Mobile Broadband Research Articles

A Review of Road Accidents Detection through Wireless Technology—5G, MIMO and Internet of Things

Road transport is been used for moving people and all kinds of goods throughout the world. However, it is one mode of transportation that is prone to accidents and it faces a plethora of never-ending challenges, such as the frequent loss of lives and valuables when accident occurs. The best course of action to handle these issues is to set up an autonomous incident detection system using wireless communication, 5G technologies and the Internet of Things. IoT is a seamless technology that increases the connectivity between humans and machines. It is web-based, and improves communication between vehicle to vehicle, vehicle to infrastructures, transfer of data and information to predict incident occurrences through various networks and frameworks such as eCall, OneM2M and integration of mobile broadband. Additionally, internet of things is being adopted for public safety; for instance, it can speed up first responders’ response times to situations by displaying the best routes to a scene of an accident. The rapid development of 5G is happening in parallel with developments of internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and smart platforms for novel applications such as mission-critical communications. 5G is a new generation technology that operates on the Ultra High Spectrum Band UHSB. It is an innovation that uses the pedestrians-vehicle-road-cloud, and the communication between vehicle locations and temperature of high-quality connection. It is essential for intelligent transport systems because it allows for information sharing, prediction of incidences as safety is the primary concern of road transport. This review examines accident detection through 5G technology, integrated mobile broadband, and multiple inputs multiple outputs (MIMO) wireless system. Finally, we conclude by examining recent technology, challenges, present and future research trends.

GLOBAL CONNECTIVTY REPORT 2022. CHAPTER 2. THE JOURNEY TO UNIVERSAL AND MEANINGFUL CONNECTIVITY

The Global Connectivity Report 2022 takes stock of the progress in digital connectivity over the past three decades. It provides a detailed assessment of the current state of connectivity and how close the world is to achieving universal and meaningful connectivity, using a unique analytical framework. It goes on to showcase solutions and good practices to accelerate progress. The second part of the report consists of seven thematic deep dives on infrastructure, affordability, financing, the pandemic, regulation, youth, and data. Chapter 2 relies on the framework for universal and meaningful connectivity and the associated targets for 2030, developed by ITU and the Office of the Secretary-General’s Envoy on Technology, to analyse the current state of digital connectivity globally and progress towards reaching the targets by 2030. The framework considers usage by various stakeholders (universal dimension of connectivity) and the five enablers of connectivity (meaningful dimension of connectivity): infrastructure, device, affordability, skills, and safety and security. The assessment reveals that the world is still far from universal and meaningful connectivity. Infrastructure needs to be rolled out or improved to bridge the coverage gap. There are still significant differences between and within countries in network availability and quality. Fixed broadband is a costly investment and is not available or is unaffordable for many. Mobile broadband offers greater flexibility and is less expensive, and most rely on this technology to go online. But in many rural areas of developing countries, only 3G is available, when meaningful connectivity requires 4G. The coverage gap, currently at 5%, is dwarfed by the usage gap: 32% of people who are within range of a mobile broadband network and could therefore connect, remain offline. Data compiled by ITU make it possible to classify the offline population based on who they are and where they live. The main reasons cited by people for not using the Internet are the lack of affordability, of awareness about the Internet, of need, as well as the inability to use the Internet. Globally, connectivity became more expensive in 2021 due to the global economic downturn triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. After years of steady decline, the share of income spent on telecommunication and Internet services increased in 2021. The global median price of an entry-level broadband plan in the majority of countries amounts to more than 2% of the gross national income per capita, which is the affordability threshold set by the Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development. People should not be forced to use the Internet. However, evidence suggests that introducing people to the Internet usually entices them to stay online. Based on activities people reported, use of the Internet leads to an improved social life, with the use of social networks, making Internet calls and streaming video the most common activities.

Improving Social Management Innovation Ability by Using Internet of Things Technology

In the context of the Internet of Things, the future network will be able to more effectively promote the mutual progress between personal development, social management and smart goods. On the demand of the social network model and its research background and the related information, the thesis provides a model of the relevant information from the Internet and social material base, the extraction of the business process layer, transport layer, information processing, and formulate the function of the application layer, through the social network of social relations, and positioning information for the object of the basic theory in the study of data analysis. The simulation results of the above algorithms show that although the social network architecture is not fully applicable to the social Internet of Things, by modifying the specific functions in the structure, two serial ports support 485 connection, and IG1000 can support the convergence of 100 devices. IG1000 northbound provides 100 M network and mobile wireless broadband interface, data reading speed up to 10 000 /s. Object related standards can obtain the structure of social Internet of Things, including ontology semantic web and social function, which well proves the effectiveness and efficiency of the above algorithm and lays a foundation for further research in the future.

