Mobile Scheme Research Articles

Dynamics of return mobility among experienced researchers. An analysis of determinants and impact of Marie Sklodowska-Curie actions

ABSTRACT This article analyses the factors influencing experienced researchers’ decision to use the Marie-Skłodowska Curie Actions (MSCA) as an outward or return international mobility scheme and the impact of mobility decisions on researchers’ career outcomes and quality of life. The MSCA constitute one of the European Union’s flagship programmes supporting international research mobility, as its main goals include enhancing the career prospects of researchers through advanced training, knowledge exchange, and international collaboration, while also fostering talent circulation across Europe. Building on a sample of 1,344 MSCA researchers, this study identifies the main determinants impacting mobility decisions and provides a comparative assessment of mobility determinants and impacts across outward moving researchers and researchers returning to their home country. Results show that factors contributing to research performance are the main drivers of outward mobility, while personal factors and family ties contribute to return decisions. Significant variations in the weights of determinants can be noticed across different scientific disciplines and geographical locations. Returning researchers are also less likely to indicate a positive effect of returning to their home country on their career progression than non-returning researchers. At the same time, they are more likely to state that the quality of their life has increased.

Christian normativity in global higher education policy and practice

ABSTRACT This paper seeks to make visible the legacy and endurance of Christian normativity in current global higher education policy and practice trends by making the links between the present day manifestations of these policies/practices and their Christian origins explicit, and by describing alternatives to presumably universal ideas. Global higher education policy, globalisation and the internationalisation of higher education are often described as secular phenomena, viewed as being decidedly areligious. In this view, religion is not a relevant or important lens to use when analysing trends like mobility schemes, neoliberal reforms, global university rankings, quality assurance mechanisms, and/or the proliferation of liberal education. However, religion (Christianity in particular) is embedded in many of these processes and the logics behind them. Acknowledging and understanding the role of Christian normativity in global higher education policy and practice can enable broader and more pluralistic discourse about the problems and opportunities for higher education globally.

Public health policy for temporary seasonal workers with chronic hepatitis B in high-income countries: A comparative analysis.

This study examines Australia's Hepatitis B public health policies with a focus on the Pacific Australia Labour Mobility scheme seasonal workers as a priority population. The aim is to evaluate if Australia's Hepatitis B public health policies adequately address health disparities and equitable access to health care for seasonal workers as a priority population. We draw comparisons with the public health policies of New Zealand and Canada, to understand how these nations approach similar health concerns among their temporary seasonal workers. A health policy analysis was conducted on the public health Hepatitis B policies in Australia and then compared with those in Canada and New Zealand. Due to the nature of the study question, the review had a major focus on grey literature. The search was undertaken in two stages, including (1) Google search engine and (2) targeted websites. Basic document data was produced in descriptive summaries. Any data either explicitly or inexplicitly relating to the elimination of hepatitis B or equity towards the inclusion of seasonal workers was produced as analytical summaries through multiple revisions. Nineteen documents were identified, predominantly from Australia. Although Hepatitis B public health policies emphasised testing and awareness in priority populations, specifically mentioning seasonal workers as a priority population was absent in all three countries. The study underscores the exclusion of temporary seasonal workers in public health policies and strategies as a human rights issue, conflicting with principles of equity and equitable access to health care. Despite acknowledging challenges for temporary visa holders, policies lack specific provisions for seasonal workers. Addressing this gap is crucial for health equity and inclusive health systems. SO WHAT?: Our findings highlight the need to prioritise equity for temporary seasonal workers to achieve hepatitis B elimination goals by 2030. Exclusion from public health policies is a human rights concern, impacting access to quality health care. This study advocates for inclusive policies explicitly recognising temporary seasonal workers as a priority population, aligning with international human rights commitments to health care for all.

