (LR) but it not specify a complete procedure to establish Route Optimization (RO). Data packets belong to MN need to travel to Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) via bidirectional tunnel between Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) and LMA. This result to long end to end delay. This un-optimized route result in increasing signaling data delay, huge handover latency, large transport cost and many more. Therefore, it important to optimized the data path so that the data destined to MN will be traverse using the shorter path or directly change traffic tunnel between MAG. As for this, the aims of this study are to reduce the handover latency and optimized data route by the illustration of development the PMIPv6 test-bed with implementation of RO via RSSI APPs. Several experiment will be discuss to see the performance of RO algorithm via RSSI APPs with non-optimized RO.

Design VMAP with caching scheme to improving handover performance on the HMIPV6 network

The integration of WiMAX and Mobile IPV6 (MIPV6) protocol is one of the hottest wireless network technology trends. HMIPV6 uses a Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) as the Local HA, to regionalize the handover operation, reduce lots of the Binding Update (BU) information transmission of MIPV6 among HA, CN and MN, and to achieve the goal of fast handover. However, the BU procedure of HMIPV6 consumes too much time and causes packet loss and transmission delay. Therefore, this paper proposes VMAP-C (VMAP with Caching) to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of handover. In this scheme, we use the original VMAP method to improve the performance of signal transmissions and also utilize caching scheme to replace the existing DAD mechanism. Then, we perform simulations with the NS-2 simulator tool, each VMAP is ranged from 4 to 8 ARs, and also the number of MN increases from 1 to 100. The final simulation results indicate that the proposed VMAP-C obtains a reduction of about 15.62–52.28% in Handover delay, decreases Jitter of arriving inter-packets by about 10.63–50.61%, enhances the Throughput of the system by about 6.56–12.63%, and reduces the Packet loss ratio by about 9.57–87.69% compared to VMAP. Consequently, we prove that the VMAP-C scheme can obtain lower delay, Jitter and Packet loss ratio more than VMAP, and achieve higher system Throughput and better handover performance on the HMIPV6 network.

Cost-effective approach inter-LMA domain management and distributed mobility control scheme in proxy mobile IPv6 networks

The Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is designed to provide network-based mobility management support to a mobile node (MN) without any involvement of the MN in mobility related signaling; hence, the proxy mobility entity performs all related signaling on behalf of the MN. The new principal functional entities of PMIPv6 are the local mobility anchor (LMA) and the mobile access gateway (MAG). In PMIPv6, all the data traffic sent from the MN gets routed to the LMA through a tunnel between the LMA and the MAG, but it still has a single point of failure (SPOF) and a bottleneck state of traffic. To solve these problems, various approaches directed towards PMIPv6 performance improvements, such as route optimization, have been proposed. However, these approaches add additional signaling to support the MN׳s mobility, which incurs extra network overhead and still provides difficulty when applied to multiple-LMA networks. In this paper, we propose an improved route optimization in PMIPv6-based multiple-LMA networks. All LMAs were connected to the proxy internetworking gateway (PIG), which performs inter-domain distributed mobility control. Each MAG keeps the information of all LMAs in the PMIPv6 domain, so it is possible to perform fast route optimization. Therefore, this method supported route optimization without any additional signaling because the LMA receives the state information of route optimization from the PIG.

Context-aware adaptive IP mobility anchoring

The novel distributed mobility management trend is a promising direction to cope with the increasing mobile data traffic and flatten network architectures. Most of the novel mobility approaches distribute the mobility anchors through the access level, as opposed to the centralized mobility anchoring model. Other recent approaches argue that mobility anchors closer to the content servers may be the solution to optimize the mobility performance. However, none of the mobility anchoring models is ideal for all scenarios, since it depends on the user, the session and the network. Hence, we propose an IP mobility approach driven by the context of the user, sessions and the network, where the mobility anchors for IP address allocation and for routing/forwarding are distributed through the network nodes, while the mobility context is managed by the mobile devices. Although each session is properly anchored in the establishment phase, the routing/forwarding is adapted over time, according to the user, the session and the network context: the proposed approach is able to signal different mobility anchors to optimize the routing path to new and ongoing sessions of the user. The outcome of the evaluation shows that the proposed approach overall reduces the data cost, the data delay, the tunneled packets and the tunnel length, when compared with other anchoring models.