Impact analysis of information communication technology (ICT) and education on Vietnam's economic growth

This paper analyzes the impact of information communication technology (ICT) and education on economic growth at the provincial level in Vietnam. Based on data from 63 provinces/cities within the period 2010-2018, the authors apply the Panel Data Analysis approach, including Pooled OLS, FEM, and REM models, to examine the effects of ICT and education on economic growth in these provinces/cities. Its findings demonstrate that regarding the education effects, whereas the public expenditure on education and the primary school enrollment ratio have a positive influence on the economic growth, the rate of higher levels of enrollment shows no impact on the economic growth. On the other hand, in terms of the ICT effect, while increased mobile phone usage and broadband subscription rate has a positive impact on economic growth, there is an inverse relationship between landline telephone usage rate and economic growth. Moreover, the results also show that there is no relation between internet usage rate and economic growth. In addition, with the research level being provinces/cities, the analysis results clearly show the detail and specificity, creating conditions for making statistics and comparisons to differentiate between each province/citys. Based on data analysis results, this research promotes some interventions and macro policies in order to assist economic planners in providing solutions that are focused and suitable to each particular region, paving the way for synchronous and effective economic development across Vietnam's economic regions in years to come.

Access protocol aware controller design for eMBB traffic in SD-CDN

Under a tremendous increase in 5th Generation (5G) traffic, the conventional Domain Name Server(DNS)-based routing in Content Delivery Network (CDN) cannot meet enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB) communication requirements. It routes the traffic flow to the local CDN server which is closest to the end-user geographically using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Therefore; the overloading in the local CDN server is inevitable. According to literature, the access types of eMBB content achieve a higher hit-ratio in CDN caching and the anycast-based routing can redirect some of the traffic flows to the original server despite having a geographical disadvantage. Therefore, we consider access protocol types of a user such as TCP-based Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol 2 (HTTP2) and Quick User Datagram Protocol Internet Connections (QUIC) which are commonly used today in iphone Operating System (ioS) and Android-based applications. However, they do not have a central view to select optimal server according to access type in CDN and they are unaware of network dynamics such as protocol-based load and heterogeneity; i.e. the number of total matches packets and the ratio of the packets according to access protocols (HTTP2/QUIC). Therefore, we propose access protocol aware Software Defined Content Delivery Networks (SD-CDN) for eMBB traffic which decouples Data and Control planes and enables easy implementation of anycast routing on this infrastructure. It dynamically takes statistics from OpenFlow switches in the Data plane to calculate a novel load and the heterogeneity metrics per device periodically. It embeds the OpenFlow rules by using a novel access protocol-aware routing algorithm in SD-CDN. According to performance evaluation in a real test-bed environment; the Quality of Server (QoS) of received eMBB content by end-user from either the local or the original CDN servers, the proposed SD-CDN outputs 60% better PSNR than the conventional DNS-based routing with an acceptable rate for 5G requirements.

Comparative Analysis of Enhanced Mobile Broadband and Mini-Slot Contributions to High Reliability and Low Latency of 5G Network

As one of the three 5G application scenarios, URLLC has the characteristics of ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability, and becomes an important breakthrough for traditional communication to enter vertical industries. This paper firstly analyzes the key technologies of low delay and high reliability of URLLC, as well as the related technologies enhanced by URLLC. Futhermore, the examples of 3.5 GHz networks of both China Telecom and China Unicom are adopted to analyze the adaptability of URLLC in TDD networks. Research shows that URLLC technology can maintain the characteristics of low latency and high reliability through a variety of paths, and its adaptability in the Internet also presents a stable trend.