Generative AI-Enabled Energy-Efficient Mobile Augmented Reality in Multi-Access Edge Computing

This paper proposes a novel offloading and super-resolution (SR) control scheme for energy-efficient mobile augmented reality (MAR) in multi-access edge computing (MEC) using SR as a promising generative artificial intelligence (GAI) technology. Specifically, SR can enhance low-resolution images into high-resolution versions using GAI technologies. This capability is particularly advantageous in MAR by lowering the bitrate required for network transmission. However, this SR process requires considerable computational resources and can introduce latency, potentially overloading the MEC server if there are numerous offload requests for MAR services. In this context, we conduct an empirical study to verify that the computational latency of SR increases with the upscaling level. Therefore, we demonstrate a trade-off between computational latency and improved service satisfaction when upscaling images for object detection, as it enhances the detection accuracy. From this perspective, determining whether to apply SR for MAR, while jointly controlling offloading decisions, is challenging. Consequently, to design energy-efficient MAR, we rigorously formulate analytical models for the energy consumption of a MAR device, the overall latency and the MAR satisfaction of service quality from the enforcement of the service accuracy, taking into account the SR process at the MEC server. Finally, we develop a theoretical framework that optimizes the computation offloading and SR control problem for MAR clients by jointly optimizing the offloading and SR decisions, considering their trade-off in MAR with MEC. Finally, the performance evaluation indicates that our proposed framework effectively supports MAR services by efficiently managing offloading and SR decisions, balancing trade-offs between energy consumption, latency, and service satisfaction compared to benchmarks.

Analyzing shared mobility markets in Europe: A comparative analysis of shared mobility schemes across 311 European cities

The progression of shared mobility across Europe is remarkable. While station-based car and bike sharing have a more extended history, particularly in major European (capital) cities, recent advancements in modal types and operational models have significantly transformed the shared mobility landscape. Rapid expansion by private organisations has broadened access to shared mobility services across Europe. However, not all European cities are considered potentially viable markets due to local factors such as stringent regulatory frameworks and unfavourable economic conditions. The composition of the local offerings influences how citizens use these services, impacting travel behaviour and the local transport networks differently. Therefore, understanding the availability of various shared mobility schemes across Europe is essential for comprehending the market structure, its development, the providers' decision drivers, and the potential consequences for local transportation systems.First, this paper presents data on various segments and features of the shared mobility market across European cities with more than 100.000 inhabitants. Second, two cluster approaches, i.e. k-means and latent class clustering analysis (LCCA), are conducted to structure this European market. Third, the contextual characteristics, such as socio-demographics, the built environment and the geography, are compared among the clusters using Dunn testing.The results depict that the market is very fragmented, ranging from cities with a minimal offer (i.e. one type of modality available) to cities with a very competitive market consisting of numerous modalities and operators.As expected, the most comprehensive offer of shared mobility is found in cities with the highest economic potential, measured by GDP per capita and population size. However, these cities tend to impose stricter regulations and invest in public schemes, especially for bike and car sharing, affecting the share of private operators. This may explain why private scooter sharing companies are willing to operate in smaller cities that initially seem to lack the economic conditions to accommodate a profitable sharing scheme. In cities where scooters are absent, mainly in Dutch cities, free-floating moped- and bike-sharing schemes have acted as a surrogate. Still, the comprehensiveness of the offer in these cities is considerable, suggesting that even with strict regulatory frameworks, other factors like infrastructure can create an attractive environment for operators. Overall, shared mobility is well-developed in European cities, meaning that many people are already aware of or have access to some form of shared mobility. This provides opportunities for other less-developed modalities, such as cargo bicycles, to further expand and offer specific use cases for car replacement. Therefore, future research could follow up on market developments to understand how various segments evolve and to examine the role of different policy frameworks more thoroughly.

