Mobile Phone System Research Articles

On emergent mobile phone-based social engineering cyberattacks in developing countries: The case of the Zambian ICT sector

The number of registered SIM cards and active mobile phone subscribers in Zambia in 2020 surpassed the population of the country. This development and the integration of mobile phone systems with financial payment systems has not come without a cost. Cyberattackers, using various social engineering techniques have jumped onto the bandwagon to defraud unsuspecting users. Considering the aforesaid, this paper presents a high-order analytical approach towards mobile phone-based social engineering cyberattacks (phishing, SMishing, and vishing) in Zambia which seek to defraud benign victims. This paper presents a baseline study to reiterate the problem at hand. The research used a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data, and adopted a hybrid descriptive research design. Furthermore, an attack model and an evaluation framework were devised to ascertain the most prevalent types of mobile phone-based cyberattacks. Based on logistic regression analysis, the findings indicate that the most prevalent type of mobile phone-based social engineering cyberattack in Zambia is SMishing. Based on the results and observed insights, recommendations to mitigate these emergent social engineering cyberattacks were suggested. This research serves as a valuable baseline for understanding and addressing the growing challenges posed by mobile phone-based cyberattacks in Zambia's evolving technological landscape.

Continuous glucose monitors

In this month's article, George Winter discusses the application of continuous glucose monitors – mobile telephony systems that facilitate recording of physiological measurements

Predicting a Fall Based on Gait Anomaly Detection: A Comparative Study of Wrist-Worn Three-Axis and Mobile Phone-Based Accelerometer Sensors.

Falls by the elderly pose considerable health hazards, leading not only to physical harm but a number of other related problems. A timely alert about a deteriorating gait, as an indication of an impending fall, can assist in fall prevention. In this investigation, a comprehensive comparative analysis was conducted between a commercially available mobile phone system and two wristband systems: one commercially available and another representing a novel approach. Each system was equipped with a singular three-axis accelerometer. The walk suggestive of a potential fall was induced by special glasses worn by the participants. The same standard machine-learning techniques were employed for the classification with all three systems based on a single three-axis accelerometer, yielding a best average accuracy of 86%, a specificity of 88%, and a sensitivity of 86% via the support vector machine (SVM) method using a wristband. A smartphone, on the other hand, achieved a best average accuracy of 73% also with an SVM using only a three-axis accelerometer sensor. The significance analysis of the mean accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity between the innovative wristband and the smartphone yielded a p-value of 0.000. Furthermore, the study applied unsupervised and semi-supervised learning methods, incorporating principal component analysis and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding. To sum up, both wristbands demonstrated the usability of wearable sensors in the early detection and mitigation of falls in the elderly, outperforming the smartphone.

Estimation of renewable energy systems for mobile network based on real measurements using HOMER software in Egypt

With the increasing of global awareness of the importance of reducing polluting emissions and maintaining a clean and healthy environment. So, the tendency to generate electric energy from new and renewable sources has become an urgent need to achieve this goal. In this paper an optimal economic cost analysis using hybrid renewable energy sources to generate the electricity needed for long-term evolution mobile phone systems was estimated. The proposed electric system accounts for the reduction of polluting emissions to the environment. The electrical profile of the optimal approaches or the hybrid technology and traditional methods which contain solar photovoltaic’, batteries, wind turbines, diesel generator were estimated and provides the electrical power for a Long-Term Evolution mobile network (LTE) as the load at a remote located area. A real time optimal cost analysis of each proposed network is done based on the real load profile, wind speed and solar radiation was placid on from 6 October city in Egypt. Statistical analysis was performed by varying the systems through comparison to determine the optimal approaches based on the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electrical Renewables software (HOMER).

Implementation of a 4G/5G Base Station Using the srsRAN Software and the USRP Software Radio Module

This article presents the potential applications and scenarios for the implementation of a software-defined radio (SDR) module operating as a base station in 4G/5G networks. The paper presents test configurations of the srsRAN software environment in conjunction with various types of programmable radio modules. Then, the key performance metrics of the mobile telephony system and potential problems that may be encountered while implementing hardware and software layers are presented.

Considerations of an efficiency-intelligent geo-localised mobile application for personalised SME market predictions

The few applications used by Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs’) businesses lack efficiency and the appropriate intelligence to save them from price instability, inventory carrying costs, excess inventory, wrong decision making, inaccurate monitoring of stock levels, etc. through predictive analytics. The study explored various Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning (AI/ML) models and data structure array types that could be used with the day-to-day local weather conditions of low and high temperatures to predict market parameters and aid SMEs with predictive data to use for combating wrong decision-making, inaccurate business monitoring and excess inventory, etc. Among the ML models explored included sequential minimal optimisation, iterative reweighted least-squares, Fan-Chen-Lin support vector regression, linear regression newton method and multivariate linear regression Ordinary least squares for a multivariate linear regression and logistic regression. The models were compiled using visual C# and Accord.Net libraries. Multivariate linear regression Ordinary least squares models recorded the least predictive accuracy loss, for the test quantity prediction test samples, and varying acceptable square loss values, for usage in geo-localised mobile intelligent systems for SME predictions due to their favourable scores. The jagged array overall performed better than the multi-dimensional array on some time and space complexity tests. This work is contributing to the body of knowledge by evaluatively suggesting better data structures and ML models for building intelligent systems in Xamarin forms using C# and small data for the model training for applications in mobile phone systems that will aid SMEs’ in adjusting spending and sales targets.

