Mobile Operators Research Articles

A Review on Machine Learning Based Models for Credit Card Fraud Detection

With increased internet usage, online transactions have been on the rise. One of the most prevalent problems faced is credit cards frauds. While web applications and mailing services are heavily spammed, the upsurge of handheld mobile devices has led to an outburst of heavy mobile credit card spamming. The matter is more severe in mobile devices due to lesser sophisticated filtering mechanisms in built in mobile operating systems. Recent advancements in electronic commerce and communication systems have significantly increased the use of credit cards for both online and regular transactions. However, there has been a steady rise in fraudulent credit card transactions, costing financial companies huge losses every year. The development of effective fraud detection algorithms is vital in minimizing these losses, but it is challenging because most credit card datasets are highly imbalanced. Traditional rule-based systems are often insufficient to handle the sophisticated and evolving techniques fraudsters use. Machine learning (ML) provides more dynamic, scalable, and effective methods for detecting fraudulent activities. This paper presents a comprehensive review on credit card datasets, imbalanced nature of datasets and existing baseline techniques in the domain. Keywords— Credit Card Fraud Detection, Machine Learning, Feature Selection, Imbalanced Datasets, Classification Accuracy

Occupation and 11-year lung function decline in the HUNT Study.

The association between occupational titles and lung function has mostly been examined through cross-sectional studies. Preventive measures are expected to mitigate adverse effects; hence, updated estimates are necessary. To study change in lung function measured by spirometry across occupations. This population-based prospective cohort study comprised 5618 working adult participants of the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT3, 2005-07), Norway. Among these, 3800 individuals (43% men, mean age 42 years, range 20-55) also attended HUNT4 (2017-19). We analysed longitudinal decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) z-score during the 11-year follow-up by occupation (white-collar workers as reference category), in mixed models, adjusting for age, sex and smoking. We assessed the prevalence of self-reported respiratory symptoms and disease in the working population in HUNT4 (n = 32 124) and HUNT3 (n = 32 070). Compared with white-collar workers, agricultural workers and 'drivers and mobile plant operators', had larger declines in FEV1 z-score during follow-up. In sex-stratified analyses, men defined as agricultural workers and 'drivers and mobile plant operators' had larger declines than white-collar workers. Among women, who were underrepresented in many blue-collar jobs, workers classified as 'machine operators and assemblers' experienced greater declines. In the working population in HUNT4, the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in connection with work was 8%, and lower among white-collar workers (6%) than blue-collar workers (14%). Although certain workers in Norway remain at risk for occupational lung function decline, there were modest differences between occupations. The findings encourage continuous efforts to implement preventive measures in high-risk jobs.

Consumer Decisions in Purchasing Cellular Operator SIM Cards in Palembang City

Study This aiming For analyze factors that influence decision consumer in purchase of mobile operator SIM cards in Palembang City. With approach descriptive qualitative, research This to examine perception from various group society, namely student, mother House ladder, worker office \, and employees government. Research results show that price is factor dominant influencing​ decision purchases worldwide​ segment society. Promotion factors also have influence significant, especially in the segment worker office and employees governance. Customer experience found become factor complement, with more influence​ low compared to two factors others. Research This recommend mobile operator For offer competitive prices, increase​ experience customers, and optimize promotional strategies For increase SIM card sales in Palembang City.

Bias in mobility datasets drives divergence in modeled outbreak dynamics

BackgroundDigital data sources such as mobile phone call detail records (CDRs) are increasingly being used to estimate population mobility fluxes and to predict the spatiotemporal dynamics of infectious disease outbreaks. Differences in mobile phone operators’ geographic coverage, however, may result in biased mobility estimates.MethodsWe leverage a unique dataset consisting of CDRs from three mobile phone operators in Bangladesh and digital trace data from Meta’s Data for Good program to compare mobility patterns across these sources. We use a metapopulation model to compare the sources’ effects on simulated outbreak trajectories, and compare results with a benchmark model with data from all three operators, representing around 100 million subscribers across the country.ResultsWe show that mobility sources can vary significantly in their coverage of travel routes and geographic mobility patterns. Differences in projected outbreak dynamics are more pronounced at finer spatial scales, especially if the outbreak is seeded in smaller and/or geographically isolated regions. In some instances, a simple diffusion (gravity) model was better able to capture the timing and spatial spread of the outbreak compared to the sparser mobility sources.ConclusionsOur results highlight the potential biases in predicted outbreak dynamics from a metapopulation model parameterized with non-population representative data, and the limits to the generalizability of models built on these types of novel human behavioral data.

