Mobile Gateway Research Articles

Socialized WBANs in mobile sensing environments

It is challenging to improve the performance of WBANs in a mobile social environment due to mobility, privacy concerns, and dynamic social interactions. Mobile social networks are capable of providing an opportunity to address the challenge for rapidly increasing m-Health applications. In this article we propose to construct new algorithms and theoretical models to build s-WBANs that can bridge the WBANs and social networks in the mobile sensing environment. With s-WBANs vital sign data collection and data fusion can be performed reliably and securely over a dynamic social environment. Further, an s-WBAN application of epidemic control by fusing the information of WBANs and social interaction via mobile gateway (i.e. smartphone) will be investigated, illustrating the practical significance of the proposed s-WBANs.

Data-Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks using Mobile Elements

Using mobile gateway as mechanical data carrier has emerged as a promising approach to prolong the network lifetime and relaying information in partition networks. This mobile gateway periodically travels the network to gather the sensor data, where the gateway tour start and end at the sink. The gateway’s tour length must be bounded by pre-defined time constant to avoid buffer overflow. In this paper, we investigate the problem of scheduling the mobile gateway tour in which the tour length satisfies bounding constraints while the sensors lifetime is also increased. We present an algorithmic approach that schedule gateway path by partitioning the network into clusters, so that one node from each cluster must be visited by a mobile gateway. Our experiment results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly increases the network lifetime compare to networks with static-sink. Also, the quality of the obtained gateway is within 3/2 of the optimal solution tour length.

Gateways’ Mobility Increases the Capacity of Communication in VANETs: Routing Algorithm Based on Congestion Game

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is considered as a special application of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks in road traffic, which can autonomously organize networks without infrastructure. VANETs enable vehicles on the road to communicate with each other and with road infrastructure using wireless capabilities. In the last few years, extensive research provided several routing algorithms to extend Internet connectivity to VANETs through fixed gateways installed along the road. However, most of these algorithms have not been effective because of the high mobility of vehicles in the road. In this paper, we propose a routing algorithm which based both on the congestion game to resolve the problem of network congestion and on mobile gateways to resolve the problem of high mobility in VANET. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is a prediction done by each node in the network that helps them to reach the optimal route to access Internet. Simulation results validate the algorithm and show its robustness under two scenarios. In the first one, we examine the algorithm with fixed gateways installed along the road to validate the connectivity to the Internet. Whilst in the second scenario, we examine the algorithm with mobile gateways to show the effectiveness of gateways’ mobility on the capacity of communication and the Internet access in VANETs.

Research on Mobile Information Access Based on Internet of Things

The paper design mobile information collection system based on Internet of Things, implemented access gateway by smart mobile devices through a variety of ways, such as Wi-Fi and access the underlying perceptual information based on ZigBee wireless sensor networks. On the one hand, For information sensitivity of the sensor network, we design the mobile terminal through the gateway access authentication protocol, and effective solute the authentication and information between mobile devices and gateways, gateway and sensor network nodes obtain permission problem; on the other hand, according to the practical application of mobile information collection characteristics, the paper proposed information collection strategy based on historical data movement path to solve the problem for too long the device connection is established when the mobile smart devices collecting information along fixed lines, increasing the actual data transmission time and improve the efficiency of information transmission.

Prominence of Different Routing Protocols in MANET for Heterogeneous Communication Environment

is increasing in all types of communication day by day. The challenge of maintaining seamless communication by avoiding congestion in a cost effective way has garnered much interest of present researchers. This challenge can be met by developing solutions for communication network based on internet technologies. This is done by developing Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANETs) are infrastructure-less dynamic networks allowing mobile nodes to communicate beyond transmission range where mobile nodes act as gateway itself. In this research new network architecture is proposed which is combination of aeronautical and nautical communication network. This research will present a new paradigm for both aeronautical and nautical communication in air to ground and air to sea at future with mobile gateway. In this paper the performance of four routing protocols i.e. AODV, DSDV, DSR and AOMDV are compared to using various performance metrics. On the basis of these comparisons the best routing protocol for MANETs in heterogeneous communication environment has been proposed by performing simulation in Network Simulator (NS-2.35). By this approach it's possible to obtain seamless communication over the whole world.