A comparative analysis of voluntary in-vehicle distractions of drivers' visual attention

Distractions to the driving process, whether inside or outside of the vehicle, are becoming an increasing problem, especially distractions that are voluntary in nature which are avoidable but seem to be prevalent on our streets. A research gap was identified in the lack of comparability of in-vehicle distraction influences on drivers' visual attention. The paper presents research on the effects of in-vehicle distractions on drivers' visual attention, which was performed with 23 participants in a real environment (test track) during normal traffic conditions. The drivers were subjected to 15 in-vehicle distractions, including mobile phone use (handheld and hands-free), finding items inside the vehicle, and controlling and managing various in-vehicle systems. All distractions caused a significant reduction in visual attention to driving-related areas, including tasks such as setting the climate control or radio frequency, which are generally not perceived as disruptions. In fact, setting the climate control, navigational system, and radio frequency diverted visual attention for more than 40 % of the whole task duration. All tasks caused a reduction in the variability of gaze direction onto the windshield, indicating an occurrence of vision tunnelling, which was again very prominent even with tasks that are usually not perceived as very distracting, such as adjusting the side mirrors. The results, therefore, show that in-vehicle tasks that are voluntary in nature may significantly affect drivers' visual attention, and this is not limited to mobile phone and entertainment system use.

Interpolating Urban Tourists’ Itineraries Based on Low-Fidelity Positioning Data and Domain Knowledge

This paper proposed and tested an interpolation method that took advantage of low-fidelity passive positioning data, such as mobile phone (MP) data, to estimate urban tourist visits to tourism sites, which utilized the domain knowledge of regularities in tourist behavior and preferences. The central component of the approach was a model of tourists choosing itineraries. A dataset of 80 Shanghai (China) tourist trajectories was collected through simultaneous MP and global positioning system (GPS) tracking. The results showed that the itinerary choice models that used both types of tracking data were quite similar and behaviorally reasonable. The most important finding was that visits that were estimated with the MP data and model were as accurate as those that were estimated via the GPS data and model.

A cost-effective Wi-Fi-based indoor positioning system for mobile phones

A cost-effective Wi-Fi-based indoor positioning system for mobile phones

Large-Area Monitoring of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Levels from Mobile Phone Base Stations and Broadcast Transmission Towers by Car-Mounted Measurements around Tokyo

Car-mounted measurements of radiofrequency electromagnetic exposure levels were carried out in a large area around Tokyo. Prior to the electric field (E-field) measurements using a car, the effect of the car body was evaluated in an anechoic chamber. The measurements between May 2021 and February 2022 were carried out within a radius of 100 km centering on Nihonbashi, Tokyo, with a measurement distance of about 13,800 km. The measurement results were averaged in the reference area mesh (1 km2). It was found that the E-field strengths of FM/TV frequency bands are lower than that of mobile phone base stations. It was also found that the E-field strength of only the 5G frequency band is approximately 20–30 dB lower than that of all mobile phone systems. However, note that it is possible to depend on the data traffic of 5G. The E-field strength of all bands is higher in Tokyo than in other prefectures. Additionally, repeated measurements were carried out to investigate the reproducibility of the measured E-field. The standard deviation is less than 3 dB along the same route, and a similar tendency of E-field strength by the car to the time-averaged results of spot measurements in the past was confirmed. Finally, the relationship of E-field strength with population density was investigated. It was found that the E-field strength from mobile phone base stations has a positive relationship with population density.

Evolusi Sistem Operasi Android: Sebuah Tinjauan Literatur

In the past, mobile phones were only used to make calls, but with the introduction of smartphones, mobile phones have evolved into low-power handheld processing systems. This evolution is due to the operating system for mobile phones that make them sophisticated and have their own processing and storage. Today mobile phones provide many functions from making calls to sending messages, multimedia sharing, email, socializing applications, word processing, excel worksheets to various multiplayer games and much more. The operating systems for these handheld devices are iOS from Apple Inc, Windows from Windows Inc and Android from Google. Among competitors in the smartphone operating system industry, Android holds the largest market share in terms of units shipped worldwide and number of users. Android is an open source operating system based on the linux kernel where applications run on an application framework that controls activities supported by Dalvik libraries and virtual machines that compile and convert all java class files into a single file. There are several virtual machines running simultaneously on a single device that run different applications or application instances. The Android operating system provides memory management, process management to run applications and services. Every android release improves the user experience and brings enhanced features. This paper presents a study of the evolution that each release brings to the android operating system.