Mode Division Multiplexing Free Space Optical Communication System Performance with Aperture Averaging in Atmospheric Turbulence and Various Weather Conditions

Due to the serious challenge for mobile operators as a result of spectrum congestion in radio frequency spectrum, free space optical (FSO) communication has been considered a timeous alternative especially for future generation high capacity wireless networks. Although FSO offers advantages such as huge data carrying capacity among others, it suffers from the drawback of atmospheric turbulence and adverse weather conditions. As a mitigation to this problem, mode division multiplexing (MDM) has been another research direction. This paper proposes the design and numerical simulation of a hybrid modified duobinary return to zero (MDRZ) MDM free space optical communication system, which to the best of the authors’ knowledge has not been a subject of investigation. The performance metrics used are the bit error rate, quality factor and received optical power. Two modes, HG00 and HG01 were investigated and compared. It has been observed that the BER, Q factor and received power degrades as we increase the beam divergence, FSO transmission distance and data rate. Moreover, the performance gap between clear and moderate weather conditions is more for HG00 than for HG01 for the same considered data rates. The aperture averaging has been shown to be a strong mitigation strategy especially in foggy conditions.

Bridging Maritime Communication Gaps: The Role of LEO Satellites in Expanding Global Connectivity

ABSTRACT Direct device -to-device is the latest and potentially the biggest opportunity in the telecom business as the gap between satellite and ground communication is narrowing. Respectively, the telecom companies and mobile network operators are interested in increasing the coverage of their telecom networks which will boost the quality of services and will increase the revenues as well. In this regard, Low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite mega-constellations, such as SpaceX Starlink, are under fast deployments and promise broadband Internet to remote areas that terrestrial networks cannot reach. This paper will investigate the opportunities and challenges facing the LEO mega-constellation and satellite networks in the maritime industry.

Social media usage determinants across demographic characteristics of mobile network users in Zimbabwe

The study sought to establish the primary determinants of social media usage among mobile network users in Zimbabwe, and how do these determinants vary across different demographic characteristics, including age, gender, education, income, and occupation. A descriptive research design was used in this study. A self-administered face-to-face personal survey was used to collect data from the consumers. The population in this study was made up of mobile consumers of the mobile network providers, Econet, NetOne, and Telecel in Harare Province, aged between 18 and 64 years. Convenience sampling technique, was used to select the mobile network consumers to participate in the study drawn from the three mobile operators. A sample of 384 respondents was chosen for the study. The result indicated that male respondents demonstrated a stronger perception of the effects of social media engagement on social media usage and truthfulness as a determinant of social media usage among the 18 to 25 age group and the 34 to 41 age group was different. Respondents with secondary education only demonstrated stronger perceptions of the effect of perceived usefulness on social media usage than degree holders’ respondents. Formally employed respondents had a stronger perception of the effects of social media influence on social media usage compared to students. The analysis of the study results further indicated that respondents who earned less than $2000 was significantly less than the mean score for the group which earned between $3001- 4000. The study concluded that male consumers have a stronger perception of the effects of social media engagement on social media usage, the consumers in the 18 to 25 age group have stronger perceptions of truthfulness of information, holders of certificates have a stronger perception of the effects of cost effectiveness on social media usage and formally employed consumers have a stronger perception of the effects of social media influence on social media usage compared to students. Creation of social media content helps the mobile network operators to adapt, design and develop social media content specifically targeted to specific ages, gender, occupations, and income levels on social media sites. Mobile network operators can use the results of the study to choose a social media channel that speak to the right demographic consumers who visit their platforms.

