Mobile Internet Systems Research Articles

K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS+: Enhancing Security in Next-Generation Mobile Communication and Internet Systems with Hash Based Signatures Using Korean Cryptography Algorithms.

As Mobile Communication and Internet Systems (MCIS) have rapidly developed, security issues related to MCIS have become increasingly important. Therefore, the development and research of security technologies for mobile communication and internet systems are actively being conducted. Hash-Based Signature (HBS) uses a hash function to construct a digital signature scheme, where its security is guaranteed by the collision resistance of the hash function used. To provide sufficient security in the post-quantum environment, the length of hash should be satisfied for the security requirement. Modern HBS can be classified into stateful and stateless schemes. Two representative stateful and stateless HBS are eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme(XMSS) and SPHINCS+, respectively. In this paper, we propose two HBS schemes: K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS+, which replace internal hash functions of XMSS and SPHINCS+ with Korean cryptography algorithms. K-XMSS is a stateful signature, while K-SPHINCS+ is its stateless counterpart. We showcase the reference implementation of K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS+ employing Lightweight Secure Hash (LSH) and two hash functions based on block ciphers (i.e., CHAM and LEA) as the internal hash function. In addition, K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS+ using Advanced Vector Extensions 2 (AVX2) have been provided, demonstrating that they can be optimized for better performance using advanced implementation techniques than previous approaches.

Fast Restoration for Out-of-Focus Blurred Images of QR Code With Edge Prior Information via Image Sensing

Out-of-focus blurring of the QR code is very common in mobile Internet systems, which often causes failure of authentication as a result of a misreading of the information hence adversely affects the operation of the system. To tackle this difficulty, this work firstly introduced an edge prior information, which is the average distance between the center point and the edge of the clear QR code images in the same batch. It is motivated by the theoretical analysis and the practical observation of the theory of CMOS image sensing, optics information, blur invariants, and the invariance of the center of the diffuse light spots. After obtaining the edge prior information, combining the iterative image and the center point of the binary image, the proposed method can accurately estimate the parameter of the out-of-focus blur kernel. Furthermore, we obtain the sharp image by Wiener filter, a non-blind image deblurring algorithm. By this, it avoids excessive redundant calculations. Experimental results validate that the proposed method has great practical utility in terms of deblurring quality, robustness, and computational efficiency, which is suitable for barcode application systems, e.g., warehouse, logistics, and automated production.

Hospital selection in emergency medical service systems: A literature review

Emergency medical service (EMS) systems play a fundamental role in society by providing a vital service in initial emergency care. The purpose of this research is to present the first literature review of hospital selection operational decision within the context of the EMS system. The main findings were the following: The hospital selection problem is integrated with the location, dispatch, routing, and size of the ambulance fleet. The main selection criteria were closeness, hospital care capacities and the shortest queue or greatest number of free beds. The most used performance measures were the shortest transport and waiting time. Solution techniques include discrete event simulation, queuing models, mixed linear integer programming, and CPLEX and Arena software. The application of metaheuristics is scarce; mobile applications and Internet information systems have been implemented for real-time decision making. It is recommended that the design of hospital selection methods be implemented as well as the technological developments, considering the participation of the actors of the EMS system.

Hospital selection in emergency medical service systems: A literature review

Emergency medical service (EMS) systems play a fundamental role in society by providing a vital service in initial emergency care. The purpose of this research is to present the first literature review of hospital selection operational decision within the context of the EMS system. The main findings were the following: The hospital selection problem is integrated with the location, dispatch, routing, and size of the ambulance fleet. The main selection criteria were closeness, hospital care capacities and the shortest queue or greatest number of free beds. The most used performance measures were the shortest transport and waiting time. Solution techniques include discrete event simulation, queuing models, mixed linear integer programming, and CPLEX and Arena software. The application of metaheuristics is scarce; mobile applications and Internet information systems have been implemented for real-time decision making. It is recommended that the design of hospital selection methods be implemented as well as the technological developments, considering the participation of the actors of the EMS system.

News or Noise: Mobile Internet Technology and Stock Market Activity

Mobile internet devices reduce trading frictions and information search costs for investors, but also introduce attention-competing activities, such as social networking. We use exogenous nationwide and city-level outages of the Blackberry Internet Service (BIS) to investigate the effect of mobile internet technology on investors’ information-gathering vs. attention-diverting activities. We find that trading volume and trading frequency surge by about 5% on days when mobile internet systems go dark, consistent with a greater role for devices (when not dark) in diverting the limited attention of investors away from information-gathering and trading—even when they are used by presumably more sophisticated investors.