Will Changing Habits Ensure Sustainable Mobility: System Dynamics Modeling Examples from Municipalities in Four Countries

The transportation industry stands out as a significant contributor to world emissions, which presents a significant obstacle to the process of decarbonization. This study recommends a comprehensive plan that addresses emissions not just on a national level but also on a local and individual level, with an emphasis on using a multi-dimensional approach. Our study aims to support municipalities in assessing and mitigating transportation-related emissions by using a system-dynamic approach and introducing a state-of-the-art instrument. In contrast to conventional assessments, which are primarily concerned with technical criteria, our approach takes into account the everyday routines of inhabitants as well as their willingness to accept sustainable policies.Dynamic modeling enhances our understanding of the intricate correlation between technical metrics and socio-behavioral dynamics. This allows us to provide municipalities with a strong basis for the creation of effective initiatives aimed at reducing emissions. This research adds to the subject of sustainable urban planning by promoting the increased public acceptance of sustainable mobility schemes and encouraging active public involvement. This analysis allows municipalities to build policies that not only target technical emissions but also integrate smoothly into the social framework of the local community. This is made possible by the fact that this study emphasizes the relevance of holistic and community-centered approaches. For municipalities that are attempting to navigate the complexities of emissions reduction in the transportation sector, it gives significant insights that highlight the requirement of policies that are both inclusive and adaptive to promote a sustainable urban future.

Depletion through transnational social reproduction: guestworker migration and uneven development in the South Pacific

The recent expansion of regional guestworker migration schemes has altered the political economy of the South Pacific, creating a ‘permanent labour reserve’ (MacWilliam, 2022) for low-wage industries in rural Australia and New Zealand. Historical structures of uneven development, against which the ‘blackbirding’ of indentured Kanaka labourers took place more than a century prior, have again enabled a transnational labour (im)mobility regime in which Pasifika workers are rendered unfree and situated as a ‘fix’ for accumulation: limited to racialised and gendered labour practices, tied to employer-sponsors in remote locations, and without the rights afforded to other migrant workers. Taking the Pacific Australia Labour Mobility (PALM) scheme as the paradigmatic example of a resurgent guestworker model in the region, this article foregrounds overlooked processes of transnational social reproduction that emerge from the interplay of restrictive migration policies and exploitative Local Labour Control Regimes (LLCRs). Drawing on extensive in-depth interviews with migrant workers, their family members, and government staff from four participating Pacific Island Countries (PICs), it examines how the PALM scheme spatially and temporally reconfigures care practices, skills formation, and communal labour to progressively deplete (Rai et al, 2014) socially reproductive capacity within the South Pacific. The article concludes by suggesting that the strains the PALM scheme places on social reproduction within PICs is itself a fundamental driver of uneven development across the region.

Comparison of etoposide combined with G-CSF and cyclophosphamide combined with G-CSF in the mobilization of autologous peripheral blood stem cells in patients with multiple myeloma

Objective: The effect and safety of etoposide combined with G-CSF were compared with those of cyclophosphamide combined with G-CSF in autologous peripheral blood mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) . Methods: Patients with MM who received autologous peripheral blood stem cell mobilization and collection in the Department of Hematology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 1, 2020 to July 31, 2023 were included. A total of 134 patients were screened by propensity score matching technology according to a 1∶1 ratio. A total of 67 cases were each treated with ETO combined with G-CSF mobilization scheme (ETO group) and CTX combined with G-CSF mobilization scheme (CTX group). Their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. Results: ①Collection results: the ETO and CTX groups [2 (1-3) d vs 2 (1-5) d; P<0.001] and CD34(+) cells [7.62×10(6) (2.26×10(6)-37.20×10(6)) /kg vs 2.73×10(6) (0.53×10(6)-9.85×10(6)) /kg; P<0.001] were collected. The success rate of collection was 100.0% (67/67) versus 76.1% (51/67) (P<0.001). Excellent rate of collection was 82.1% (55/67) versus 20.9% (14/67; P<0.001). Two patients in the ETO group switched protocols after 1 day of collection, and 11 patients in the CTX group switched protocols after 1-2 days of collection. ②Adverse reactions: granular deficiency with fever (21.5%[14/65] vs. 10.7%[6/56]; P=0.110), requiring platelet transfusion [10.7% (7/65) vs 1.8% (1/56) ; P=0.047]. ③Until the end of follow-up, 63 cases in the ETO group and 54 cases in the CTX group have undergone autologous transplantation. The median number of CD34(+) cells infused in the two groups was 4.62×10(6) (2.14×10(6)-19.89×10(6)) /kg versus 2.62×10(6) (1.12×10(6)-5.31×10(6)) /kg (P<0.001), neutrophil implantation time was 11 (9-14) d versus 11 (10-14) d (P=0.049), and platelet implantation time was 11 (0-19) d vs. 12 (0-34) d (P=0.035). One case in the CTX group experienced delayed platelet implantation. Conclusion: The mobilization scheme of etoposide combined with G-CSF requires relatively platelet transfusion, but the collection days are shortened. The collection success rate, excellent rate, and the number of CD34(+) cells obtained are high, and the neutrophil and platelet engraftment is accelerated after transplantation.