Campus Quality of Services Analysis of Mobile Wireless Communications Network Signal among Providers in Malaysia

Wireless communication is very important in this generation where todays 5G internet connection is still unconfirmed and 4G communication is still needed. Network in Malaysia has been supported by many telecommunication companies and the Quality of Services is still poor supported especially in the campus area. This research presents a performance analysis of Quality of Services for 4G wireless Communication among Providers supported in a campus area in Malaysia. A 4G Nemo Outdoor wireless analyzer was used to collect the Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) signal data based on the identified campus road maps. Digi and U-Mobile Network was identified and compared as two telecommunications providers in the testing. The identified road maps were analyzed along the routes while testing signals are collected while driving. It is identified that Digi supports better for the Mobile broadband network which shows an excellent of 1% and good connections of 29 % and 0% signal loss in the drive areas. RSRP signal for U-Mobile shows there is 8% signal loss and the connections provided only at the Mid-Cell for 43% and Cell Edge connections for 48%. This concludes that the 4G signal strength in the campus area having average signal strength, but some medium signal strength is also identified based on the road locations. This research is significant for QoS of supports mobile network in a campus area.

An SDN Controller-Based Network Slicing Scheme Using Constrained Reinforcement Learning

In order to meet the strong diversification of services that demand network flexibility that will be able to serve the dire need for transmission resources, network slicing was embraced as a plausible solution. Reinforcement learning (RL) has been applied in resource allocation (RA) problems, but has not yet marked the translation from traditional optimization approaches primarily due to its inability to satisfy state constraints. The aim of this article is to address this challenge. This article proposes a logical architecture for network slicing based on software-defined networking (SDN), where an SDN controller controls the network slicing process in a centralized fashion, and manages the resource allocation (RA) process with the help of the slice manager. The considered problem jointly addresses power and channel allocation using a hybrid access mode for ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) and enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) slices. Proper assumptions on the arrival rates, packet length distributions, as well as power and delay constraints were used to design the behavior of the reward function to realize a constrained RL approach. Here, the Bellman optimality equation was reformulated into a primal-dual optimization problem through the use of Nesterov’s smoothing technique and the Legendre-Fenchel transformation. The proposed algorithm shows favorable performance over the traditional RL strategy in attributes favoring eMBB services, i.e., the average bit rate, and significantly outperforms both baselines in attributes favoring URLLC services, i.e., average latency. Systematically, on the power-delay performance evaluation, it shows that it can adapt very well in rapidly time-varying non-Markovian environments and still successfully satisfy the delay constraints of the applications hosted on a slice.

Intelligent Resource Allocations for Software-Defined Mission-Critical IoT燬ervices

Heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) applications generate a diversity of novelty applications and services in next-generation networks (NGN), which is essential to guarantee end-to-end (E2E) communication resources for both control plane (CP) and data plane (DP). Likewise, the heterogeneous 5th generation (5G) communication applications, including Mobile Broadband Communications (MBBC), massive Machine-Type Commutation (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), obligate to perform intelligent Quality-of-Service (QoS) Class Identifier (QCI), while the CP entities will be suffered from the complicated massive HIOT applications. Moreover, the existing management and orchestration (MANO) models are inappropriate for resource utilization and allocation in large-scale and complicated network environments. To cope with the issues mentioned above, this paper presents an adopted software-defined mobile edge computing (SDMEC) with a lightweight machine learning (ML) algorithm, namely support vector machine (SVM), to enable intelligent MANO for real-time and resource-constraints IoT applications which require lightweight computation models. Furthermore, the SVM algorithm plays an essential role in performing QCI classification. Moreover, the software-defined networking (SDN) controller allocates and configures priority resources according to the SVM classification outcomes. Thus, the complementary of SVM and SDMEC conducts intelligent resource MANO for massive QCI environments and meets the perspectives of mission-critical communication with resource constraint applications. Based on the E2E experimentation metrics, the proposed scheme shows remarkable outperformance in key performance indicator (KPI) QoS, including communication reliability, latency, and communication throughput over the various powerful reference methods.

Marketing Mix and New Product Diffusion Models

In this paper we analyze the relationship between the marketing mix and new product diffusion models. The goal is to obtain a general new product diffusion model that incorporates the classic 4Ps model of the Marketing Mix: Product, Price, Place, Promotion. An empirical study was conducted using mobile broadband adoption data in Japan.