New IT Driven Service-Oriented Smart Manufacturing: Framework and Characteristics

Recently, along with the wide application of new generation information technologies (New IT) in manufacturing, many countries issued their national advanced manufacturing development strategies, such as Industrial Internet, Industry 4.0, and Made in China 2025. One common aim of these strategies is to achieve smart manufacturing, which demands the interoperation, integration, and fusion of the physical world and the cyber world of manufacturing. As well, New IT [such as Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, big data, mobile Internet, and cyber-physical systems (CPS)] have played pivotal roles in promoting smart manufacturing. Data generated in the physical world can be sensed and transfered to the cyber world through IoT and the Internet, and be processed and analyzed by cloud computing, big data technologies to adjust the physical world. The physical world and the cyber world of manufacturing are integrated based on CPS. On the other hand, servitization has become a prominent trend in the manufacturing. Embracing the concept of “Manufacturing-as-a-Service,” manufacturing is provided as service for users. Because of the characteristics of interoperability and platform independence, services pave the way for large-scale smart applications and manufacturing collaboration. Combining New IT and services, this paper proposes a framework—New IT driven service-oriented smart manufacturing (SoSM). SoSM aims at facilitating the visions of smart manufacturing by making full use of New IT and services. Complementary to the framework of SoSM, the New IT driven typical characteristics of SoSM are also investigated and discussed, respectively.

Multi-Access Mobile Edge Computing for Heterogeneous IoT

The articles in this special section focus on multi-access mobile edge computing (MA-MEC) for heterogeneous Internet of Things applications. These articles aim at soliciting high quality and unpublished work regarding recent advances in MA-MEC, with the main focus on addressing the fundamental design issues in MA-MEC, and the emerging paradigms and testbeds that use MA-MEC.The convergence of mobile Internet and wireless systems has witnessed an explosive growth in resource-hungry and computation-intensive services and applications, which cover a wide range of so-called heterogeneous Internet of Things (H-IoTs) systems including real-time video/audio surveillance, remote e-health systems, intelligent transportation systems, Internet of Vehicles, etc. Mobile edge computing, by placing various cloud resources (e.g., computational and storage resources) closer to smart devices/objects, has been envisioned as an enabling and highly promising technology to realize and reap the promising benefi ts of H-IoTs applications.

AMR Steganalysis Based on Second-Order Difference of Pitch Delay

This paper presents a novel steganalysis scheme for the detection of adaptive multi-rate (AMR) audio steganography. AMR audio codec is used widely in mobile communication and mobile Internet system. Due to the modifiability of pitch delay, several AMR steganography schemes based on pitch delay modulation have emerged gradually and have high capacity and good imperceptibility. Based on the difference between cover and stego AMR audios on the continuity of adjacent pitch delay, this paper proposes the matrix of the second-order difference of pitch delay (MSDPD) steganalysis features by calculating the Markov transition probability MSDPD, and uses the calibration method to estimate the cover’s features to get the calibrated MSDPD features to improve the accuracy of the scheme. Support vector machine is used as the steganalyzer to test the performance of our proposed scheme. The experimental results show that the correct detection rate of our proposed method is more than 85% when the embedding bit rate is 30% or above, and can reach above 85% for cover audios. The results of contrast experiment show that the performance of our proposed method is better than the existing method, especially on low embedding rate. The method can be extended to other CELP codec, such as G.723.1 and G.729.

Stock price fluctuation based on mobile computing

Mobile computing, a relatively mature technique in the field of interactive mobile internet system, is widely used for forecasting the spatial locations and movements of user. This paper takes the stock price fluctuation as the location changes of mobile object, analyses the fluctuation features of stock price and proposes the forecasting model of stock price based on the mobile computing and local linear method. Taking stock S as an example in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets, the paper collects a large amount of data and simulates the forecasting model of intraday stock price and daily closing price. Finally, the experiment results show that this model has good forecast precision and applicability.

Stock price fluctuation based on mobile computing

Mobile computing, a relatively mature technique in the field of interactive mobile internet system, is widely used for forecasting the spatial locations and movements of user. This paper takes the stock price fluctuation as the location changes of mobile object, analyses the fluctuation features of stock price and proposes the forecasting model of stock price based on the mobile computing and local linear method. Taking stock S as an example in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets, the paper collects a large amount of data and simulates the forecasting model of intraday stock price and daily closing price. Finally, the experiment results show that this model has good forecast precision and applicability.