CONSEPTUAL MODEL ON THE ADOPTION OF CHINESE MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEM WITH ROGERS’ DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS THEORY AND ANIMOSITY

The Mobile Operating System (MOS) market has been dominated by the Apple's iOS and Google's Android. From the origin perspective, the MOS market is clearly dominated by the US, which can be used as a political weapon in geopolitical conflicts. During the US-China trade war, Huawei was banned from using Android. In response to the ban, Huawei introduced its own MOS, HarmonyOS. However, as of 2024, HarmonyOS remains insignificant in the MOS market. This leads to the key focus of this paper, which is to determine the factors that affect the adoption of Chinese MOS. The researchers of this paper conducted literature reviews to gather relevant variables for this case study. The findings of this paper presented a conceptual model consisting of five innovations attributes by Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory and the Animosity as a moderating variable. Five innovations attributes are hypothesised to have relationships with the intention to adopt Chinese MOS, and Animosity is hypothesised to moderate their relationships. This model can contribute to the academic theory of DOI and Animosity in the context of the MOS industry, and provide real-world implications for all Chinese MOS developers, which in return benefit the consumers themselves.

Is Fintech Good for Bank Performance? The Case of Mobile Money in the East African Community

ABSTRACTMobile money, a technology‐driven innovation in financial services, has profoundly penetrated the financial landscape in Sub‐Saharan Africa, including banks. Yet, besides anecdotal evidence, little is known about whether mobile money adoption enhances or worsens bank performance. Combining hand‐collected data with balance sheet data from the Bureau Van Djik (BvD) Bankscope and Bankfocus databases for a panel of 141 banks over the period 2009–2018, we find a strong positive and significant relationship between the time elapsed since banks' involvement in mobile money and their performance considering bank profitability, efficiency, and stability. In further investigations, we explore possible channels by showing how bank size, deposit collection and diversification levels alter such an association. Our results are robust to using instrumental variables, controlling for bank and macro level confounding factors, bank fixed effects and considering alternative measures of bank performance and bank‐MNO partnerships. Overall, our findings highlight the bright side of cooperation between banks and mobile network operators in the provision of mobile money.

Improved Performance of 5G Based Software Defined Networks

With the growth of processed data for wireless networks and the establishment of new applications and services, mobile operators keep searching for solutions to deal with the issues raised by nextgeneration networks (NGN). The fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, for example, should enhance their performance without consuming a lot of energy. For these reasons, software-defined networks (SDN) appear to be the promising technology that will make achieving the architectural agility required for the upcoming 5G mobile networks easier. SDN is a clever solution for providing innovation and enforcing the primary drivers in 5G mobile networks, such as flexibility, dependability, service-oriented management, and cost reduction through the control and management of the 5G core network. In this paper, the integration of SDN and multiple controllers with the 5G core network is investigated to determine how these two technologies can affect mobile IP network performance. An energy model suitable for the proposed network architecture has been developed. A widely used Diamond network is being considered for the core network. Open-Flow controllers were used to improve the routing performance by considering load balancing of IP traffic. According to such a model, reduced energy consumption is experienced with SDN. The addition of an SDN controller results in a 11% reduction in consumed energy. The results also show that the use of SDN and multi-controller with NGN can improve the performance further. Using SDN reduced the average delay of the network by 14%. A great reduction in packet error rate (PER) is also achieved when SDN is used.

ANALYSIS OF THE TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES MARKET OF UKRAINE USING THE EXAMPLE OF LEADING OPERATORS

The article substantiates that the field of telecommunications has many features that affect its functioning. This is due to constant innovation and development of the target market, competition, product uniqueness and conditions of its use. The ability to adapt to changes, quickly respond to market demands and ensure high quality of services at the time of their provision is important for telecommunications enterprises. The analytical study showed that despite Russia's full-scale armed aggression against Ukraine, the telecommunications sector is showing positive development dynamics. Today, the Ukrainian electronic communications market is home to three major companies: PJSC “Kyivstar”, PJSC “VF Ukraine” and LLC “Lifecell”. The article conducts a comparative analysis of actual indicators and growth rates of performance of the leading telecommunications enterprises of Ukraine, in particular, examines the number of existing subscribers using the company's services, net income and net profit, the amount of capital investment and average monthly income per subscriber. An analysis of the actual performance of Ukraine's leading national operators has shown that the current leader in the telecommunications market is PJSC “Kyivstar”, which has outperformed its main competitors in terms of financial performance and the number of users. PJSC “VF Ukraine” is in second place, and LLC “Lifecell” is in third place. A comparative analysis of the rates of growth in the results of mobile operators showed that the best growth dynamics is demonstrated by PJSC "VF Ukraine", in second place – LLC "Lifecell", in third place – PJSC "Kyivstar". According to the results of the analysis, it was established that despite the challenges (destruction of infrastructure, frequent power outages, migration of subscribers, decrease in the solvency of users), telecommunication enterprises demonstrate the ability to adapt, restore and modernize even in difficult conditions.