LTTMAP Fast Handoff Scheme of Advancing Hierarchical Mobile IPv6

There are many obstacles exit in the mobile management scheme, it mainly shows in its not high switching performance, excess signaling overhead and too long handoff delay, hard guaranteed quality of service in handoff as well as safety problem. It put forwards a fast handoff scheme which advances HMIPv6 by giving it authority to temporary mobility anchor point (LT-TMAP). The lower level access router is licensed through upper level of MAP, make it a temporal mobility anchor point to give distribute management to mobile node, and describe the implementation process theoretically. In the end, we use the NS-2 simulation tool to build network topology and based on the IPv6 test-bed build in our school network laboratory which I help researched to give a simulation test to that handoff scheme. It proves the handoff scheme can take better advantage of the network MAP resource, has stronger real-time performance, and higher handoff efficiency.

Are Estimates of Meaningful Decline in Mobility Performance Consistent Among Clinically Important Subgroups? (Health ABC Study)

Meaningful change criteria help determine if function has improved or declined, but their magnitudes may vary across clinically relevant subgroups. We estimate meaningful decline in four common measures of physical performance in subgroups of older adults based on initial performance, demographics, chronic conditions, and health status. We used baseline (Year 1) and Year 4 data from the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) study, a well-functioning cohort at baseline of white and black men and women (age 70-79), to evaluate the magnitude of meaningful decline in performance (6 m gait speed, 400-m walk time (400MWT), Short Physical Performance Battery, and Health ABC Physical Performance Battery (PPB), based on self-reported perceived mobility anchors (climbing 10 steps and walking ¼ mile). Estimates were stratified by initial performance, demographics, health status, chronic conditions, and body mass index, and compared across strata. For all four measures, small and substantial decline estimates were generally consistent among subgroups based on initial performance, demographics, health status, and chronic conditions. The only exception was for 400MWT, where men had greater estimates than women. For PPB, small change was 0.12 points, and substantial change was 0.22 points. Estimates of small and substantial meaningful decline resemble those previously reported for gait speed, 400MWT, and SPPB. Magnitudes of meaningful performance decline appear to be generally consistent across strata of initial performance, demographics, health status, body mass index, and chronic conditions.

Centralized, Distributed or Replicated IP Mobility?

This letter studies a network-based IPv6 mobility model based on Proxy Mobile IP, called Multiple Local Mobility Anchors. It replicates the Local Mobility Anchors of Proxy Mobile IP through access routers and gateways of the network. The Local Mobility Anchors maintain the binding between the well-known IPv6 address of the mobile node and its current access router, in order to achieve an optimized routing path to data sessions that require mobility support. Multiple Local Mobility Anchors approach is compared with Proxy Mobile IP and Distributed Mobility Anchoring through analytical models. The outcome demonstrates that it significantly improves the data cost at the expense of a slight increase in the signaling cost.

IP 기반 네트워크에서 빠르고 확장성이 용이한 플로우 이동성 관리 방법

본 논문에서는 IP 기반의 이동 네트워크에서 빠르고 확장성이 용이한 상태 보존형 (Stateful) 플로우 라우팅을 포함하는 플로우 이동성 관리 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 방식은 단말의 이동성을 고려하여 플로우 라우팅을 수행하는 크로스오버 플로우 라우터를 도입하여 분산적으로 플로우 이동성을 관리하도록 하였고, 이로써 기존의 IP 패킷 라우팅에 의한 기존의 이동성 지원 방법의 문제점인 긴 지연 시간과 이동성 관리 오버헤드 문제를 완화시킬수 있도록 하였다. 제안된 방식의 성능 분석을 수행하여 기존의 IP 기반 이동성 지원 방식들과 비교하였으며, 이를 통해 제안된 방식의 우수성을 증명하였다. In this paper, we propose a fast and scalable flow mobility management scheme based on the flow-based stateful routing for the IP-based mobile networks. The proposed scheme employees the crossover flow routers as mobility anchors to perform the distributed flow-based mobility management of the moving terminals, while aims to reduce the long handoff delay and the processing overhead of the existing IP packet routing. We evaluated the performance of the proposed scheme and verified the superior performance of the proposed scheme by comparing with the results of IP-based mobility management schemes.