TransfOrming Transnational intErcultural sensitivity for Midwifery students through an inclusive mobility model: A mixed-method evaluation of the TOTEMM project

BackgroundContemporary midwifery curricula require that student midwives have insight and understanding of global health practice and intercultural sensitivity. The current mobility model excludes large numbers of students from engaging in transnational learning. Objectives1) to evaluate midwifery students' experiences of blended mobility; 2) to investigate if the combination of virtual and physical mobility activities supported development of intercultural sensitivity and soft skills. DesignMulti-centre mixed-methods study. SettingsFour European Higher Education Institutions located in England, Italy, Estonia and The Netherlands. ParticipantsSixty-four midwifery students studying in one of the four partner institutions selected as study sites and who participated in the TOTEMM blended mobility scheme took part in the evaluation. MethodsData were collected through two online surveys, face-to-face focus groups and learning analytics. Descriptive summary statistical analysis of survey data was undertaken. Focus group discussions were subjected to thematic analysis. Findings from the quantitative survey and qualitative focus groups were merged using a convergent mixed methods approach. Learning Analytics were interpreted as complementary to the above components, to further triangulate the findings. ResultsBoth virtual and physical components were evaluated positively by students, with high engagement confirmed by learning analytics. A statistically significant increase in the mean of the Total Intercultural Sensitivity Scale score was seen between the pre- and post-mobility surveys, indicating participation in the TOTEMM mobility model was associated with enhanced intercultural sensitivity. Positive effects on confidence, open-mindedness, empathy, interaction and non-judgment were shared by participants. ConclusionsTOTEMM is an innovative inclusive approach to enable a diverse student group to benefit from transnational learning, including the development of intercultural sensitivity. The TOTEMM blended mobility model has potential for integration into future midwifery curricula and programmes in the four partner settings involved in TOTEMM and utility for the wider European context.

Cache-MCDM: A hybrid caching scheme in Mobile Named Data Networks based on multi-criteria decision making

Robust and reliable content retrieval in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is challenged by its intermittent connectivity and mobility characteristics. In-network caching and name-based content retrieval attributes of Named Data Networks (NDN) can counterattack the stated challenges of MANETs. The distance- or hop-based caching schemes, proposed mainly for infrastructure NDN, admit contents either close to the content source, client, or midway, which are trivial to realize since content mainly travels from the network core (content sources) to the edge (clients). In NDN-based MANETs, the mobility attribute causes source and consumer nodes to change their locations frequently. Therefore, the content can travel from the network core to the edge and vice-versa. Under such circumstances, the traditional hop-based schemes that cache at particular points, for instance, either near the source, client, or halfway, may vandalize the efficient content retrieval in MANETs. Thus, proposing a new strategy capable of caching at any of the stated caching points considering varying network contexts, for instance, location change of source and consumer, is inevitable. Such a strategy can scale well in terms of network resource usage and significantly improve PDR and content retrieval latency performances in NDN-based MANET. In this direction, we propose an AHP-based hybrid caching scheme, namely Cache-MCDM, that equips each router with a set of different hop-based caching options and employs AHP-TOPSIS method to pick the most suitable caching option. The proposed method models the suitable option selection as a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem. Simulation reveals that Cache-MCDM is more effective and efficient than hop-based probabilistic caching (HPC), opportunistic caching (OppProb), probabilistic in-network caching (ProbCache), and SourceCacheProb (SCP), in terms of (i) PDR by approximately 3%, 15%, 10%, and 11%, respectively, (ii) latency by approximately 25%, 145%, 75%, and 77%, respectively, (iii) retransmission ratio by approximately 7%, 30%, 25%, and 25%, respectively, and (iv) cache replacement rate by approximately 8%, 100%, 80%, and 25%, respectively.