인접 셀 간섭 환경에서 모바일 인터넷 시스템의 성능 분석

모바일 인터넷 시스템의 목표는 고속 데이터 율, 낮은 지연 그리고 유연한 대역폭 진화를 제공할 수 있는 최적화된 패킷 무선접속기술을 제공하는 것이다. 따라서 연속적인 이동성과 서비스 품질 그리고 최소지연을 갖는 패킷 스위치 트래픽 목표를 제공하는 LTE 네트워크 구조가 설계되었다. LTE 시스템에서의 중요한 요구조건은 셀 경계에서의 BER 성능과 데이터 처리율을 개선하는 것이다. 이것은 통신 지역에서 지리적 영역과 데이터 처리율 측면에서 서비스의 일관성을 제공한다. 하지만 셀룰러 시스템에서 셀의 중앙과 경계지역 사용자 사이의 SINR 차이는 20 [dB] 정도가 된다. 이러한 차이는 통신 영역이 제한된 셀룰러 시스템에서 더욱 크다. 이 현상은 셀 중앙의 사용자에 비하여 셀 경계의 사용자에게 대단히 낮은 데이터 처리율 유발하고 큰 QoS 차이를 발생시킨다. 본 논문에서 인접 셀 간섭을 감소하기 위한 분석적인 방법을 제시하고 모바일 인터넷 환경에서 OFDM 시스템 파라미터에 따른 SIR 및 BER 성능을 보였다. The goal of mobile internet system is to provide a high-data-rate, low-latency and optimized packet radio access technology supporting flexible bandwidth deployments. Therefore, network architecture is designed with the goal to support packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility, quality of service and minimal latency. An important requirement for the mobile internet system is improved cell-edge BER performance and data throughput. This is to provide some level of service consistency in terms of geographical coverage as well as in terms of available data throughput within the communication coverage area. In a cellular system, however, the signal to interference plus noise power ratio gap between cell-center and cell-edge users can be of the order of 20 [dB]. The disparity can be even higher in a communication coverage limited cellular system. This leads to vastly lower data throughputs for the cell-edge users relative to cell-center users creating a large QoS gap. This paper proposes a analytical approach that tries to reduce inter-cell interference, and shows the SIR and BER performance according to the OFDM system parameters in mobile Internet environment.

Measuring Mobile Internet Communication End User Cost and System Latency as Data Limitations

This paper examines the use of automated measurement as a tool to support the development on mobile internet communication. The focus is on analysis on end user inputs; data connection cost, time spent on moving data, and end user effort in the use of mobile internet communication service. The paper compares results of two case studies in UK and in Finland to the 2010 created 50 €s roaming limit for Telecommunications in EU, and supports the year 2011 Proposal for the Digital Agenda of EU by analyzing the data cost per megabyte in actual use. The results in UK show that mobile service users were concerned about the cost of mobile service usage. This seems to limit the actual data amounts moved. Pilot user in Finland in 2010 exceeded 12 times the data limit valid in UK a year earlier. The results suggest that mobile system latency is a continuous development initiative; in the second pilot in Finland, end user could move 40 mega bytes in 20 minutes with a fixed price of 9.8 € a month; 25 cents per megabyte, if no additional data was moved. By understanding the end user limitations linked to actual use cases, the potential value or end user may become more transparent.

Resource management and QoS control in multiple traffic wireless and mobile Internet systems

AbstractEnd‐to‐end quality of service (QoS) control for multiple traffic in wired networks is carried out through Differentiated services (DiffServ). Edge routers in DiffServ domain classify incoming flows into different per‐hop behavior (PHB) groups and give a policy‐based QoS guarantee to these behavior aggregates. As Internet extends into the wireless and mobile section, different traffic flows should be treated differently not only in wired core network, but also in wireless resource allocations. In this paper, we propose a preemptive priority handoff and adaptive resource allocation scheme. DiffServ PHB groups are mapped into different wireless and mobile QoS classes. Traffic flows are categorized into these classes in order to allow the system to allocate different bandwidth and make resource reservation according to their priorities. Higher priority traffic flows are permitted to preempt lower priority flows in service. Lower ones, on the contrary, can expand their bandwidth into areas reserved for higher priority traffic flows for better resource utilization. We use both analytical model and simulation to evaluate the system performance in terms of blocking probabilities, forced termination probabilities, and delay. The forced termination probability of high priority traffic flows can be decreased significantly by introducing the preemptive priority scheme. Therefore, this scheme can be used in wireless part of the system along with DiffServ to give further guarantee for low delay, low jitter, and low loss services to high priority services. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

What's so different about the mobile Internet?

