Mobile Ad Research Articles

Detection and prevention of sinkhole attacks in MANETS based routing protocol using hybrid AdaBoost-Random forest algorithm

WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) is considered as one of the promising technologies which are utilized in various fields for various applications. Along with it, MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network) has attracted a distinct attention, as they serve communication means across innumerable domain. In recent years, due to the development of both wired and wireless technologies, attacks are becoming more frequent and these attacks can be in various form such as worm hole, black hole, grey-hole, sinkhole and others. These attacks can cause loss of security, increase the number of drop packets, decrease packet delivery ratio which result in poor routing performance. In order to overcome these issues, the proposed study employs PBCS (Particle Bee Colony Swarm) algorithm for finding the shortest path between the nodes, which helps in reducing the routing cost and makes the model more efficient and effective. In addition to this, Hybrid AdaBoost-Random forest algorithm is utilized in proposed model. This model helps in reducing the training time which makes the model more reliable and efficient than existing models. It can be implemented in huge dataset and in Hybrid AdaBoost-Random Forest algorithm, estimator of random forest is used, which result in high accuracy and low loss. AODV (Ad-Hoc on Demand Vector) protocol helps to identify the prevention of attack as this routing protocol perform better for longer and extensive duration of traffic than other protocols. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated using different metrics which includes accuracy, recall, precision, sensitivity and specificity. Besides, energy consumption, throughput, network lifetime, delay of the proposed model is also evaluated. The proposed model is then compared with various existing models in order to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed framework.

Auto metric graph neural network optimized with woodpecker mating algorithm for detecting network layer attacks in mobile ad hoc networks

ABSTRACT Nowadays, Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) gains more attraction due to its seamless and dynamic use. The existing methods in MANET are plagued by some weaknesses, like higher computation time, undermining their real-time responsiveness. Whereas, lower accuracy in intrusion detection compromises the reliability of these systems, potentially leading to missed threats posing a challenge for effective security measures in dynamic MANET environments. To mitigate these weaknesses, an Auto Metric Graph Neural Network optimized with Woodpecker Mating Algorithm is proposed in this paper for detecting Network Layer Attack in MANET (AGNN-WMA-DNLA-MANET). Initially, the data are gathered from CIC-IDS 2019 dataset. The gathered data undergoes pre-processing to eliminate redundancy and missing values replacement using the Local Least Squares method. Afterward, the preprocessing output is fed to AGNN for classification, which classifies the attack as active, passive, or normal. Then, Woodpecker Mating Algorithm (WMA) is proposed to optimize the AGNN weight parameters to ensure the accurate classification. The proposed technique is executed in NS2 tool. The metrics, like accuracy, false positive rate (FPR) and attack detection rate (ADR), computation time, and RoC is analyzed. The proposed AGNN-WMA-DNLA-MANET approach provides 14.68%, 7.142%, and 4.65% higher accuracy for active attack, 15.19%, 2.77%, and 9.85% higher accuracy for passive attack and 38.18%, 12.02%, and 7.59% better accuracy for normal compared with existing methods, such as Dependable intrusion detection scheme under deep convolutional neural network (DCNN-MANET), deep learning-based intrusion detection scheme for MANET (AE-DNN-MANET), and Benchmarking of machine learning for anomaly based intrusion detection scheme (ML-MANET), respectively.

ENHANCING SERVICE DISCOVERY IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING SEMANTIC CLUSTERING AND HYBRID TRUST MANAGEMENT

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) facilitate communication among mobile devices without relying on fixed infrastructure. However, service discovery in MANETs faces challenges due to the dynamic topology and limited resources of nodes. Existing solutions often lack efficient resource utilization and fail to address trust management adequately. The conventional approaches for service discovery in MANETs are inefficient due to their inability to incorporate semantic clustering and robust trust management. Semantic clustering enhances the accuracy of service discovery by grouping nodes based on similar interests or functionalities. Meanwhile, traditional trust management mechanisms are inadequate in dynamic environments, leading to unreliable service discovery results. The proposed methodology involves developing a semantic clustering algorithm to organize nodes based on their semantic similarities. Additionally, a hybrid trust management system is implemented to assess the reliability of discovered services. The system combines both reputation-based and recommendation-based trust models to enhance the accuracy of trust evaluations. Through extensive simulations and experiments, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated. The results indicate that the integration of semantic clustering and hybrid trust management significantly improves service discovery efficiency and reliability in MANETs. The approach achieves higher precision and recall rates compared to conventional methods, even under dynamic network conditions.

A Review of Power Management Approaches for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A Review of Power Management Approaches for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Enhancing Intrusion Detection Systems through Distributed Ledger Technology for Secure Logging

Nodes in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are limited battery powered. That’s why energy efficient routing has become an important optimization criterion in MANETs. The conventional routing protocols do not consider energy of the nodes while selecting routes which leads to early exhaustion of nodes and partitioning of the network. This paper attempts to provide an energy aware routing algorithm. The proposed algorithm finds the transmission energy between the nodes relative to the distance and the performance of the algorithm is analyzed between two metrics Total Transmission energy of a route and Maximum Number of Hops. The proposed algorithm shows efficient energy utilization and increased network lifetime with total transmission energy metric.

