Mobile Phone Calls Research Articles

Informed Consent for Mobile Phone Health Surveys in Colombia: A Qualitative Study.

Public health surveys deployed through automated mobile phone calls raise a set of ethical challenges, including succinctly communicating information necessary to obtain respondent informed consent. This study aimed to capture the perspectives of key stakeholders, both experts and community members, on consent processes and preferences for participation in automated mobile phone surveys (MPS) of non-communicable disease risk factors in Colombia. We conducted semi-structured interviews with ethics and digital health experts and focus group discussions with community representatives. There was meaningful disagreement within both groups regarding the necessity of consent, when the purpose of a survey is to contribute to the formulation of public policies. Respondents who favored consent emphasized that consent communications ought to promote understanding and voluntariness, and implicitly suggested that information disclosure conform to a reasonable person standard. Given the automated and unsolicited nature of the phone calls and concerns regarding fraud, trust building was emphasized as important, especially for national MPS deployment. Community sensitization campaigns that provide relevant contextual information (such as the name of the administering institution) were thought to support trust-building. Additional ways to achieve the goals of consent while building trust in automated MPS for disease surveillance should be evaluated in order to inform ethical and effective practice.

Views and experiences of dermatologists in Turkey about teledermatology during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BackgroundTeledermatology is an alternative medical science that allows evaluation of patient's clinical information over a distance without requiring face‐to‐face examination. Due to COVID‐19, social distancing has become important these days, and teledermatology can help physicians and patients in overcoming the barriers of accessing health care.AimIn this study, we aim to evaluate how dermatologists in our country have viewed and experienced teledermatology during the pandemic through surveys.Patients/MethodsThe study was carried out by using an online survey for evaluating the teledermatology experiences of dermatologists in Turkey and how they have viewed teledermatology during the 2‐month pandemic period and the 2‐month prepandemic period.ResultsThe number of patients evaluated with teledermatology methods was found to be significantly higher in the pandemic period when compared with the prepandemic period. The rates of using video calls with mobile phone and online video calls were found to be significantly higher in the pandemic period when compared with the prepandemic period.ConclusionOur study results show that the teledermatology method had a higher rate of usage compared to before the pandemic.

The duration of travel impacts the spatial dynamics of infectious diseases

Humans can impact the spatial transmission dynamics of infectious diseases by introducing pathogens into susceptible environments. The rate at which this occurs depends in part on human-mobility patterns. Increasingly, mobile-phone usage data are used to quantify human mobility and investigate the impact on disease dynamics. Although the number of trips between locations and the duration of those trips could both affect infectious-disease dynamics, there has been limited work to quantify and model the duration of travel in the context of disease transmission. Using mobility data inferred from mobile-phone calling records in Namibia, we calculated both the number of trips between districts and the duration of these trips from 2010 to 2014. We fit hierarchical Bayesian models to these data to describe both the mean trip number and duration. Results indicate that trip duration is positively related to trip distance, but negatively related to the destination population density. The highest volume of trips and shortest trip durations were among high-density districts, whereas trips among low-density districts had lower volume with longer duration. We also analyzed the impact of including trip duration in spatial-transmission models for a range of pathogens and introduction locations. We found that inclusion of trip duration generally delays the rate of introduction, regardless of pathogen, and that the variance and uncertainty around spatial spread increases proportionally with pathogen-generation time. These results enhance our understanding of disease-dispersal dynamics driven by human mobility, which has potential to elucidate optimal spatial and temporal scales for epidemic interventions.

Cities and the structure of social interactions: Evidence from mobile phone data

The impact of telecommunication technologies on the role of cities depends on whether these technologies and face-to-face interactions are substitutes or complements. We analyze anonymized mobile phone data to examine how distance and population density affect calling behavior. Exploiting an exogenous change in travel times as well as permanent relocations of individuals, we find that distance is highly detrimental to link formation. Mobile phone usage significantly increases with population density even when spatial sorting is accounted for. This effect is most pronounced for local interactions between individuals in the same catchment area. This indicates that face-to-face interactions and mobile phone calls are complementary to each other, so that mobile phone technology may even increase the dividends of density.