Applicability of DSDV and DSR Routing Protocol for MANET with Mobile Gateway

this technological era mobile communication among air transportation is increasing day by day. Maintaining seamless communication by avoiding congestion in a cost effective way is a future challenge. This future challenge can be met by developing solutions for an aeronautical air-ground communication network based on internet technologies. This is done by developing Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANETs) are infrastructure-less dynamic networks allowing mobile nodes to communicate beyond transmission range. Nodes in a MANET that connect it to the Internet are called Internet gateways. This research will present a new paradigm for aeronautical communication in air to ground and air to air at future with mobile gateway. Most of the previous researches on MANET were focused on static gateway. In this paper two routing protocols DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing Protocol) are considered for simulation by Network Simulator (NS-2.35) and shown by performance metrics which is the best one. KeywordsSequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR), MANET, mobile gateway, Network Simulator (NS-2.35).

An Efficient Gateway Discovery Algorithm with Delay Guarantee for VANET-3G Heterogeneous Networks

The integration of VANETs and 3G networks promises a good perspective of easily exchanging information among VANETs, 3G Networks and Internet. However, as a 3G base station's capacity is limited, too many requests from vehicles with 3G UTRAN interfaces, may bring with them long communication delay and lots of collisions. In this paper, we propose a novel gateway discovery algorithm for VANETs, providing an efficient and adaptive location-aided and prompt gateway discovery mechanism (LAPGD). Here, all vehicles go across selected mobile gateways to access 3G networks instead of direct connection. The algorithm aims to ensure every vehicle capable of finding its optimal gateway, to minimize the total number of gateways selected in VANETs, and to guarantee the average delay of packets within an allowable range. We implement this algorithm and prove its correction. Simulation results show the performance of the algorithm is affected by such parameters as the maximum coverage of a gateway, the number of gateways, as well as the requesting delay. The results indicate the algorithm is significant in gateway selection

A LISP-Based Implementation of Follow Me Cloud

The follow me cloud (FMC) concept enables service mobility, wherein not only content/data, but also services follow their respective users. The FMC allows mobile users to be always connected via the optimal data anchor and mobility gateways to access their data and services from optimal data centers. The FMC was initially designed to support user mobility, particularly in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) networks. In this paper, FMC is further tailored to support mobile users connected from other network types, such as public WiFi or Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) fixed networks. Indeed, this paper presents an implementation of FMC based on local/identifier separation protocol (LISP), whereby the main goal is to render FMC independent from the underlying technology. To simplify further the deployment, all FMC entities (including LISP entities) are virtualized considering the network function virtualization principle.

The Application of Telephone Mobility Gateway Based on VPN Tunnel

The Application of Telephone Mobility Gateway Based on VPN Tunnel

Secure Cryptographic Mechanisms for Safeguarding Citizen Communications in the Presence of Tyranny