The Influence of E-Service Quality, Brand Image, Price Competitiveness, Product Quality, and Subscription Plan on Repurchase Intention (Case Study of Generation Y and Z Mobile Operator Users)

The Influence of E-Service Quality, Brand Image, Price Competitiveness, Product Quality, and Subscription Plan on Repurchase Intention (Case Study of Generation Y and Z Mobile Operator Users)

Establishing Relationships Between Innovation Adoption and Country of Origin: A Study of Chinese Mobile Operating System

Establishing Relationships Between Innovation Adoption and Country of Origin: A Study of Chinese Mobile Operating System

Evaluation of collision detection and avoidance methods for urban air mobility through simulation

AbstractUrban Air Mobility is a new concept of regional aviation that has been growing in popularity as a solution to the issue of ever-increasing ground traffic. Electric vehicles with vertical take-off and landing capabilities are developed by numerous market companies as a result of the push toward environmentally sustainable aviation. The next stage in this development process would be to define the concept of operation of these conceptual aircraft and then to integrate them with the existing airspace once they are airborne. In addition to coordinating with conventional air traffic and other Urban Air Mobility vehicles, collision avoidance with uncooperative airspace users has to be addressed. Birds and drones of all sizes pose a serious risk to these low-flying aircraft. Innovative collision detection and avoidance techniques need to be employed due to the non-cooperative nature of these airspace users and different performance characteristics of Urban Air Mobility vehicles compared to classical fixed-wing aircraft. The aim of this study is to evaluate the concept of one such system by means of fast-time simulations. This system builds, similarly to the Airborne Collision Avoidance System, on safety envelopes and rule-based collision avoidance to prevent collisions with non-cooperative airspace members. The system is designed to work with all aircraft configurations used for Urban Air Mobility operations. To assess its influence on safety and capacity, different scenarios are modeled by varying parameters, such as intruder type, location, flight path. The parameters assessed are differences in flight time and closest point of approach with and without the collision avoidance system in place. Moreover, the influence of different configurations of Urban Air Mobility aircraft on these parameters is analyzed. The results show that the separation between the ownship and intruder is increased substantially which leads to safe operations at bearable delay costs.

Elective Surgery Planning in Mobile Operating Theaters Under Uncertain Demand of Emergency Patients

Elective Surgery Planning in Mobile Operating Theaters Under Uncertain Demand of Emergency Patients

Spatial Exposure of EMF from Phone Base Stations in the North of Libreville, Gabon

The electromagnetic environment became dense with the spread of its artificial sources in urban and rural areas. More and more publications are describing their unfavourable effects, including human well-being deterioration, disruption of the nervous system functions or cancer occurrence. Also, there is a legal loophole related to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in many countries. The aim of this contribution is to map people's exposure to EMF from phone base stations in the north of Libreville, Gabon. Data on phone base station emissions have been collected with Spectran 6080HF, processed with MCS Spectrum Analyser 2.1.6, transferred in a WPS spreadsheet, and converted to a shape file before mapping them in ArcMap and examining spatial concentration in QGis. Phone base station emissions vary in space and time between 0 to 488,09 V/m from June to December 2021. The threshold of phone base station emissions standards is exceeded at different periods for all mobile phone network operators, by the Salzburg Resolution and Gabonese standards. Furthermore, the concentration of EMF exposure varies in space and concerns more Akanda than Libreville. This fact explains the spatio-temporal variation of people at risk, as all types of districts and social classes are concerned. Based on the precautionary principle, and because this risk is a matter of accumulation of exposure, it is important to revise standards and raise awareness of EMF pollution as cancer cases and related diseases have grown amidst struggling health systems for years