Development of a Remote Psychological First Aid Protocol for Healthcare Workers Following the COVID-19 Pandemic in a University Teaching Hospital, Malaysia.

The purpose of this article is to discuss the importance of addressing the psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on healthcare workers (HCWs) who are frontliners directly involved in mitigating the spread of the disease. This paper focuses on the utilization of a clinical practice protocol for identifying HCWs who are COVID-19-positive or under investigation and surveillance for suspected infection, in a tertiary, university teaching hospital of Malaysia. The protocol for Psychological First Aid (PFA), which is applied remotely via a mobile application and phone calls, outlines the work process in stages, with expected immediate, intermediate, and long-term goals within a “Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Realistic Timeframe” (SMART). This protocol is developed to provide a guideline for psychological crisis interventions that promote safety, calm, and hope in HCWs, allowing them to return to psychological functioning without being stigmatized. The unprecedented remote PFA protocol may serve as a platform for further research on the application of a goal-directed approach in a healthcare organization.

Engaging the disengaged: Examining the domestication of mobile telephony among older adults in Trans-Nzoia and Bungoma Counties in Western Kenya

The world is growing older. Considering the increasing number of older adults, it is imperative to consider how technology design can meet the needs and wants of these important user groups. Mobile phones offer great potential in improving quality of life for older adults in areas of, healthcare, independent living, communication and reduced isolation. There have been numerous studies on technology design for older adults (Fisk, Rogers, Charness, Czaja, & Sharit, 2004), but much of the work has focused on indoor and stationary applications such as desktop computers (Zajicek & Brewster, 2004). Although older people need support beyond stationary situations inside and outside their homes (Goodman, Brewster, & Gray, 2004), limited number of mobile functions are used by older adults due to high cost associated with mobile phones (Lee: 2007). Conversely, Nimrod (2015), argues older people use mobile phones extensively but little is known about relevant domestication processes involved and the extent to which older adults adopt and use mobile phones. This study interviewed 40 older retired civil servants aged 60 years and above in Western Kenya. Using domestication theory, this study examined the appropriation (Possession and ownership), Objectification (meaning and symbols), incorporation of mobile phones in older people’s everyday life and conversion (unintended uses) process of the domestication of mobile technology by the said group. Findings showed that mobile phones both enhanced closeness with their children and isolated them from them too. Majority felt mobile phones had become their ‘extended family members’ bringing the news of the world to them via mobile phone calls and texts. However, the small font size of texts and the fact that phones were getting smaller in size made it difficult to use. Their favourite mobile phone application was the mobile money locally dubbed Mpesa as they could now receive cash transfers from the government.
 Key words: older adults, mpesa, isolation, connection, e-inclusion, domestication, Kenya

PMU48 EFFECT OF MOBILE HEALTH INTERVENTIONS ON MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS

Recently, attempts have been made to use mobile phone text messaging, phone calls, and application to achieve positive outcomes in maternal and child health outcomes. Existing evidence on its use to improve the outcomes in mother and child are sparse. This study synthesizes and critically reviews the existing level of evidence on the use of mobile-based services for maternal and perinatal healthcare utilization and its impact. This systematic review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE. Two independent researchers undertook study selection and data extraction. Results were reported narratively. The systematic review only included studies that were randomized controlled trials. A total of 551 references were identified, of which nine studies were included in this review. The maternal education using text messages was found to be effective in decreasing both maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Further, maternal education reported to increase, facility delivery, vaccine uptake, care-seeking for newborn illness and postnatal-care appointments. In particular, management of gestation diabetes using mobile health intervention was associated with positive outcomes in terms of decreased complications in both pregnant women and fetuses. Postnatal care appointments were reported higher with the use of mobile health interventions as compared to their control groups the group using mobile health interventions on comparing to controls. Mobile phone utilization was also reported to improve the coverage of recommended antenatal care practices, including syphilis and HIV testing. The call center was an efficient approach for the measurement of post-discharge childbirth outcomes. Mobile phone call/SMS/Application utilization was found to increase the healthcare facility uptake and reporting. Its usage was associated with favorable outcomes in both mother and child. Mobile health interventions could be successfully used for improving outcomes in different healthcare programs.