Despite the fast pace at which technology is spreading and communication networks are growing, some environments remain a challenge for communication service providers. In areas characterized by intermittent connectivity, long propagation delays, and high interference, connectionoriented communication protocols do not provide the optimal solution. These limitations increased the interest in developing delay-tolerant networks that can provide the basic means of communication without a strict demand for connectivity, network capacity, or regular mobility patterns of communicating nodes. A possible application of delay-tolerant networks is communication in the presence of oppressive governments. In this paper, we attempt to develop a secure delay-tolerant network system that enables citizens to communicate freely in an environment where public communication methods, such as mobile networks and the Internet, are intercepted and used by the authorities to monitor civilian activities. The proposed system is composed of several disconnected zones in which data marshals between Private Key Generators and normal nodes in different zones through mobile gateway nodes that carry messages between those zones. We simulate the system using GrooveNet, and describe the effects of different parameters on overall performance and security. In order to establish a communication network, we need to make that its nodes are able to communicate. Mobile network operators, for example, create coverage plans to distribute their sites in a way that enables a subscriber to place phone calls to any location within the mobile network. In challenged environments, however, it is not always possible to guarantee continuous connectivity for networking entities. In mountainous terrains, rural plantations, and war zones, communication using wireless networks is prone to disruption and long delays. This increased the interest in developing delay-tolerant networks (DTNs) that do not have strict requirements for connectivity, network capacity and mobility patterns of communicating nodes. Delay-Tolerant Networking was first considered for deep-space communications, due to the huge propagation delays experienced during data transfer between different planets of the solar system [1]. Interplanetary environments are also subject to high bit error rates and long disconnections, which added the term “disruption” to this research field. DTN deployment was later extended to include some terrestrial networks characterized by intermittent connectivity, such as wireless networks in rural areas, military networks, and vehicular networks [14]. However, no “killer” DTN application has been identified yet. DTN models and architectures are being developed for several possible applications including low-cost, minimum infrastructure social networking. Possible DTN applications include e-governance, telemedicine and citizen journalism in rural areas [3] which impose strict security and privacy requirements. Therefore, DTNs are expected to consider providing the necessary security services to applications and subscribers. Securing a DTN has to take into consideration the various challenges encountered in such networks. The main challenge is the lack of end-to-end sustained connectivity, which imposes large communication delays and pushes network entities towards opportunistic communication over the intermittent links [4]. DTN nodes are usually characterized by high mobility with undetermined mobility patterns [1]. These nodes could range from laptop computers to tablets, cell phones, or even tiny sensors. Thus, storage capacity and battery life vary considerably among different types of nodes, and could become scarce in some of them. These challenges, particular to the disruption-prone environment of DTNs, render traditional security mechanisms inapplicable [5]. Similar to other networks, DTNs are subject to several security threats. Denial of Service (DoS) attacks could happen at any layer of the DTN. Malicious nodes could launch masquerading attacks by pretending to be valid nodes and intercepting communications.

안전한 WEB of Things 응용을 위한 개체 인증 기술

WoT (Web of Things) was proposed to realize intelligent thing to thing communications using WEB standard technology. It is difficult to adapt security protocols suited for existing Internet communications into WoT directly because WoT includes LLN(Low-power, Lossy Network) and resource constrained sensor devices. Recently, IETF standard group propose to use DTLS protocol for supporting security services in WoT environments. However, DTLS protocol is not an efficient solution for supporting end to end security in WoT since it introduces complex handshaking procedures and high communication overheads. We, therefore, divide WoT environment into two areas- one is DTLS enabled area and the other is an area using lightweight security scheme in order to improve them. Then we propose a mutual authentication scheme and a session key distribution scheme for the second area. The proposed system utilizes a smart device as a mobile gateway and WoT proxy. In the proposed authentication scheme, we modify the ISO 9798 standard to reduce both communication overhead and computing time of cryptographic primitives. In addition, our scheme is able to defend against replay attacks, spoofing attacks, select plaintext/ciphertext attacks, and DoS attacks, etc.

Why mobile health app overload drives us crazy, and how to restore the sanity

BackgroundSmartphones and tablet computers have become an integral part of our lives. One of their key features is the possibility of installing third-party apps. These apps can be very helpful for improving health and healthcare. However, medical professionals and citizens are currently being overloaded with health apps. Consequently, they will have difficulty with finding the right app, and information and features are fragmented over too many apps, thereby limiting their usefulness.DiscussionIn order to combat health app overload, suppliers of apps need to do three things. One, join the open source movement, so that a few apps can work as gateway to medical information by incorporating information from different sources. Two, standardize content, so that the information provided via apps is readable. And third, in order to prevent information overload from occurring within an app, content should be personalized towards an individual’s characteristics and context.SummarySuppliers of medical information and features need to join the open source movement and must make use of standardized medical information formats, in order to allow third parties to create valuable, mobile gateway apps. This can prevent the occurrence of health app overload. By going along in these trends, we can make health apps achieve the impact on healthcare quality and citizens’ health many of us envision.

A Simulation Platform for ZigBee-UMTS Hybrid Networks

A ZigBee Network is a low-cost and low-power wireless network based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, which allows wireless connectivity with limited power and relaxed throughput requirements. On the other hand, the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third-generation cellular network that provides high-speed wireless traffic transfer to the Internet. This paper presents the design and implementation of a novel integrated ZigBee and UMTS hybrid network in the Network Simulator (ns-2). In this hybrid network, we design a new Mobile Gateway to interconnect these two different sub-networks. With the hierarchical addressing and some special UMTS network discovering mechanisms, routing in the hybrid network, from the ZigBee network via the UMTS network to the wired network, is achieved. We also design a simulation platform to make it easier for protocol designers to design and evaluate new protocols in such a hybrid network.