URLLC and eMBB in 5G Industrial IoT: A Survey

Fifth generation (5G)-industrial Internet of things (IIoT) is the integration of IIoT and a private 5G network. The IIoT is a concept that involves incorporating smart objects, gadgets, and solutions into cutting-edge industrial operations to increase reliability, efficiency, and over-production costs. Furthermore, the integration of IIoT and 5G/beyond 5G (B5G) provides the potential for ubiquitous and instantaneous connectivity. The 5G architecture can handle the IIoTs stringent ultra-low latency, real-time processing, high data rate, nearby storage, and reliability requirements. A new era of economic growth is predicted for IIoT-assisted 5G/B5G wireless networks. It should be noted that the majority of the work in IIoT is focused on the architecture, with reliability and throughput being largely ignored. This paper provides a comprehensive review of B5G assisted IIoT wireless networks, with a focus on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) services. Furthermore, it provides insights into various applications and key enabling technologies from the perspective of URLLC, eMBB, and their tradeoff.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ВАРИАНТОВ МНОГОСТАНЦИОННОГО ДОСТУПА ДЛЯ СОТОВЫХ СЕТЕЙ 5G И 6G

Introduction: IMT2020 (5G) networks can significantly improve the performance of previous generation mobile communication systems in terms of improving broadband multiple access (eMBB – enhanced Mobile Broadband) and providing ultra-reliable low-latency communication (ULLRC – Ultra Low Latency Rellable Communication). The purpose of the work is to review and comparative analysis of multiple access technologies for promising mobile communication networks, which are based on OFDM. Result: The general principles of signal generation and processing when using variants of signals with OFDM using various methods of digital filtering of subcarrier frequencies are considered. For those OFDM options where a cyclic prefix may not be used (FBMC, UFMC), the possibility of increasing the information transfer rate is controversial, since the impulse responses of filters, for example, with FBMC, significantly exceed the duration of information signals, which increases intersymbol interference. Practical significance: The analysis of the general principles for constructing devices for generating and processing physical layer signals for OFDM variants with various methods of additional digital filtering of subcarrier frequencies shows that in all cases there is a significant complication of digital algorithms for generating and processing signals with a practical absence or in some cases a small gain (not more than (0.5&0.8) dB in relation to signal/noise) by the magnitude of the error per information bit. Based on the results of computer simulation, it is shown that OFDM technology and its variants do not allow obtaining breakthrough solutions in the field of physical layer signal characteristics for 5G and 6G networks, and alternative options for building group signal structures should be considered.

Interference-Aware Accurate Signal Recovery in Sub-1 GHz UHF Band Reuse-1 Cellular OFDMA Downlinks

Reuse-1 systems operating in the sub-1 GHz UHF band are limited by substantial co-channel interference (CCI). In such orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) cellular systems, the inter-sector or inter-tower interference (ITI) makes accurate signal recovery quite challenging as sub-1 GHz bands only support single-input single-output (SISO) links. Interference-aware receiver algorithms are essential to mitigate the ITI in such low-frequency bands. Such algorithms enable ubiquitous mobile broadband access over the entire homeland, say with >95% geographical coverage with quality of service guarantees. One element of the interference-aware signal recovery is the least-squares-based joint channel estimation scheme that uses non-orthogonal pilot subcarriers. This estimator is then compared with a variant that uses orthogonal pilot subcarriers to bring out the advantage of this joint estimator. It is shown that the proposed joint estimator requires fewer pilots to be well-determined when compared to its under-determined orthogonal counterpart. Moreover, it is easy to implement and does not require any knowledge of channel statistics. This work also derives a compensation factor needed for the interference-aware detector in the presence of inter-carrier interference (ICI) originating from multiple transmitters. Simulation results show that the proposed joint channel estimator outperforms traditional estimators at moderate to high frequency selectivity. The proposed compensation factor to the joint detector is found to be essential for recovering the transmitted signal in the absence of phase-tracking pilots.