Feasibility analysis of replacing lithium-ion battery with aqueous zinc-ion battery

lithium-ion battery is a battery with intercalated lithium compound as negative electrode material and non-aqueous solution as electrolyte. It is often used as energy supply system for mobile phones, electric vehicles and other equipment. However, due to the instability of lithium and the flammable organic electrolyte, lithium-ion batteries are prone to fire in high temperature or after damage. The paper introduced the technology of aqueous zinc-ion battery and analyzes the merits and drawbacks of it. Aqueous zinc-ion battery is a battery with metallic zinc as negative electrode material. The ingredient of electrolyte is a solution with water as the main component. Compared with lithium-ion battery, it has many excellent characteristics, such as non-toxic, non-flammable, etc. When electronic devices such as smart wearable devices are in close contact with human skin, aqueous zinc-ion batteries can prevent the risk of human skin being burned when the battery damaged or toxic substances penetrating when the battery accidentally leaks. In addition, the high density, high specific energy, much fewer expend and other characteristics of aqueous zinc-ion batteries also increase the possibility that they will replace lithium-ion batteries as energy supply systems for electronic equipment in the future. This paper cites examples to show that the aqueous zinc-ion battery has a good prospect in the field of intelligent wearable devices and has a certain guiding significance for the choice of the energy supply system of intelligent wearable devices in the future.

E-Voting Ketua Osis Di Sekolah SMK Negeri 1 Kepahiang Berbasis Android

Android is one of the most widely used operating systems today. Android-based smartphones really help users in carrying out various activities such as online shopping, communicating, presentations, and many more. Android is a Linux-based operating system. The advantage of Android compared to other mobile phone or smartphone operating systems is that Android is open source code making it easier for developers to create and modify applications or features that do not yet exist on the Android operating system according to their own wishes such as E-Voting for Osis Chairs at SMK schools. Android-based Negeri 1 Kepahiang will implement a system call to get information besides E-Voting for Osis Chairs at the Android-based SMK Negeri 1 Kepahiang school, one of the systematic activities in managing student councilFaster and more focused and on time.

Evaluation of Micronuclei in Buccal Smears of Mobile Phone Users: A Comparative Study

Background: The mobile uses have been increased drastically, creating increased health concern about radiation effects emitted from mobile phone. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the micronuclei (MN) frequency in exfoliated oral mucosal cells in high and low mobile users. Materials and Methods: The total of 50 subjects was divided into two major groups: low mobile phone users and high mobile phone users. Further, subjects who use mobile phone for more than 10 h a week were considered high talk time users and <4–5 h a week was low talk time users. The buccal mucosa cells are extracted by scraping the oral cavity with a wooden spatula. MN was evaluated in 1000 cells per individual at the microscope. Results: There was a significantly increase in MN count in high mobile users compared to low mobile users. There was a highly significant difference in the mean MN count of participants using code division multiple access than global system for mobiles mobile phones. The MN mean count was found to be significantly increased in nonheadphone users in comparison to headphone users. Furthermore, the MN count on the frequently used side of mobile phone was found to be statistically significantly elevated compared to the opposite side. Conclusions: Mobile phone radiation, even in the permissible range when used for a longer duration, can cause significant genotoxicity. The genotoxicity is noted when the mobile phone is used more frequently on the same side, which may be due to more amount of radiation and increase in the temperature. Headphone usage reduces the genotoxicity of mobile phone radiation to some extent.

Uloga Excel programa u simulaciji saobraćajnih procesa u telekomunikacijama

This paper presents the simulation of mobile telephony systems realized in Excel program. Although primarily intended for other applications, Excel has several advantages over other specialized programs for simulation purposes. Excel application for simulation is illustrated by several examples from already published papers with the main goal to describe the most important part of realized simulations that allows determination of all important characteristics of telecommunication traffic process. Beside traffic process, the Excel application allows a reliable simulation of base station emission power starting from a random distance between the base station and mobile station.

ANALYSES OF SOME CALL FACTORS AFFECTING SAR LEVELS OF GSM MOBILE PHONES USED IN GHANA.