Context-Aware Mobile Gateway Relocation Scheme for Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent years, researchers have been attracted to clustering methods to improve communication and data transmission in a network. Compared with traditional wireless networks, wireless sensor networks are energy constrained and have lower data rates. The concept of implementing a clustering algorithm in an existing project on gateway relocation is being explored here. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is applied to an existing study on relocating a gateway. The study is further improved by moving the gateway to a specific cluster based on the number or significance of the events detected. The protocol is improved so that each cluster head can communicate with a mobile gateway. The cluster heads are the only nodes that can communicate with the mobile gateway when it (the mobile gateway) is out of the cluster nodes’ transmission range. Once the gateway is in range, the nodes will begin their transmission of real-time data. This alleviates the load of the nodes that would be located closest to the gateway if it were static.

모바일 플랫폼을 이용한 원격 건강 감시 시스템 구현

본 논문에서는 생체신호계측 시스템과 안드로이드 기반의 모바일 플랫폼을 이용한 게이트웨이와 그리고 네트워크 서버를 통하여 사용자의 모바일 클라이언트로 생체 데이터를 전송하여 개인 건강관리를 위한 유헬스케어 시스템을 제안하였다.BR 생체신호 계측 시스템은 심전도, 산소 포화도, 혈압, 호흡 등의 계측 기술을 바탕으로 구현하였으며 계측된 각종 정보는 헤더와 데이터로 3바이트로 구성된 전송 프로토콜을 이용하여 모바일 게이트웨이로 전송하였다. 모바일 게이트웨이로 수신된 데이터는 네트워크 서버를 통하여 모바일 클라이언트에 개인의 건강지수를 확인하였다.BR 본 논문에서는 제안한 안드로이드 기반의 게이트웨이와 클라이언트 그리고 방송형 네트워크 서버를 구현하고 실험하여 그 타당성을 가상실험 및 실제 사람을 통하여 검증하였다. 그 결과 제안한 유헬스케어 시스템은 근거리 및 원거리에서 개인의 건강을 관리하는 데 효과적임을 보였으며 개인의 실시간으로 건강상태를 확인할 수 있었으며 보호자의 이동성을 보장 할 수 있는 장점을 보였다.

Deploying intelligent e-health services in a mobile gateway

This work presents the design of a mobile gateway for independent life and e-health support. Technologies such as OSGi and Web Services have been used to deploy several services as an example, such as bio-medical parameter monitorization, alerts, and communication with a coordination center. A complete functional service which uses context-awareness has been explained and the benefits of using Service Oriented Architecture are explained. Finally, the lessons learned of this kind of development, which involves several types of systems, data, languages, and development groups, are discussed.

MGF: Mobile Gateway Based Forwarding for Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Data Delivery in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

The highly dynamic topology and the rapid movement of destination node pose special challenges to Infrastructure-to-Vehicle(I2V) data delivery in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks(VANET).Current data delivery methods are with the strong delay,the large jitter of delay and low delivery ratio for I2V data delivery.The paper investigates how to effectively utilize the prominent characteristic of buses,and proposes Mobile Gateway(MG) based Forwarding(MGF) that buses are installed as MG to forward data packet.To solve the problem that the paper models road network as a probabilistic state-space graph,in which applies the value iteration algorithm for the markov decision processing model to derive the optimal forwarding policy,that means the optimal forwarding sequence.In order to improve the performance of data delivery,the paper selects an optimal rendezvous point of the packet and the destination vehicle as the target point while satisfying the required packet delivery probability.Through theoretical analysis and extensive experiments,it is shown that our design provides an efficient I2V data forwarding under a variety of vehicular traffic conditions.