Topology Control Using Optimized Clustering Scheme in Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Due to mobile nodes (MNs), the topology of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) frequently varies. Clustering techniques are suggested as a solution to this. Grouping MNs in a MANET has the benefit of reducing congestion and making topology repairs simple. Clustered MN dividing is a multi-objective optimization problem when the MANET size is huge. MANET is partitioned into clusters using a variety of evolutionary methods, including genetic algorithms (GAs). GA has early convergence. Thus, an improved rabbit optimization algorithm (IROA)-based clustering is presented in this work. Using this algorithm, cluster heads (CHs) are selected. Besides, multi-objective functions are used in this algorithm for selecting suitable CHs. Based on the selected CHs, clusters are formed. To manage the topology after clustering, cluster maintenance phase is included. Simulation results of the article depict that the proposed clustering scheme achieves better throughput and energy efficiency.

Data aggregation and routing in Mobile Ad hoc network: Introduction to Self-Adaptive Tasmanian Devil Optimization

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANETs) is referred to as the mobile wireless nodes that make up ad hoc networks. The network topology may fluctuate on a regular basis due to node mobility. Each node serves as a router, passing traffic throughout the network, and they construct the network’s infrastructure on their own. MANET routing protocols need to be able to store routing information and adjust to changes in the network topology in order to forward packets to their destinations. While mobile networks are the main application for MANET routing techniques, networks with stationary nodes and no network infrastructure can also benefit from using them. In this paper, we proposed a Self Adaptive Tasmanian Devil Optimization (SATDO) based Routing and Data Aggregation in MANET. The first step in the process is clustering, where the best cluster heads are chosen according to a number of limitations, such as energy, distance, delay, and enhanced risk factor assessment on security conditions. In this study, the SATDO algorithm is proposed for this optimal selection. Subsequent to the clustering process, routing will optimally take place via the same SATDO algorithm introduced in this work. Finally, an improved kernel least mean square-based data aggregation method is carried out to avoid data redundancy. The efficiency of the suggested routing model is contrasted with the conventional algorithms via different performance measures.

QoS Aware Data Congestion Control Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks for Intelligent Transportations Systems

QoS Aware Data Congestion Control Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks for Intelligent Transportations Systems

Selecting Optimal Path in Multiple-Path Routing for MANETs Using Fuzzy Cost

Background/ Objectives: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) consists of a set of nodes, where the nodes tend to change their positions time to time because of their infrastructure less characteristic. In MANETs, the protocol that is considered to be the appropriate for constructing an efficient route is AODV. Broadcast storm is another approach that can be used for establishing a path between the sender and receiver. Due to the concerns related to contention and collision, broadcast is not considered as an efficient mechanism for path selection. Though the aim of broadcasting is to minimize the flooding other issues like bandwidth consumption, collision and contention cannot be controlled. Since MANETs are associated with inadequate bandwidth, the approach of broadcasting is not efficient. Multipath routing approach permits in constructing multiple paths between the communicating nodes (sender and receiver). This approach is complicated due to the problem of node mobility in MANETs. The other paths available are not reliable because of the ad hoc nature of MANETs. The intention is to design a fuzzy controller that assists in reducing the reconstruction of paths using fuzzy cost assigned to each node in the network. Methods: The concept of this paper is to establish an optimal path from sender node to the receiver node from the available multiple paths in MANETs. The path established in this approach uses fuzzy cost. Fuzzy measure is the criteria used for establishing a path. The concept ImRMR used in this paper has been included with few improvements. The basic functionality of ImRMR is that paths are classified based on rank fitness. The proposal is to classify the paths based on its fuzzy cost. This fuzzy cost classifies the paths fitness. Findings: The proposed fuzzy cost approach discussed in this study is compared with On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP). The result exhibits that the proposed method works better under differing conditions like traffic load, transmission range between nodes and also considers node mobility. The proposed mechanism with inclusion of fuzzy cost shows 5% energy efficiency, reduces the collisions by about 35% and throughput is enhanced by 30%. There has been a considerable decrease in the number of queries by 23%. The simulation results indicate that ODMRP with fuzzy cost is more useful and significant. Hence, consideration of fuzzy cost as a means for selecting an effective route is assumed to be the best. Novelty: This method contributes in reducing the drawbacks of routing approaches whether it is unipath and multi-path approach. The proposed approach changes the value of the attributes for a given route with fuzzy cost. A threshold value will be considered initially and the route having a cost more than the initialized threshold would be advised as the best route. This route would be considered as the efficient route for transmission between the sender and the receiver. Keywords: Uni­path, multiple paths, Fuzzy cost, Fuzzy fitness, Rank fitness

Exploring the Role of Wi-Fi Direct's Service Discovery Protocol in Forming Wireless Collaboration Networks: A Scoping Review

