Mobile IP Networks Research Articles

Network-Controlled Route Optimization for Heterogeneous Mobile IP Networks

Network-Controlled Route Optimization for Heterogeneous Mobile IP Networks

Atributos eficientes em reconhecimento automático de voz distribuído

Este artigo descreve e examina atributos eficientes para sistemas de reconhecimento automático de voz (RAV) distribuídos. Os atributos são extraídos a partir de transformações dos parâmetros dos codificadores utilizados em redes móveis celulares e em redes IP que são as principais aplicações visadas em reconhecimento de voz distribuído. Em particular, são analisados atributos obtidos de parâmetros LPC e LSF, em intervalos de 10 ms e 20 ms, utilizando um reconhecedor independente do locutor baseado em HMM. É examinado também o melhor domínio para se realizar a interpolação dos parâmetros em reconhecimento automático de voz distribuído.

A novel fast link establishment method for mobile IP communication networks based on mobile Agent

A new method for establishing communication links fast in mobile IP networks for handoff based on mobile Agent was proposed.Combined with Multiple Protocol Label Switching(MPLS)and mobile Agent in the signal processing,an automatic dynamic fast link establishment was achieved,which could reduce the delay dramatically.Simulation shows that transmission delay can be reduced to 27 to 41 percent in switching.

Reliable and efficient multicast protocol for mobile IP networks

AbstractTo provide a multicasting service, several multicast protocols for mobile hosts (MHs) have been proposed. However, all of these protocols have faults, such as non‐optimal delivery routes and data loss when hosts move to another network, resulting in insecure multicast data transmissions. Thus, this paper presents a new reliable and efficient multicast routing protocol for mobile IP networks. The proposed protocol provides a reliable multicast transmission by compensating the data loss from the previous mobile agent when a MH moves to another network. In addition, an additional function allows for direct connection to the multicast tree according to the status of agents, thereby providing a more efficient and optimal multicast path. The performance of the proposed protocol is confirmed based on simulations under various conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

QoS management in mobile IP networks using a terminal assistant

AbstractThis paper describes a signalling environment for Quality of Service (QoS) negotiation and advance resource reservation in mobile IP networks. This environment is built in conformance with the generic signalling environment, which is standardized by the NSIS IETF working group. The advanced resource reservation protocol, called MQoS NSLP, is based on the QoS NSLP signalling application. It provides to mobile terminals the QoS required based on the user's mobility and QoS profile. In this work, we investigate the use of some techniques of the AI (Artificial Intelligence) domain to implement a user interface called NIA (Negotiation Individual Assistant) in order to determine the QoS profile and negotiate the QoS parameters in the new domain after the handover. Therefore, we use connectionist learning in the management of the negotiation profiles and agent technology to help the user choose the best service provider, dynamically negotiate the QoS on the user's behalf, and follow the user's behaviour to be able to anticipate the negotiation and manage renegotiation. The advance resource reservation is based on an object MSpec (Mobility Specification) which determines the future location of the mobile terminal. The MSpec object is a part of the mobility and QoS profile and is determined by the NIA in the mobile terminal. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Proxy-based hybrid cache management in Mobile IP systems

In this paper, we propose and analyze a proxy-based hybrid cache management scheme for client–server applications in Mobile IP (MIP) networks. We leverage a per-user proxy as a gateway between the server and the mobile host (MH) such that any communication between the MH and server must pass through the proxy. The proxy has dual responsibilities in our design. It keeps track of the current location of the MH by acting as a regional Gateway Foreign Agent (GFA) as in the MIP Regional Registration protocol for mobility management. The proxy is also responsible for cache consistency management and query processing on behalf of the MH. To reduce the network traffic, a threshold-based hybrid cache consistency management policy is applied. That is, when a data object is updated at the server, the server sends an invalidation report to the MH through the proxy to invalidate the cached data object, provided that the size of the data object exceeds the given threshold. Otherwise, the server sends a fresh copy of the data object through the proxy to the MH. We identify the best “threshold” value that would minimize the overall network traffic incurred due to mobility management, cache consistency management, and query processing, when given a set of parameter values characterizing the operational and workload conditions of the MIP network.