Fine-tuning locational formulations in mobile phone calls

This study examines the sequential and situated organization associated with framing locational formulations by dislocated parties to mobile phone calls for the joint accomplishment of location-related social action. The data come from 22 mundane Farsi mobile phone calls involving location inquiring and/or reporting. The analysis of the data, informed by conversational analysis and Levinson’s conceptual framework of perspective-taking, adds frame of reference (hereafter, FoR) to Schegloff’s location, membership, and topic or activity analyses operative in the selection of locational formulations. The trajectory plotted for location-related action indicates the contingent roles which material, linguistic and semiotic resources play in the selection of locational formulations deployed for co-presence purposes. The findings suggest consequentiality of the-relevant-next action for the framing of locational descriptions and provide insight into how conversationalists interact with their physical environment in a wider social context.

Characterising mobile phone calls while driving on limited-access roads based on SHRP 2 naturalistic driving data

Research has found that mobile phone call engagement while driving negatively affects driving performance. However, no studies exist characterising hand-held mobile phone calls while driving under naturalistic conditions that include aspects such as the duration of mobile phone subtasks and glance behaviour. Identifying the particularly distracting phases of hand-held telephoning and the nature of influencing factors are the basis for developing design recommendations (e.g. for an in-vehicle information system). Potential influencing factors on driving performance such as call type, mobile phone storage location, or any self-regulatory behaviour need to be taken into account. The present study aimed to draw a comprehensive picture of making hand-held mobile phone calls while driving on limited-access roads using SHRP 2 naturalistic driving data. Mobile phone phase duration, glance behaviour, call type, and mobile phone storage location were coded manually across 98 events. The results show that the handling phase of a mobile phone call (e.g. searching for contacts, dialling) was the most dangerous due to longer mean off- than on-road glances. Outgoing calls caused longer mean off-road glances than incoming; nevertheless, the 2 s critical threshold was not exceeded. A significant influence of mobile phone storage location on glance behaviour did not exist. Moreover, at least in free-flow driving conditions, drivers had enough spare capacity to conduct a mobile phone call without reducing vehicle speed. The results suggest that in low complexity traffic situations drivers can compensate for the increased driving task demand due to telephoning by making minor changes in glance behaviour.

Identification of VoIP Speech With Multiple Domain Deep Features

Identifying whether a phone call comes from VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is a challenging but less-investigated audio forensic issue. As shown in a previous study, existing feature based methods do not work well. In this paper, we propose a robust data-driven approach, called CNN-MLS (convolutional neural network based multi-domain learning scheme), to distinguish VoIP calls from mobile phone calls. To better explore the differences between VoIP and mobile phone calls, we first process data with high-pass filtering, and then extract deep features from both temporal domain and spectral domain. Two CNN architectures are designed for accepting data from respective domains, and some tricks such as auxiliary classifiers and individual subnet training are used for accelerating network convergence. The deep features are finally fused in a classification module for identifying the phone call type. The proposed method is evaluated on VPCID (VoIP Phone Call Identification Database) dataset, under various testing conditions. We pay particular attention to tests on data belonging to a source mismatched with the training sources. Experimental results show that, compared with existing methods, our method can achieve satisfactory and better accuracy on two-second-long inputs, implying that an alert may be activated shortly after a VoIP call is made.

CN18 - Evaluation of an education program for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy

BackgroundPatient education is quite a current notion that has proved its efficiency. It has been shown as discussed in previous sections that it improves quite significantly treatment outcomes. Through education and support programs, patients health literacy is improved and so is the adherence of treatment. In this light, an education and support program was adapted at the Mohamed VI center for cancer treatment in Casablanca, with the following objectives: 1. Improve patient’s adherence to treatment 2. Increase early detection of chemotherapy side effects between cures 3. Improve quality of life and avoid toxic deaths. MethodsIn total, 96 patients were included into the program for a period of one year (February 2017- February 2018) and their satisfaction evaluated. ResultsIn total, 96 patients were included into the program for a period of one year (February 2017- February 2018) and their satisfaction evaluated. 86,5% of the respondents were female while 13,5% were male. Of this, 70,8 % were literate while 29,2% were illetrate. Most of them, 57,2% had some awareness about cancer before they were included into the program while the rest , 42,8% had no cancer awareness. Most of the patients, 86,5% found that the videos and flyers were easy to understand while 80,2% reported that the same was helpful. 76% of the respondents admitted that the program had helped them become more proactive in their treatment. 78,1% of them were satisfied with the mobile phone calls in managing their complications at home without necessaroly coming to the hospital. 99% of the patients said that they would likely recommend the program to other patients. In overall, 87,5% of the patients were satisfied with the education program while only 3,1 % were dissatisfied. The rest of the respondents, 9,3% were neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. ConclusionsAt the end of the study, our findings were generally comparable to those in the literature and all the indicators were achieved. Therefore, this pilot program should be fully implemented. Legal entity responsible for the studyThe authors. FundingHas not received any funding. DisclosureAll authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure, screen time, brain morphology, and attention problems in school-age children

PDS 73: Neurological effects, Johan Friso Foyer, Floor 1, August 26, 2019, 10:30 AM - 12:00 PM Purpose: To investigate the association between radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure, screen time, and brain morphology in school-age children and to assess whether brain morphology mediates an association between RF-EMF exposure with screen time and behaviour problems. Methods: Cross-sectional study in children aged 9-12 years from the Generation R Study, a population-based birth cohort in Rotterdam, The Netherlands (n=2,592). Information on mobile and cordless phone calls, mobile phone uses other than calling, use of tablet and laptop, console/computer gaming, and television was reported by the parents. Residential RF-EMF exposure from mobile phone base stations was estimated using a 3D geospatial radio wave propagation model. An integrated model to estimate RF-EMF dose (J/kg/day) to the brain was calculated using all collected information. Information on brain volumes and cortical thickness was extracted from magnetic resonance imaging scans. Parental-reported behaviour problems were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist. Results: RF-EMF dose to the brain was not related to brain morphology alterations. However, other mobile phone uses was associated with a smaller parietal cortex [β -33.4 (95%CI -55.2;-11.6) per each increase in 1 minute]. Higher television use was associated with smaller total brain volume [β -105.0 mm3 (95%CI -159.7;-50.2) per each increase in 1 minute], and with higher attention problems [β 0.0018 (95%CI 0.0001; 0.0036) and ADHD symptoms [0.0023 (95% CI 0.0007; 0.0039) per each increase in 1 minute]. The observed smaller total brain volume partially mediated the association between television use and attention problems. None of the exposure variables was associated with cortical thickness. Conclusion: RF-EMF dose to the brain was not associated with brain morphology alterations. Longer use of screen devices, in particular television use, was associated with smaller brain volume, and smaller brain volume partially mediated the association between higher television use and higher attention problems.

The Closing Sequences and Ritual Expressions of Informal Mobile Phone Calls Between Saudis: A Conversational Analysis

Although much work has been conducted on studying conversational openings of telephone and ritual expressions, conversational closings and ritual expressions have received less attention by researchers due to the complexity and difficulty of identifying the beginning of closings in telephone conversations. The parts of closing and ritual expressions on telephone have been examined in some languages, but Arabic has not been studied in landline telephone or mobile phone. Therefore, this study seeks to identify the sequences and ritual expressions between Saudi friends and relatives to explore the strategies of closing informal mobile phone calls by using a conversation analysis approach. Thirty audio-recorded and transcribed mobile phone conversations served as the data source for this study. The results found that the majority of mobile phone closing conversations include three parts: pre-closing, leave taking, and terminal exchange that are similar to many languages such as English, Japanese, and German. Also, various expressions were used in pre-closing and leave taking sequences, but the expressions of using prayers were used more frequently in the sequences. Finally, closing conversation is affected by various external and internal social factors in the sequences and the use of ritual expressions.