In response to mounting radiofrequency health concerns, this study was constituted to provide critical scientific data and assess any potential exposure from global system for mobile communication mobile phones. Specific absorption rate (SAR) from phones approved by the regulator and untested/unapproved phones were measured with a ComoSAR system. The maximum 10 g SAR (0.51 W/kg) and 1 g SAR (0.99 W/kg) measured were 25 and 62% of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and Federal Communication Commission limits, respectively. The approved phone produced statistically significant higher SAR values relative to the untested phone. SAR values of the right ear were relatively higher. All maximum SAR values were recorded on the right ear. The regulatory approval status of the phone, phone's orientation to the head, operating frequency channel and in which ear (right or left) the phone is used influenced the SAR measured. The SAR values of the approved phone compared favourably with similar studies while the unapproved phone does not.

Directional link attenuation in millimeter-wave range based on empirical model modification

The upcoming fifth and next generation mobile phone systems will use not only the frequencybands of sub-6 GHz but also the millimeter-wave and terahertz bands. From a practical viewpoint,this approach requires the use of directional antennas or beamforming systems. To ensure greaterenergy efficiency of the wireless link, the radio beams on the transmitting and receiving sides shouldbe aligned ones. Path loss models are commonly used for designing the radio communication systemsand networks. However, in the literature, there are no adequate methods of attenuation modellingavailable for the cases of misalignment of antenna beams. In this paper, a method of modifying the pathloss model, based on a multi-elliptical propagation model, is proposed. For this purpose, dedicatedsoftware was developed in the MATLAB environment, which was used to conduct simulation tests.In the remainder of the paper, exemplary results of the adaptation of empirical path loss models inthe range of millime-ter-waves are presented, which were obtained using the developed program.Keywords: wireless communication, radio wave propagation, path loss models, multi-ellipticalpropagation model, directional antennas, directional radio link, millimeter waves, 5G systems,simulation studies

A Secured Framework for Short Messages Service in Global System for Mobile Communication

Short Message Service (SMS) has upgraded and elevated our lives and is principal in our livelihood. This service has been driven by the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) which is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems. As a result, the GSM has constituted the moderate execution of short message service (SMS), which has uplifted mobile phone quality. A proper understanding of the essentials of SMS/MMS security opens the door to prevent some common security. which has fostered the prevention of some common threats in SMS usage. Unfortunately, the SMS does not has any built-in vetting procedure to authenticate the text or provide security for the data/text, and supportive phone facilities are designed without considering the SMS/MMS security aspects. There is also a problem of mobile applications developer and the mobile service providers not knowing the correct identities of the communicating parties, and also the problem of little to no SMS/MMS content confidentiality and integrity during data transmission. This paper is aimed at addressing these problems by focusing on the use of substitution techniques of audio steganography. We achieve our method by having a low robustness against attacks which try to reveal the hidden message. This allows only SMS that is encrypted, and application to multimedia messages needs to be further investigated. Furthermore, encryption is done using substitution cipher methods. We also analyze the security mechanism based on the mobile security requirements and mobile performance capability. Analysis of the security mechanism based on the mobile security requirements and mobile performance capability is carried out. After an exhaustive computer simulation, the performance of the proposed method is confirmed. The result obtained showed that compression ratio achieved is within the range of 0.1 and 0.5, the best achieved so far.

Digitizing with a Mobile Phone System: A Contribution

This article aims to present the experience gained during the development and implementation of a digitization system for cultural heritage collections using a cell phone. This project was developed in four stages: search and creation of the system, training of professionals assigned to operate the equipment, writing the guidelines that summarize the knowledge obtained and, finally, monitoring the results and disseminating the digital surrogates via Wikimedia. _x005F_x000D_ _x005F_x000D_ The digital team of the Moreira Salles Institute developed this project in partnership with Institute Goethe and Wiki Movimento Brasil between October 2021 and February 2022. The main goal is based on the understanding that different digitization methods can meet different needs and resources that are available for cultural heritage institutions, and the goal of democratizing knowledge and contributing to public access to collections of fundamental importance for Brazilian history.

(Quantum) Time-Memory-Data Tradeoff Attacks on the SNOW-V Stream Cipher

Symmetric cryptosystems (i.e., stream ciphers and block ciphers) have always played an important part in securing the various generations of 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) mobile telephony systems. The SNOW-V stream cipher, published in September 2019, is the most recent member of the well-known SNOW family of ciphers. It is designed to provide confidentiality and integrity for 5G communications. There have been no time-memory-data tradeoff (TMDTO) attacks on the cipher published so far. By combining with the BSW sampling technique, we propose TMDTO attacks on SNOW-V. The results show that the attacker can mount a TMDTO attack, where none of the online time complexity, the memory complexity and the offline time complexity are bigger than 2256, if the keystream sequences generated by the secret key, together with different IVs, are provided to the attacker. Furthermore, we analyze the security of SNOW-V against quantum TMDTO attacks, and the results show that a quantum TMDTO attack offers, strictly, better online time complexity than Grover’s algorithm, when the available memory space is bigger than 2170.67. These results are helpful in evaluating the security of SNOW-V against (quantum) TMDTO attacks.