Improving Location Management in Mobile IPv4 Networks

The Mobile IP Standard has been developed to support mobility over the Internet. This standard contains several drawbacks as in the cases where packets are routed via sub-optimal paths and significant amount of signaling messages is generated due to the home registration procedure which keeps the network aware of the current location of the mobile nodes. Recently, a dynamic hierarchical mobility management strategy for mobile IP networks (DHMIP) has been proposed to reduce home registrations costs. However, this strategy induces a packet delivery delay and increases the risk of packet loss. In this paper, we propose an enhanced version of the dynamic hierarchical strategy that reduces the packet delivery delay and minimizes the risk of packet loss. Preliminary results obtained from simulations are promising. They show that the enhanced version outperforms the original dynamic hierarchical mobility management strategy version.

Improving performance of delay-based TCPs with rerouting

Delay-based TCPs detect network congestion in the early stage and successfully prevent periodic packet loss that usually occurs in loss-based mechanisms. It has been demonstrated that delay-based algorithms outperform loss-based schemes in many aspects. However, a delay-based TCP may not prevent unnecessary throughput degradation when rerouting occurs and in mobile IP networks and mobile ad hoc networks because it could not differentiate whether the increased RTT is due to route change or network congestion. This work investigates how to improve the performance of delay-based TCPs with rerouting and proposes a mechanism for delay-based TCPs. The proposed mechanism is able to re-measure the BaseRTT if necessary by detecting the change of TTL value of two end-hosts. Based on the simulation results, we demonstrate the effectiveness and utilities

Secure Mobile IP with HIP Style Handshaking and Readdressing for public-key based IP network

Mobile IP allows a mobile node to roam into a
 foreign IP network without losing its connection with its
 peer. Mobile IPv6 uses Route Optimization to improve the routing performance by avoiding the triangle routing problem and adopting Return Routability as a secure process for binding update. Host Identity Protocol (HIP) is an experimental security protocol which provides mobility management and multi-homing with new namespace. HIP has a similar architecture to the Mobile IP with Route Optimization. In this paper, we introduce a Secure Mobile IP with HIP Style Handshaking and Readdressing (SMIP), which provides stronger security, better performance and
 lower binding cost than Mobile IPv6 does in binding update process. The dependency of the home agent in the new scheme is dramatically decreased. The initiated scheme integrates the primary features of two completely different mobility management solutions and sets up a migration path from mobile-IP based solution to a public-key based solution in mobile IP networks.

VIP (VHE in Mobile IP Networks) Architecture

In this study we propose a new architecture named VIP (VHE in mobile IP networks) which guarantees authorized user access and user mobility management. The main goal is to bring the VIP architecture closer to the current GSM networks. To achieve this goal our architecture is based on LDAP and RADIUS services. VIP is able to ensure user’s mobility across different IP domains.For the transportation of personalized services across different networks VHE (Virtual Home Environment) is employed. VHE gives a set of recommendations for providing users their home environment in foreign networks. The VHE services are activated to transport the user’s profile between the home and the foreign network.

IMS – the IP Multimedia System as NGN Service Delivery Platform

This paper describes the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), a Service Delivery Platform architecture for providing multimedia applications in converging fixed and mobile IP networks, called Next Generation Networks (NGN). It introduces the IMS architecture, which represents a combination of the classic Intelligent Network concept of the telecom world and current Internet protocols, and highlights the main IMS components and control features for the provision of multimedia information and communication services. Furthermore, the paper is focusing on the IMS Quality of Service (QoS) aspects defined within 3GPP IMS and ETSI TISPAN NGN.

Modeling node mobility for reliable packet delivery in mobile ip networks

In this paper, we analyze node mobility for reliable packet delivery in mobile IP networks. In mobile IP, packets destined to roaming nodes are intercepted by their home agents and delivered via tunneling to their care of addresses (CoA). A mobile node may roam across multiple subnets. At each boundary crossing, a handoff is initiated such that the CoA is updated and a new tunnel is established. We consider both basic mobile IP handoff and smooth handoff. We find that reliable packet delivery in mobile IP networks can be modeled as a renewal process, because the retransmission over a new tunnel after each boundary crossing is independent of the previous history. We then derive the probability distribution of boundary crossings for each successful packet, based on which the packet reliable delivery time can be obtained. Our analytical model is derived based on a general distribution of residence time in a subnet and a general distribution of successful retransmission attempts in each subnet. The results can be readily applied to any distributions for both items. We also provide numerical examples to calculate the probability distribution of boundary crossings, and conduct simulations to validate our analytical results

Providing fault-tolerant authentication and authorization in wireless mobile IP networks