Scheduling Aerial Vehicles in Large Scale Urban Air Mobility Schemes with Vehicle Relocation

Scheduling Aerial Vehicles in Large Scale Urban Air Mobility Schemes with Vehicle Relocation

Individual and organizational effects of international mobility policy: Effects of Mexico’s Scholarship Program in nanotechnology

Abstract This paper addresses policy effects of international mobility in developing countries. It proposes a multilevel approach to study research training policies, specifically focusing on international mobility schemes as capacity-building instruments, where effects need to be identified at both individual and organizational levels. The paper asserts that current categorizations of country efforts to build a solid scientific base should consider transference of effects in domestic research contexts. Using a survey and interview-based study of a mobility policy in Mexico, and nanotechnology-related disciplines and sectors, this paper’s findings suggest that mobility policies are crucial in creating high-quality individual research skills, but that their impact on building domestic research capacity may be modest. This paper contributes to the evaluation literature on national research training programs and their influence on research capacity in two ways. First, it mobilizes a multilevel analytical approach to examine the effects of policies on individuals and organizations, offering a broader conceptualization of impact. Second, by introducing these individual and organizational effects, the paper provides insights into how effects are enacted and transferred.

A German-Wide Systematic Study on Mobilization and Collection of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Poor Mobilizer Patients with Multiple Myeloma prior to Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation

Introduction: In patients with a clinical indication for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT), sufficient mobilization of CD34+ precursor cells into peripheral blood is essential to ensure adequate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) collection prior to intensive therapy. However, with standard granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-based mobilization schemes, an important minority of patients fail to mobilize sufficient (e.g., >10/µL) CD34+ cell counts into the peripheral blood and are considered as poor mobilizers (PM). Because failure to achieve sufficient CD34+ cell mobilization can negatively affect important clinical treatment endpoints, the use of plerixafor (PLX) was approved to increase CD34+ mobilization in PM patients. Methods: The German non-interventional, multicenter, open-label, prospective OPTIMOB study evaluated HSC mobilization strategies prior to planned ASCT in adult patients with hematologic malignancies (lymphomas or multiple myeloma [MM]) focusing on PM patients. PM patients were defined as follows: (1) never achieving ≥20 CD34+ cells/µL before 1st apheresis, (2) receiving PLX at any timepoint of mobilization, (3) their initially planned stem cell yield had to be reduced, or (4) they had not received apheresis due to low CD34+ count in peripheral blood. Results: 168 of 475 MM patients (35%) participating in the OPTIMOB study were classified as PM, and 155 of them (92%) received PLX (PM+PLX) during the study. PM patients were 40–78 years old, slightly more often male (n = 97, 58%), mostly newly diagnosed (n = 146, 87%) and received highly individualized previous treatments. Ninety-four of the PMs underwent chemotherapy mobilization (65%), and 51 patients (35%) received steady-state mobilization with G-CSF only during 1st mobilization attempt. 92% of the total PM population (n = 155) underwent apheresis, 78% of them (n = 117) achieved >2.0 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg body weight on the 1st day of apheresis. PM+PLX had a higher median total collection result than those PM patients without PLX support (7.2 vs. 5.7 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg body weight). In total, ASCT was performed in 136 PM+PLX (88%) versus 8 PM−PLX patients (62%). Conclusion: The OPTIMOB study showed that a considerable proportion of adult MM patients in Germany are PMs. Even though most of PMs were supported with PLX in the OPTIMOB study, PM-PLX also successfully mobilized HSCs, allowing ASCT in majority of all PMs. However, further analyses are required for treatment optimization in PMs.