The mobile Internet, defined as wireless access to the digitized contents of the Internet via mobile devices, has advanced significantly, both in terms of its user population and its technology. Recent research suggests that the number of mobile Internet users in the world will grow 18-fold between 2000 and 2005, to about 729 million [5]. The number of people using the mobile Internet already exceeds those using the stationary Internet in Japan [3]. In South Korea, the number of people owning a mobile phone is 29 million (64% of the total population), the number of mobile Internet subscribers is estimated to be about 18 million (39% of the total population), and more than 3.5 million people are already using a 2.5G mobile Internet service, CDMA-1x, with a speed of 2.4Mbps [8]. The rapid growth of the mobile Internet has significant implications for e-businesses. However, we cannot simply transfer the rules of the stationary Internet to the mobile Internet “game” because the mobile Internet differs significantly in various aspects from the stationary Internet. Hence we need to analyze the characteristics of the mobile Internet and their impact on e-business. This study investigates the business implications of the mobile Internet from the user’s perspective. In three consecutive large-scale surveys conducted in Korea, the effects of the characteristics of the mobile Internet on business users were identified. The business implications of the mobile Internet were then compared with those of the stationary Internet, and their divergences analyzed according to the characteristics of mobile Internet systems.

A case study of MMO2’s MADIC: a framework for creating mobile Internet systems

Mobile Internet applications on ubiquitous mobile networks allows real‐time, anywhere, anytime connectivity to services. Owing to its scalability and potential cost savings, mobile communication is being increasingly applied in the business and consumer communities to create innovative data and voice application, which run over the Internet infrastructure. This paper reports on a case study at an organisation that created an innovative approach to developing mobile applications developed by third party independent developers. A conceptual wireless reference model is presented that was used to define the various system constituents required to create effective mobile applications.

Channel Effect Compensation in LSF Domain

This study addresses the problem of channel effect in the line spectrum frequency (LSF) domain. LSF parameters are the popular speech features encoded in the bit stream for low bit-rate speech transmission. A method of channel effect compensation in LSF domain is of interest for robust speech recognition on mobile communication and Internet systems. If the bit error rate in the transmission of digital encoded speech is negligibly low, the channel distortion comes mainly from the microphone or the handset. When the speech signal is represented in terms of the phase of inverse filter derived from LP analysis, this channel distortion can be expressed in terms of the channel phase. Further derivation shows that the mean subtraction performed on the phase of inverse filter can minimize the channel effect. Based on this finding, an iterative algorithm is proposed to remove the bias on LSFs due to channel effect. The experiments on the simulated channel distorted speech and the real telephone speech are conducted to show the effectiveness of our proposed method. The performance of the proposed method is comparable to that of cepstral mean normalization (CMN) in using cepstral coefficients.

Distributed Positioning: A Network-Supported Method for Satellite Positioning Performance Improvement

Recent studies show that basic satellite positioning is reaching its limits in terms of performance improvements. Further enhancements in positioning performance can be based almost entirely on augmentation and procedures supported by other systems. Considering the complexity of the interrelationship with additional systems, intrinsically different solutions are being developed to solve the positioning performance improvement problem. Here we present a new concept in positioning. Dubbed distributed positioning, it merges basic satellite positioning with advanced and assisted positioning procedures. The resulting complex synergy unavoidably includes the use of additional technologies in mobile communications, wireless Internet, and advanced computer systems. The real advantage from the introduction of distributed positioning lies in its capability to provide a significant improvement in overall positioning performance. Latest navigation status and up-to-date local environment models are much easier to apply on rover positioning, compared with classical assisted-GPS positioning procedures. Distributed positioning presents a completely different approach in positioning performance improvement, opening new prospects in research and development not only in the field of the satellite positioning, but also in telecommunications and computer engineering.

‘Reliability’ Reconsidered: A Critique of the HRO‐NAT Debate

The concept of reliability is beginning to take on new meaning as Information Technology becomes pervasive in both the private and public sectors. This topic deserves further attention as new mobile Internet systems proliferate. This research note is concerned with developing a more operational understanding of the concept of ‘reliability’. The HRO‐NAT Debate is raising many related issues in this regard. However, the article goes further and seeks to provide a multi‐level contingent schema for this purpose.