In wireless Mobile IP systems, the authentications and authorizations are performed by AAA (Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting) servers. An AAA server associates with a mobility agent to form an administrative domain. If an AAA server fails, all the mobile nodes (MNs) within the corresponding domain (failure-effected MNs) are unable to execute data services since their authentications and authorizations cannot be performed by the faulty AAA server. To tolerate the failure of the AAA server, this paper presents an efficient fault-tolerant approach. Once a failure is detected in an AAA server of an administrative domain, the proposed approach utilizes the AAA servers in other administrative domains to virtually generate a backup AAA server. To further reduce the fault-tolerant cost, the proposed approach additionally uses two techniques: preservation and tracking to assist the generation of the backup AAA server. Due to introducing these two techniques, the proposed approach does not need to retrieve the AAA records of failure-effected MNs while performing fault tolerance. Finally, we use M/ G/ c/ c queuing model to analyze the effectiveness of the proposed approach over previous approaches. The analytical results are also validated by simulations.

Forwarding performance improvement of a mobile IP home agent

AbstractIn Mobile IP networks, the home agent manages the destination information of all mobile terminals. It receives as proxy the packets destined for the mobile terminal and transfers them to the new location of the terminal. When the number of terminals in the network is increased, the home agent must manage a large amount of information, which increases the retrieval processing load in packet transfer. It is possible that a packet may be lost by an overloaded home agent. This paper proposes a method of eliminating the retrieval processing of the home agent in packet transfer by utilizing ARP, and of reducing the load of the whole packet transfer process. It is shown experimentally that even if sufficient mobile terminal entries to completely fill the location information list for 200,000 entries are registered, the home agent can transfer all packets without any packet loss in Fast Ethernet. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 89(6): 32–40, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20249

Home Agent Architecture and Algorithms for Mobility Management in Mobile IP Networks

This study proposes new Home Agent architecture and algorithms for real-time mobility management in mobile IP networks. The proposed architecture and algorithms offer a better performance based on the call-to-mobility ratio (CMR) and require less time for the location update and the tunneling compared with the Mobile IP model. These results are very useful and interesting for a real-time context where the factor time is very important.

Topology-aided cross-layer fast handoff designs for IEEE 802.11/mobile IP environments

This study first reviews state-of-the-art fast handoff techniques for IEEE 802.11 or Mobile IP networks. Based on that review, topology-aided cross-layer fast handoff designs are proposed for Mobile IP over IEEE 802.1.1 networks. Time-sensitive applications, such as voice over IP (VoIP), cannot tolerate the long layer-2 plus layer-3 handoff delays that arise in IEEE 802.11/Mobile IP environments. Cross-layer designs are increasingly adopted to shorten the handoff latency time. Handoff-related layer-2 triggers may reduce the delay between layer-2 handoff completion and the associated layer-3 handoff activation. Cross-layer topology information, such as the association between 802.11 access points and Mobile IP mobility agents, together with layer-2 triggers, can be utilized by a mobile node to start layer-3 handoff-related activities, such as agent discovery, address configuration, and registration, in parallel with or prior to those of layer-2 handoff. Experimental results indicate that the whole handoff. delay can meet the delay requirement of VoIP applications when layer-3 handoff activities occur prior to layer-2 handoffs.