Motivational Patterns and Personal Characteristics of Potential Carsharing Users: A Qualitative Analysis

In the last decade, in Europe and the US, carsharing has become a mainstream transportation mode offering a sustainable solution to serious urban problems such as pollution, economic crisis, congestion, and parking. In Greece, carsharing is currently entering its commercial phase. Planners and providers strive to gain an insight into the factors influencing the use of carsharing to effectively implement carsharing systems (CSS). In this context, understanding the motives and usage conditions are considered necessary. Based on a qualitative analysis (semi-constructed interviews, n = 52), this paper identifies motivational patterns as well as personal characteristics of potential users that can be further explored through quantitative research methods. During the data analysis process, participants’ responses were classified into categories that revealed not only the factors that motivated them but also unveiled the challenges they face when utilizing carsharing schemes. These factors were the following: familiarity, comfort, mindset, everyday life, usability, and economy. Next, these factors were analyzed further based on the personal characteristics of the respondents preparing the ground for quantitative research in future research initiatives. Notably, the present findings could be beneficial to operators, policymakers, and stakeholders endeavoring to appraise shared mobility schemes in Greece and Mediterranean countries in general.

Investigating Sustainability Indicators for Urban Road Network — A Methodical Review Literature

Transportation that is both socially and environmentally responsible is an important factor in climate change. However, urban sustainable mobility schemes have no universally accepted success criteria. Sustainability evaluation lacks a common language. This document groups sustainable mobility strategies to establish critical transport performance measures. Sustainable transportation trumps targets, criteria, and indicators. The following are the top priorities for urban multimodal sustainable transportation, in descending order: There are 13 social, 11 economic, and 9 environmental criteria. Each of the three basic criteria used most often in the study specifically addresses the environment. Since the literature’s attribution of criteria to sustainability elements is complex, it’s recommended to analyze their interrelationships. As previously demonstrated, small and medium-sized cities have a high sustainability value of in terms of population and urban area, but large cities can improve their sustainability by controlling urban sprawl and managing urban transportation demand with adequate public transportation. It is proposed that in the future, the interrelationships between the criteria be evaluated, as their allocation to the aspects of sustainability is ambiguous in the available literature. This article can assist mobility executives in making decisions about urban transportation concepts and project management. Making transportation more environmentally friendly is crucial to reducing climate change’s negative impacts.

Agent-Based Mobility Simulation for Potential Cost and Benefits of Subscription Services with Associated Cost Structures

This study aims to present a method to analyze the problems that arise from the increasing use of shared mobility systems to solve the current problems of congestion. The use of shared and/or autonomous vehicles (SAVs) is beneficial since it could reduce the number of vehicles on the roads. On the other hand, the increased usage of SAVs to fulfill the same transportation needs would affect the total life of those vehicles. Current cost models are based on average values and life cycles of 15 years; they may not be useful in the case of increased daily travel miles of vehicles when subscription-based shared mobility systems become prevalent. In this paper, we present a comprehensive framework which considers the interactions of new cost structures and the system performance under new mobility schemes. This paper envisions the scenarios that will exemplify the importance of considering the changing costs because of the increased mileage of vehicles. Cost functions are properly designed to assess the new scenarios, a pricing scheme is introduced from the service provider’s point of view to adjust the demand for the services and the profits, an agent-based simulation platform is presented, and a framework is demonstrated to consider the interactions and optimize the system.