SECURING DATA NETWORK FOR GROWING BUSINESS VPN ARCHITECTURES CELLULAR NETWORK CONNECTIVITY

Private networks allow organizations to leverage, customize and dedicate LTE network capabilities to their own service needs. These networks are controlled and managed locally and can be optimized for specific network services and applications. Often they are used because there may be gaps in coverage where there is no cellular connectivity. Enterprises and businesses running on light application systems, using small bandwidth and requiring fast deployment such as ATMs, vending machines, digital signage kiosks and small store branches We propose a method and concept and implementation, in the form of a Data Network Security Configuration For Business Growth VPN architecture Mobile Network Connectivity for various businesses. By implementing products and services by developing the configuration and model of VPN Tunneling Protocol rules, using the EOIP Protocol and SSTP Protocol methods and virtualization schemes using the VLAN Bridging method on Wide Area Network (WAN) network connectivity. This method takes advantage of the LTE features found on the RB751U-2hnd and then integrates Huawei Mobile Broadband LTE. We also present a general Service Level Agreement (SLA) and an open source tools-based SLA network system Zabbix. Then configure the VPN Tunneling Protocol and its features on the RB751U-2hnd using Paramiko Network Automation. The focus of the results of this research is that by utilizing the available tools we will build a VPN with system monitoring facilities with the results achieved are network performance and availability and show that the design we build can be used for private connections for growing businesses. the results obtained from testing for 1 month for the 3 providers used, for the average throughput value with VPN tunneling applied TSEL 14.2 Mbps, ISAT 13.9 Mbps and XL 13.5 Mbps. The SLA value obtained is based on acceptable criteria, TSEL 91.5%, ISAT 91.8% and XL 90.6%.

On the Cost of Achieving Downlink Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications in 5G Networks

We determine the cost of serving Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) traffic (1 ms one-way latency, 99.999% reliability) in 5G New Radio (NR) Macro cellular networks. The cost is measured as the degradation of the enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) downlink system capacity when serving a certain offered load of URLLC traffic on the same radio carrier. A methodology for assessing the cost of URLLC is presented, which takes into account all the aspects related to configuring a suitable resource allocation and link adaptation strategy, as well as the associated control channel overhead due to the use of mini-slots with very frequent control channel resources for monitoring downlink data assignments. When taking a holistic view on the performance, advanced system-level simulation results show that 1 Mbps of URLLC traffic results in an eMBB throughput reduction of up to 60 Mbps, i.e. URLLC traffic can be up to 60 times more costly than traditional best-effort. The presented results can be used by cellular service providers, such as operators, for understanding and dimensioning the tradeoffs and impact towards traditional network services when adding URLLC services to their portfolio.

Wireless Communications for Internet of Farming: An Early 5G Measurement Study

Data-driven agriculture and Internet of Farming (IoF) require reliable communication systems. Nowadays, only some of the key use cases demanded by the agricultural industry verticals get support from multiple state of the art wireless technologies such as 4G, Wi-Fi, or Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies, combined with satellite and cloud access. However, the ones demanding very high data rates or very low latency are still not feasible. With 5G, designed for flexible support of Extreme Mobile Broadband (xMBB), Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) and Ultra-reliable Machine-Type Communications (uMTC), more agricultural use cases will be possible. This paper provides a reference list of data-driven agriculture scenarios and use cases with their associated communication requirements, and whose feasibility is evaluated in a live 5G trial performed in a representative rural area scenario in the south of Denmark. The paper details a reference methodology for assessing 5G Quality of Service (QoS), including multi-connectivity schemes and reports the empirical 5G performance results, which are put in perspective of the requirements for the different IoF reference scenarios. The empirical results indicate that early 5G deployments are already capable of reliably serving data-driven agriculture vertical use cases such as those related to agricultural logistics or configuration of machinery and diagnostics in 65.8-99% of the cases; but it will be necessary to wait for 5G network upgrades and coming 5G Releases in order to operate the more low latency demanding use cases.

Scheduling of Heterogeneous Services by Resolving Conflicts

Fifth generation (5G) new radio introduced flexible numerology to accommodate heterogeneous services. However, optimizing the scheduling of heterogeneous services with differing delay and throughput requirements over 5G new radio is a challenging task. In this paper, we investigate near optimal, low complexity scheduling of radio resources for ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) when coexisting with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) services. We demonstrate that maximizing the sum throughput of eMBB services while servicing URLLC users over a fixed length time-frequency grid, is, in the long-term, equivalent to minimizing the number of URLLC placements in the time-frequency grid; this is the consequence of reducing the number of infeasible placements for eMBB, to which we refer to as “conflicts.” To meet this new objective, we evaluate the performance of new, conflict-aware heuristics, consisting of a family of “greedy” and a lightweight heuristic inspired by bin packing optimization, all of near optimal performance. Moreover, having shed light on the impact of conflict in layer-2 scheduling, we investigate non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) as a potential approach for conflict resolution leveraging superposition coding. The superior performance of NOMA with respect to OMA, thanks to resolving conflicts, is showcased by extensive numerical results.