On dynamics of telephone conversation closedown in Farsi

This study sought to unearth the dynamics of telephone closedown ritual in Farsi in terms of pre-closing and terminal exchanges in non-institutional settings and to compare them with similar sequences in American English. The participants were native Farsi speakers living in Iran. The analysis of the data from 39 mundane mobile phone calls, informed by Conversation Analysis, suggests that as in English, in the closing-implicative environment where the core business of the call is accomplished, occasioning the move toward closing, some pre-closing signals such as bâshe (ok), kheili khob (alright), and kho(b) bâshe (ok then), foreshadow initiation of closing, providing the possibility for parties to interactionally bring calls to closure, shade them or even topicalize something new. However, unlike American English in which tokens such as ok and alright could be used in closing- and non-closing-implicative environments alike, the frequently-used token of bâshe bâshe (ok ok) can be potentially closing-relevant and the interrogative form kâri nadâri? (Anything else?) and endearment terms, tied to closedown ritual, regularly warrant shutting calls down, severely limiting the possibility of shading the current topic-in-progress and effectively precluding the possibility of topicalizing something new, which makes a strong case for their language- or culture-specificity.

Conversation Analysis: Opening Sequences and Ritual Expressions of Informal Mobile Phone Calls between Saudis

Much work of studying opening conversations has been conducted on landline telephone calls; whereas, mobile phone conversations have received less attention by researchers despite of the dominance of using mobile phone in our social life. Informed by conversation analysis (CA) approach, this study aims to identify the opening sequences and ritual expressions of informal mobile phone conversations among Saudi friends and relatives. Another goal is that to identify whether the opening sequences of mobile phone are similar or different from the landline telephone. The study will answer the following questions: what are the opening sequences and ritual expressions of mobile phone? And what are the similarities and differences between mobile phone and landline telephone in terms of the opening sequences. Thirty audio-recorded and transcribed mobile phone conversations served as the data source for this study. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using the CA approach. Findings showed that the majority of opening sequences of mobile phone calls were reduced to three sequences: summons answer, greeting exchanges, and how-are-you exchanges due the impact of caller ID. In addition, the sequence of identification/recognition can be found when the caller does not know the callee or the number is silent. Therefore, mobile phone and landline telephone have similarities and differences in the opening sequences in general. However, the differences observed can be a reason of the cultural practices for language use more than the effect of medium used in communication such as landline telephone and mobile phone in Saudi Arabic. Finally, more data are needed to investigate gender differences.

Conversation Analysis: Opening Sequences and Ritual Expressions of Informal Mobile Phone Calls between Saudis

Much work of studying opening conversations has been conducted on landline telephone calls; whereas, mobile phone conversations have received less attention by researchers despite of the dominance of using mobile phone in our social life. Informed by conversation analysis (CA) approach, this study aims to identify the opening sequences and ritual expressions of informal mobile phone conversations among Saudi friends and relatives. Another goal is that to identify whether the opening sequences of mobile phone are similar or different from the landline telephone. The study will answer the following questions: what are the opening sequences and ritual expressions of mobile phone? And what are the similarities and differences between mobile phone and landline telephone in terms of the opening sequences. Thirty audio-recorded and transcribed mobile phone conversations served as the data source for this study. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using the CA approach. Findings showed that the majority of opening sequences of mobile phone calls were reduced to three sequences: summons answer, greeting exchanges, and how-are-you exchanges due the impact of caller ID. In addition, the sequence of identification/recognition can be found when the caller does not know the callee or the number is silent. Therefore, mobile phone and landline telephone have similarities and differences in the opening sequences in general. However, the differences observed can be a reason of the cultural practices for language use more than the effect of medium used in communication such as landline telephone and mobile phone in Saudi Arabic. Finally, more data are needed to investigate gender differences.

Uncertainty Analysis of Mobile Phone Use and Its Effect on Cognitive Function: The Application of Monte Carlo Simulation in a Cohort of Australian Primary School Children.

Previous epidemiological studies on health effects of radiation exposure from mobile phones have produced inconsistent results. This may be due to experimental difficulties and various sources of uncertainty, such as statistical variability, measurement errors, and model uncertainty. An analytical technique known as the Monte Carlo simulation provides an additional approach to analysis by addressing uncertainty in model inputs using error probability distributions, rather than point-source data. The aim of this investigation was to demonstrate using Monte Carlo simulation of data from the ExPOSURE (Examination of Psychological Outcomes in Students using Radiofrequency dEvices) study to quantify uncertainty in the output of the model. Data were collected twice, approximately one year apart (between 2011 and 2013) for 412 primary school participants in Australia. Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate output uncertainty in the model due to uncertainties in the call exposure data. Multiple linear regression models evaluated associations between mobile phone calls with cognitive function and found weak evidence of an association. Similar to previous longitudinal analysis, associations were found for the Go/No Go and Groton maze learning tasks, and a Stroop time ratio. However, with the introduction of uncertainty analysis, the results were closer to the null hypothesis.