Mobile base station site as a virtual power plant for grid stability

Energy grids and markets are in transition. Increased use of renewable energy sources (RES) introduces new stability challenges for power grids. Despite the substantial electrical consumption of mobile networks, they are yet to harness their inherent flexibility for aiding in the stability of the power grid. A noticeable research gap exists concerning measuring full activation time for fast frequency reserve (FFR) product while using batteries from mobile network base stations. Our objective is to demonstrate that mobile operators could use their existing infrastructure to participate in the reserve market of a contemporary power grid. Furthermore, it seeks to determine if the full activation time can meet the requirements of an FFR product. The system consists of a live mobile base station site with a mobile connection to the site, local controller, an existing battery, and a power system that, in combination, can function as part of a power grid balancing system. Our main finding indicates that the rectifier reaction time within an installed base station site infrastructure ranges from 5 to 8 s, and the time when the base station is entirely off from the grid varies from 7 to 10 s. This finding is significant since the activation time is too long for the base station power system controller to be used for FFR. The required full activation time for FFR is less than 1.3 s. In conclusion, power system vendors should investigate improvements for their equipment and software products to enable fast reserve market entry for their existing customers and stay competitive.

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Impact of an Increase in User Devices on the Long-Term Energy Efficiency of 5G Networks

The global deployment of fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks, especially in urban cities, is dedicated to accommodating the demand for high data rates and reliable wireless communications. While the latest 5G networks improve service quality, the support for a simultaneous serving of more user devices (UDs) with higher data rates than previous mobile network generations will require a massive installation of different 5G base station (BS) types dominantly in urban cities. Besides contributing to the smart city service improvements, this massive installation of heterogeneous 5G BSs will also contribute to the increase in 5G network energy consumption (EC) and carbon dioxide emissions. Since this increase in installed 5G BSs imposes environmental and economic challenges, this paper analyzes the impact of the continuously rising number of 5G UDs on the energy efficiency (EE) of the radio part of Croatian and Dutch 5G networks as example cases in the period of 2020s. Analyses consider the countries’ rural, suburban, urban, and dense urban UD density areas by utilizing the proposed simulation framework for the EE evaluation of 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNet) valued through standardized mobile networks EE metrics. The study examines four proposed BS installation and operation scenarios for reducing energy costs of 5G networks that differ in optimizing energy consumption via different BS installations, sleep modes, and transmission power scaling techniques. The obtained results indicate that dynamic adaptation of BS deployments and radio resource management during operation according to the increase in the number of UDs and corresponding DVs can enhance 5G HetNet EE. The findings provide valuable insights for mobile network operators looking to optimize 5G network EE in the upcoming decade.

The connections of Russian cities hosting nuclear power stations

Research on the horizontal inter-city mobility of nuclear specialists within Russia is scarce, owing to the inherited Soviet Union secrecy in the industry and a lack of available data. The paper uses unpublished geo-analytical data from mobile operators on population size and migration to shed light on regional and local migration statistics between ten Russian cities with nuclear power stations. The hypothesis assumes that cities with nuclear power stations obtain a higher share of SIM card holders from regions with nuclear power stations than regions without them. A chi-square test, a two-sample z-test for mean shares, box plot visualization, and social network analysis were performed to support the idea. The methodological contribution includes the way we define a hometown among a limited number of cities, regardless of their SIM contract-signed region. Our research empirically confirms the economic interconnectedness of the nuclear cities, which comprise an industrial settlement network of urban people from various regions separated by thousands of kilometers.

Impact of Temperature and Shading on Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Telecom Sites

Nigeria's rural mobile network boom strains its power generation. Expensive and polluting diesel generators power off-grid base stations, prompting mobile network operators to explore solar PV systems. However, real-life performance under field conditions is a major concern, as manufacturer datasheets often fall short. This study highlighted the performance of a solar PV system powering a telecommunication station in Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria. We examined temperature, irradiance and shading effect. The findings highlight the impact of shading and temperature on energy yield and performance ratio (PR). While stand-alone and solar tracking systems had similar PRs (66 to 68 percent), tracking systems generated the most energy (4.53 energy yield) due to increased solar exposure. However, this benefit came with a trade-off; higher temperature losses (1559 kWh) caused by temperature rise from direct sunlight. Additionally, the nearby structures significantly impacted tracking systems by causing shading. In conclusion, well-designed solar PV systems for telecommunication stations must consider mitigating factors like shading and temperature. This can achieve substantial advantages: lower operational expenses for operators, improved network availability for rural users, and a reduced environmental impact, aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goals.