Схемы модуляции для систем сотовой связи 5G/IMT-2020 и 6G

In recent years, 5G (Fifth Generation) and 6G (Sixth Generation) wireless networks have attracted extensive research interest. According to the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) project, 5G networks should be support three main application scenarios: enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine-Type Communications, (mMTC), Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC). In addition to that, enhanced vehicle-to-everything, (eV2X) are also considered as key technology in 5G. All these scenarios require ubiquitous connectivity providing high data rates and spectral efficiency. These issues lead to many challenges for introducing 5G and 6G networks. Traditional modulation and multiple access schemes will not achieve the requirements of 5G and 6G networks. In order to meet these upcoming requirements, it is necessary to explore novel modulation and multiple access schemes. Data rate, resistance to noise and capacity of wireless network depend on choosing current modulation scheme. To meet the requirements of 5G and 6G and reduce the out-of-band (OOB) leakage various modulation schemes based on subband filtering, pulse shaping and precoding have been proposed. This article provides an overview of the different modulation schemes for 5G and 6G systems.

Admission Control and Virtual Network Embedding in 5G Networks: A Deep Reinforcement-Learning Approach

Fifth-generation (5G) networks are already available in major urban areas and are expected to bring a major transformation to citizens’ lives. 5G services, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC), require a network infrastructure capable of supporting stringent requirements in terms of latency and bandwidth demands; as such, it must be highly dynamic and flexible. Network slicing is a key enabler technology that can provide dynamic and flexible characteristics to 5G network architecture. A network slice (NS) can be defined as a partition of network and IT resources, that is, network links and nodes capacity dedicated to a specific set of service demands. As a result, different NSs can coexist over the same physical infrastructure network and can be used to dynamically and flexibly deploy the aforementioned 5G services. However, to efficiently implement NSs with different requirements, communication service providers (CSPs) that own the physical infrastructure network must adopt sophisticated techniques for admission control and resource allocation of NSs. In this paper, we present a novel framework for admission control and resource allocation of 5G NSs in metro-core networks. Specifically, our framework is based on a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm called Advantage Actor Critic (A2C), which performs admission control, i.e. it is capable of learning which slice to admit based on the availability of the physical network resources. Then, given the diversity of requirements for each 5G service, we propose different resource allocation algorithms based on integer linear programming (ILP) and heuristics to treat each service accordingly. Results show that our proposed framework can increase the number of admitted NSs with respect to the case in which the admission control is disabled by improving the resource allocation performance.

5G New Radio Physical Downlink Control Channel Reliability Enhancements for Multiple Transmission-Reception-Point Communications

Non-coherent transmission from multiple transmission-reception-points (TRPs)/base stations or panels to a user equipment (UE) is exploited in 5G NR to improve downlink reliability and cell-edge throughput. Ultra reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) and enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB) are prominent target use-cases for multi-TRP or multi-panel transmissions. In Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 17 specifications, multi-TRP-based transmissions were specified for the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) specifically to enhance its reliability and robustness. In this work, a comprehensive account of various multi-TRP reliability enhancement schemes applicable for the 5G NR PDCCH, including the ones supported by the 3GPP Release 17 specifications, is provided. The impact of the specifications for each scheme, UE and network complexity and their utility in various use-cases is studied. Their error performances are evaluated via link-level simulations using the evaluation criteria agreed in the 3GPP proceedings. The 3GPP-supported multi-TRP PDCCH repetition schemes, and additionally proposed PDCCH repetition and diversity schemes are shown to be effective in improving 5G NR PDCCH reliability and combating link blockage in mmWave scenarios. The link-level simulations also provide insights for the implementation of the decoding schemes for the PDCCH enhancements in different channel scenarios. Analysis of the performance, complexity and implementation constraints of the proposed PDCCH transmission schemes indicate their suitability to UEs with reduced-capability or stricter memory constraints and flexible network scheduling.