Mobile phones: A trade-off between speech intelligibility and exposure to noise levels and to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields

When making phone calls, cellphone and smartphone users are exposed to radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and sound pressure simultaneously. Speech intelligibility during mobile phone calls is related to the sound pressure level of speech relative to potential background sounds and also to the RF-EMF exposure, since the signal quality is correlated with the RF-EMF strength. Additionally, speech intelligibility, sound pressure level, and exposure to RF-EMFs are dependent on how the call is made (on speaker, held at the ear, or with headsets). The relationship between speech intelligibility, sound exposure, and exposure to RF-EMFs is determined in this study. To this aim, the transmitted RF-EMF power was recorded during phone calls made by 53 subjects in three different, controlled exposure scenarios: calling with the phone at the ear, calling in speaker-mode, and calling with a headset. This emitted power is directly proportional to the exposure to RF EMFs and is translated into specific absorption rate using numerical simulations. Simultaneously, sound pressure levels have been recorded and speech intelligibility has been assessed during each phone call. The results show that exposure to RF-EMFs, quantified as the specific absorption in the head, will be reduced when speaker-mode or a headset is used, in comparison to calling next to the ear. Additionally, personal exposure to sound pressure is also found to be highest in the condition where the phone is held next to the ear. On the other hand, speech perception is found to be the best when calling with a phone next to the ear in comparison to the other studied conditions, when background noise is present.

Mapping imported malaria in Bangladesh using parasite genetic and human mobility data

For countries aiming for malaria elimination, travel of infected individuals between endemic areas undermines local interventions. Quantifying parasite importation has therefore become a priority for national control programs. We analyzed epidemiological surveillance data, travel surveys, parasite genetic data, and anonymized mobile phone data to measure the spatial spread of malaria parasites in southeast Bangladesh. We developed a genetic mixing index to estimate the likelihood of samples being local or imported from parasite genetic data and inferred the direction and intensity of parasite flow between locations using an epidemiological model integrating the travel survey and mobile phone calling data. Our approach indicates that, contrary to dogma, frequent mixing occurs in low transmission regions in the southwest, and elimination will require interventions in addition to reducing imported infections from forested regions. Unlike risk maps generated from clinical case counts alone, therefore, our approach distinguishes areas of frequent importation as well as high transmission.

Toward an Ethically Founded Framework for the Use of Mobile Phone Call Detail Records in Health Research.

Data derived from the plethora of networked digital devices hold great potential for public benefit. Among these, mobile phone call detail records (CDRs) present novel opportunities for research and are being used in a variety of health geography studies. Research suggests that the public is amenable to the use of anonymized CDRs for research; however, further work is needed to show that such data can be used appropriately. This study works toward an ethically founded data governance framework with social acceptability. Using a multifaceted approach, this study draws upon data governance arrangements in published health research using CDRs, with a consideration of public views and the public’s information expectations from mobile network operators, and data use scenarios of CDRs in health research. The findings were considered against a backdrop of legislative and regulatory requirements. CDRs can be used at various levels of data and geographic granularity and may be integrated with additional, publicly available or restricted datasets. As such, there may be a significant risk of identity disclosure, which must be mitigated with proportionate control measures. An indicative relative risk of the disclosure model is proposed to aid this process. Subsequently, a set of recommendations is presented, including the need for greater transparency, accountability, and incorporation of public views for social acceptability. This study addresses the need for greater clarity and consistency in data governance for CDRs in health research. While recognizing the need to protect commercial interests, we propose that these recommendations be used to contribute toward an ethically founded practical framework to promote the safe, socially acceptable use of CDR data for public benefit. This pattern needs to be repeated for the appropriate use of new and emerging data types from other networking devices and the wider internet of things.