Naturalistic Driving Data-Based Anomalous Driving Behavior Detection Using Hypertuned Deep Autoencoders

Autonomous driving is predicted to play a large part in future transportation systems, providing benefits such as enhanced road usage and mobility schemes. However, self-driving cars must be perceived as safe drivers by other road users and contribute to traffic safety in addition to being operationally safe. Despite efforts to develop machine learning algorithms and solutions for the safety of automated vehicles, researchers have yet to agree upon a single approach to categorizing and accurately detecting safe and unsafe driving behaviors. This paper proposes a modified Z-score method-based autoencoder for anomalous behavior detection using multiple driving indicators. The experiments are performed on the benchmark Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) vehicle trajectories and supporting datasets to discover anomalous driving behavior to assess our proposed approach’s performance. The experiments reveal that the proposed approach detected 81 anomalous driving behaviors out of 1031 naturalistic driving behavior instances (7.86%) with an accuracy of 96.31% without early stopping. With early stopping, our method successfully detected 147 anomalous driving behaviors (14.26%) with an accuracy of 95.25%. Overall, the proposed approach provides promising results for detecting anomalous driving behavior in automated vehicles using multiple driving indicators.

Higher education and research: multiple negative effects and no new opportunities after Brexit

ABSTRACT Brexit has weakened collaboration between UK higher education institutions and their EU counterparts, with negative implications for UK resources and capacity, without leading to new global strategies and opportunities. In 2020 the UK government withdrew from the Erasmus student mobility scheme and introduced the Turing scheme. While Erasmus had supported both outward UK student mobility and inward movement from Europe, Turing supports only outward mobility. In 2021–2022 the cessation of UK tuition fee arrangements for EU citizens entering UK degrees led to a sharp drop in numbers. Collaborative European research programmes have been crucial in building the infrastructure and network centrality of UK science and in attracting EU citizen researchers, but at the time of writing future UK participation as a non-member country was unresolved. The long uncertainty about this, coupled with the cessation of free people movement, have triggered the exit of some UK-based researchers and declines in UK researchers' competitiveness in European grants, EU doctoral students and established researchers entering UK, and EU country citizens as a proportion of UK academic staff. In addition, the loss of access to European structural funds has slowed the modernisation of UK higher education institutions and reduced their social contributions.

Past–Present Differential Inclusion: Australia’s Targeted Deportation of Pacific Islanders, 1901 to 2021

In Australia, past and present, Pacific Islanders have been labelled as undesirable others, included to temporarily fill labour shortages as required, controlled while resident in the country and removed when no longer deemed necessary. Pacific Islanders’ experiences in Australia reveal the inception, continuity and durability of differential inclusion produced by border control mechanisms. This paper traces Australia’s history of deporting Pacific Islanders over more than a century: from indentured labour and blackbirding, colonial occupation of Pacific Islands and the White Australia Policy, to more recent patterns of selective inclusion, such as the labour mobility schemes, to the disproportionate effects on Pacific Islanders of modifications to the criteria for deportability introduced in 2014 with the amendments to Section 501 of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth). By tracing the past–present circular border policies, this paper argues that the high number of Pasifika New Zealanders deported from Australia represents a continuation of a regime of differential inclusion.

Fast multicriteria network selection scheme using hybrid of cat swarm optimization and TOPSIS algorithm for optimal handover in VANET

AbstractFuture generation vehicular networks will grant the technique for efficient data dissemination over dense heterogeneous radio technologies by considering existing communication technology to attain higher spectral competence for successful data rates. Due to higher mobility schemes, a vehicle frequently switches among different heterogeneous networks, which leads to unnecessary handovers. In this scenario, an amateurish handover algorithm delivers data with heavy packet loss, caused by frequent and ping‐pong handover. Hence, this article presents the model for. A network simulator is used to prove the performance of the algorithm. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed in terms of vehicle density, velocity, throughput, packet loss, and jitter.