U-라이프케어 모니터링 시스템 단말기 개발

u-Life care device collect body bio formation, and classify and store them in exercise patterns. Afterwards, the devices send the data through bluetooth wireless communication to the smart phones which set Google Android operation system at regular intervals. The information is checked out through application. u-Life care device calculates calories spent a day after monitoring activity quantity with 3-axis acceleration sensor. The device judges the status of health through body data mining and consults tailored exercise treatment. When sending body data, the device sends them in smart phone through Blue Tooth wireless communication at once. So, as a strong point, the device doesn`t need mobile gateway or home gateway used for sending to web server information sensed from exercise life care products.

끊김 없는 핸드오프를 위한 다중 인터페이스 이동형 게이트웨이 설계 및 구현

이동형 게이트웨이(MG: Mobile Gateway)는 버스와 같은 차량에 탑승한 사용자들에게 인터넷 서비스를 제공하기 위한 무선랜 장치이다. 논문에서 다루는 MG는 인터넷 연결을 위해 도로변에 설치된 무선랜 기반 소형기지국(RSU AP : Road Side Unit AP)에 접속한다. 차량 이동 중에도 안정적인 통신 서비스를 제공하려면 MG의 접속 RSU가 바뀌는 핸드오프 과정이 빠르고 안정적으로 처리되어야 한다. 그런데 무선랜 기술 특성 상 핸드오프 과정의 통신 단절을 줄이는 데는 물리적 한계가 있다. 본 논문에서는 RSU 접속을 위한 무선랜 인터페이스를 복수 개로 사용하여 끊김 없는 핸드오프를 실현하는 다중 인터페이스 MG (MIMG : Multi-Interface MG)를 제안한다. 안정적인 핸드오프를 위한 구체적 방법으로 MIMG로부터 RSU로의 패킷 전송 단절을 제거하기 위한 Link Sharing 기법, RSU로부터 MIMG로의 패킷 전송 단절을 제거하기 위한 Path Sharing 기법을 제안한다. 우리는 임베디드 보드를 이용하여 제안한 핸드오프 기법을 실현한 MIMG를 구현하였고 이를 이용하여 성능 평가실험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과 단일 인터페이스를 가진 MG와 달리 MIMG는 핸드오프 시의 통신 단절을 제거할 수 있었고 대역폭도 50% 이상 향상됨을 확인하였다. Mobile Gateway(MG) is a wireless LAN device to provide internet services to a passenger on vehicles like a bus. For using internet services, MG connects the Road Side Unit AP(RSU AP) based on WLAN .To provide a stable communication service on the moving vehicle, handoff changing MG's RSU must be handled fast and stably. However, it has a physical limits to remove a disconnection time of handoff process by reason of its technological features. In this paper, we suggest a MIMG(Multi-Interface Mobile Gateway) executing seamless handoff by using multiple wireless LAN interfaces for connecting RSU. In the detailed way to do stable handoff, we suggest the "Link Sharing Technique" to disconnection time of packet transmission for RSU to MIMG and the "Path Sharing Technique" to remove disconnection time of packet transmission for MIMG to RSU. we implemented the MIMG which performs the suggested handoff technique. We confirmed the superiority of our system by remove of the disconnection time(0 ms), and improved over 50 % of the communication bandwidth.

PMIPv6 네트워크에서 비용효과적인 도메인 간의 분산 이동성 제어기법

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is designed to provide network-based mobility management support to an MN without any involvement of the MN in the mobility related signalling, hence, the proxy mobility entity performs all related signalling on behalf of the MN. The new principal functional entities of PMIPv6 are the local mobility anchor (LMA) and the mobile access gateway (MAG). In PMIPv6, all the data traffic sent from the MN gets routed to the LMA through a tunnel between the LMA and the MAG, but it still has the single point of failure (SPOF) and bottleneck state of traffic. To solve these problems, various approaches directed towards PMIPv6 performance improvements such as route optimization proposed. But these approaches add additional signalling to support MN`s mobility, which incurs extra network overhead and still has difficult to apply to multiple-LMA networks. In this paper, we propose a improved route optimization in PMIPv6-based multiple-LMA networks. All LMA connected to the proxy internetworking gateway (PIG), which performs inter-domain distributed mobility control. And, each MAG keeps the information of all LMA in PMIPv6 domain, so it is possible to perform fast route optimization. Therefore, it supports route optimization without any additional signalling because the LMA receives the state information of route optimization from PIG.