Cost-effective handoff scheme based on mobility-aware dual pointer forwarding in proxy mobile IPv6 networks

In this paper, a mobility-aware Dual Pointer Forwarding scheme (mDPF) is applied in Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) networks. The movement of a Mobile Node (MN) is classified as intra-domain and inter-domain handoff. When the MN moves, this scheme can reduce the high signaling overhead for intra-handoff/inter-handoff, because the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) and Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) are connected by pointer chains. In other words, a handoff is aware of low mobility between the previously attached MAG (pMAG) and newly attached MAG (nMAG), and another handoff between the previously attached LMA (pLMA) and newly attached LMA (nLMA) is aware of high mobility. Based on these mobility-aware binding updates, the overhead of the packet delivery can be reduced. Also, we analyse the binding update cost and packet delivery cost for route optimization, based on the mathematical analytic model. Analytical results show that our mDPF outperforms the PMIPv6 and the other pointer forwarding schemes, in terms of reducing the total cost of signaling.

A Dynamic Architecture for Mobility Management in Hierarchical Mobile IPv6

Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) is an enhanced Mobile IPv6 for reducing signaling cost of location management. Multi-level Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (MHMIPv6) can organize mobile region as a multi-level hierarchy architecture, which is more flexible to support scalable services. However, MHMIPv6 will bring additional packet processing overhead, and produce negative impact especially on some mobile nodes (MNs) with relatively low movement characteristics. This paper proposes a dynamic hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (DHMIPv6) management, in which different hierarchies are dynamically set up to minimize the total cost for different MNs according to their movement characteristics respectively. Under such management MNs can select the monolayer or two-layer mobility anchor point(MAP) structure when they occur the handover at any time. Experimental results show that compared with HMIPv6 and MHMIPv6, DHMIPv6 achieves high adaptability with lower total cost under various scenarios.

Adaptive mobility anchor point to reduce regional registration and packets delivery costs

MIPv6 (Mobile IPv6) has been developed as macro-mobility management protocol to support mobility of MUs (mobile users) over the Internet. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has been developed as micro-mobility management protocol. There are many other mobility management protocols proposed so far like Fast Mobile IPv6, Proxy Mobile IPv6, Optimal Choice of Mobility management, and Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6. These are based on MIPv6 and HMIPv6 and have their own advantages and limitations. These protocols do not consider the fixed mobility pattern of MUs. Many MUs have fixed mobility pattern on daily basis and there is scope of further reduction in regional registration cost. We propose an AMAP (Adaptive Mobility Anchor Point) to minimize the regional registration cost and packet delivery cost in IPv6 networks. The AMAP is a special mobility anchor point which is selected based on the activity rate (ARate) of MUs.

Cost-Effective and Fast Handoff Scheme in Proxy Mobile IPv6 Networks with Multicasting Support

With recent advancements in wireless communication technologies, mobile multicasting is becoming important, in an effort to use network resources more efficiently. In the past, when various mobile IP-based multicast techniques were proposed, the focus was on the costs needed for network delivery to provide multicast services, as well as on minimizing the multicast handover delay. However, it is fundamentally difficult to resolve the problems of handover delay and tunnel convergence for techniques using MIPv6 (Mobile IPv6), a host-based mobility management protocol. To resolve these problems, the network-based mobility management protocol PMIPv6 (Proxy Mobile IPv6) was standardized. Although performance is improved in PMIPv6 over MIPv6, it still suffers from problems of handover delay and tunnel convergence. To overcome these limitations, a technique called LFH (Low-cost and Fast Handoff) is proposed in this paper, for fast and low-cost mobility management with multicasting support in PMIPv6 networks. To reduce the interactions between the complex multicast routing protocol and multicast messages, a simplified proxy method called MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery) is implemented and modified. Furthermore, a TCR (Tunnel Combination and Reconstruction) algorithm was used in the multicast handover procedure within the LMA (Local Mobility Anchor) domain, as well as in the multicast handover procedure between domains, in order to overcome the problem of tunnel convergence. It was found that, compared to other types of multicast techniques, LFH reduces multicast delay, and requires lower cost.

Design and performance analysis of a dynamic-paging AAA mobility management scheme for PMIPv6-based wireless networks

Proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a network–based mobility management protocol. It does not require the involvement of the mobile node (MN) in mobility management. However, MN between the mobile access gateway (MAG) and the local mobility anchor (LMA) in a message to the signalling delivery process can cause high overhead. Moreover, even LMA between PMIPv6 domains could cause high signalling overhead. In this paper, we propose a dynamic–paging authorisation, authentication and accounting (AAA) mobility management scheme (DP–AAA) to apply dynamic paging to reduce signalling overhead and to support global mobility in PMIPv6 domains. The dynamic paging scheme does not provide binding updates to MNs that are in a dormant state. According to traffic patterns and mobility, the MN's domain can be determined dynamically in the paging area. Performance analyses indicate that the proposed scheme performs better than static paging and PMIPv6.