무선 이동 애드-혹 네트워크를 위한 다중 경로 소스 라우팅 프로토콜과 Mobile-IP의 연동 기법

현재 홈 네트워크, 센서 네트워크, 유비쿼터스 네트워크 등에 대한 활발한 연구가 진행되면서 무선 이동 애드-흑 네트워크에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 무선 이동 애드-혹 네트워크란 기존의 유선 하부구조의 도움 없이 이동 호스트들만으로 구성되는 임시적인 네트워크로, 언제어디서나 컴퓨팅 환경을 이용할 수 있도록 하는 개념의 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 환경에 적합한 네트워크이다. 본 논문에서는 다중 소스 라우팅 프로토콜 기반의 무선 이동 애드-혹 네트워크 환경과 Mobile-IP 기반의 네트워크 환경을 연동하는 기법에 대해 제안하고자 한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 기법은 무선 이동 애드-혹 네트워크 내의 이동 호스트와 기지국간 다중 경로를 유지함으로써 경로 단절시 경로 재설정 및 재등록으로 인한 오버헤드를 줄이며 무선 이동 애드-혹 네트워크 내의 패킷을 Mobile-IP 패킷으로 변환하는 기능을 기지국에서 수행하도록 함으로써 이동호스트들의 오버헤드를 감소시키는 기법이다. 성능 평가를 통해, 본 논문에서 제안하는 기법이 단일 경로를 사용하는 일반적인 연동 기법들보다 이동 속도 증가에 따른 처리량 및 단대단 지연이 보다 안정적이며, 노드/링크가 전혀 중복되지 않는 다중 경로를 사용하는 기법에 비해 낮은 오버헤드를 가짐을 보인다. As the research on home network technologies, sensor network technologies, and ubiquitous network technologies makes rapid progresses, wireless ad-hoc network have attracted a lot of attention. A wireless ad-hoc network is a temporary network formed by a collection of wireless mobile nodes without the aid of my existing network infrastructure or centralized administration, and it is suitable for ubiquitous computing environments. In this paper, we suggest an interconnection scheme between the wireless ad-hoc network environment based on multiple path source routing protocol and a Mobile-IP based network environment. This scheme reduces the overhead of route re-establishment and re-registration by maintaining multiple paths between the mobile host in wireless ad-hoc network and the base station in mobile-IP network. Also it puts the base station in charge of function that performs translation between wireless ad-hoc network packets and Mobile-IP packets, reducing the load of mobile hosts. In this paper, our simulations show that our scheme outperforms existing interconnecting schemes with regards to throughput and end-to-end delay Also we show that our scheme outperforms multi-paths approach using disjoint routes with regards to routing overhead.

Proactive Handover Scheme Based on Forwarding Router Discovery for Mobile IP Networks

One of the main issues of Mobile IPv6 is handover latency that causes service disruption time. Although plenty of proposals significantly reduce the service disruption time, they suffer from redundant routing that causes packet misordering and bandwidth consumption during the process of inter-domain handover. In this paper, we propose a new scheme that minimizes the redundant routing during the process of inter-domain handover by utilizing forwarding routers for each correspondent node. Our proposed scheme consists of forwarding router discovery and proactive handover. We evaluate our proposed scheme in the view of packet misordering and bandwidth consumption, and clarify the efficiency of our proposed scheme. We also evaluate the impact of the forwarding routers' capacity since routers have limited resources. By strategically locating forwarding routers, e.g. next to the router that has peering to another domain, the redundant routing caused by inter-domain handover will be efficiently suppressed.

A survey of cross-layer performance enhancements for Mobile IP networks

Among the characteristics of future wireless networks is the desire to support a wide range of wireless users and a diverse set of services from many different types of networks. One of the most often referenced networking protocols for diverse wireless and mobile networking is Mobile IP. Although recent focus has been on developing a micro-mobility architecture for Mobile IP, an emerging need is to enhance the unifying performance of Mobile IP by using a cross-layer, cross-technology, approach to protocol design, in order to serve a wide variety of users, services and networks. This paper provides a survey of recently proposed performance enhancements for Mobile IP and discusses the impact on network-level performance. After a review of the Mobile IP architecture, recent research on reducing handoff latency is discussed, including the use of layer 2 hints. Then, location registration is explored, including new techniques for authentication of mobile users. Finally, an overview of performance analysis models is provided to show the most recent approaches to determining the impact of mobility on a given network.

An MPLS-based architecture for scalable QoS and traffic engineering in converged multiservice mobile IP networks

Mobile Internet connectivity is the fastest growing business in the telecommunications market because of the evolution of digital cellular, portable computing and personal communication technologies, and is playing a vital role in shaping the 21st century communications paradigms. In this scenario, the deployment of innovative wireless data networks, the integration with the Internet and the interworking between different wireless technologies, typically 2.5/3G cellular and Wireless LAN (WLAN), will be challenging objectives for competitive service providers. These factors, combined with the impact that mobile-related traffic may have on the fixed infrastructure, and the convergence of mobile and fixed services, drive towards a rationalization of the resource allocation and management procedures and make it urgent to address quality of service and traffic engineering for mobile data communications at the core transport level. The Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) technology is a versatile solution to address the above problems which delivers a unified control mechanism with connectionless multiprotocol capabilities, running over mixed media infrastructures, and defining evolutionary signalling mechanisms to support both quality of service (QoS) and traffic engineering to allow fine control of traffic flows in the network. The purpose of this paper is to show how MPLS technology can be employed to address all the required functions of tomorrow’s converged wireless/wired networks, from initial IP-level authentication and session control to sophisticated resource reservation, traffic distribution, quality of service and policy management.