The increasing ubiquity of mobile devices and the Internet has become a hallmark of modern society, yet challenges persist in ensuring reliable communication networks during unforeseen disruptions, such as pandemics, war, or natural disasters. Despite the advancement of Wi-Fi technology, the development of a comprehensive model for temporary communication networks based on Wi-Fi interfaces during these disruptions remains inconclusive. The temporary and infrastructure-less wireless network created by mobile devices is referred to as a Wireless Collaboration Network (WCN). To assess the extent to which wireless protocols have been leveraged in forming Wireless WCN, a scoping review was conducted. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature, specifically focusing on the Service Discovery (SD) protocol of Wi-Fi Direct within the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) domain. Our investigation delved into solutions developed by researchers in this domain and the various metrics employed to evaluate the performance of these solutions. The scoping review protocol encompassed nine distinct steps, ranging from formulating research questions to synthesizing results. The review process involved examining three major databases: IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and Scopus, with the assistance of Mendeley for data organization and filtering. In total, our search identified 186 records across these databases. After rigorous screening, which included removing duplicates, irrelevant articles, and inaccessible content, we selected 35 articles for comprehensive review. These reviewed articles were then summarized and presented in a table, offering valuable insights into article titles, objectives, measurement parameters, techniques employed, and the noteworthy contributions of each work. The table serves as an invaluable resource for researchers in the field, facilitating a deeper understanding of the research landscape and enabling easier access to the collective knowledge within this domain.

Enhancing Reliability in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) Through the K-AOMDV Routing Protocol to Mitigate Black Hole Attacks

Enhancing Reliability in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) Through the K-AOMDV Routing Protocol to Mitigate Black Hole Attacks

An artificial immune system‐based algorithm for selfish node detection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)

AbstractThe Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) depending on dynamic distributed topology presents several challenges such as decentralized infrastructure. In MANET, each node act as a host as well as a router to exchange packet. From Source to destination, the MANET nodes offer the ability of transmission to send, receive, and route traffic. Moreover, the presence of selfish nodes or malicious nodes in MANETs significantly degrades network performance. Identifying and isolating such nodes poses a formidable challenge. Consequently, this research introduces a security model founded on the principles of an Artificial Immune System (AIS) to detect and defend against Selfish Node (SN) attacks. This research work employs the principles of AIS to categorize a node's behavioral state based on the Mature Context Immune Antigen Rate (MCIAR). Subsequently, a hybrid protocol named Reliable History‐dependent Resource Conscious Clustered and Defensive AODV (RRCC‐DAODV) is introduced to detect Selfish Nodes (SNs) and counteract their attacks. Within the RRCC algorithm, the identification of selfish nodes relies on both Trust Value (TV) and Residual Energy (RE). Additionally, the proposed DAODV protocol incorporates the V‐detector algorithm to enhance defense mechanisms against potential attacks. The simulation of the proposed model is carried out in NS3. The proposed mechanism achieves a detection ratio of 94.05%. The simulation outcomes demonstrate the excellence of the implemented system. This superiority is observed when compared to other standard protocols, as indicated by the parameters of throughput, residual energy, packet delivery ratio, and delay.

Analyzing Node Density Impact on End-to-End Delay and Throughput in Mobile Ad hoc Network Video Conferencing Services

Video conferencing services have gained significant popularity in recent years, enabling real-time communication and collaboration among individuals and groups. However, the performance of video conferencing systems over MANETs poses challenges of topology fluctuations and node density. This research paper aims to present an analysis of end-to-end delay and throughput in video conferencing over MANETs. The main objective is to identify the impact of node density in MANETs on video conferencing user experience. To conduct the study, an experimental setup of Zoom cloud meeting service was designed, consisting of a simulated MANET environment and a video conferencing application. End-to-end delay and throughput were measured via Wireshark software based on interconnected node scenarios and different configurations at densities of 2 and 4 nodes. The collected data was analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques to identify trends, patterns. The end-to-end delay analysis results revealed the impact of fluctuating network density conditions, on the overall delay experienced during the video conferencing session increased by 27%. While throughput analysis revealed a 65% decrease in data transfer capacity caused by higher packet loss factor in MANET. The integrated analysis explores the relationship between end-to-end delay and throughput, providing insight into optimization strategies. These findings can guide the design and implementation of more efficient and reliable video conferencing systems in mobile ad-hoc environments, In the face of fluctuations in node density, these findings can encourage the development of QoS mechanisms specifically designed for MANETs. These mechanisms can prioritize video packets and allocate network resources effectively, ensuring better user experience and overcoming resource constraints

Detection of Data imbalance in MANET network based on ADSY-AEAMBi-LSTM with DBO Feature selection

<p>A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a temporary wireless network formed by mobile nodes. These nodes cooperate to relay information in a multi-hop fashion, but some malicious nodes can disrupt the network by providing false routing information. Traditional firewalls and encryption methods can’t keep up with the increasing diversity of network threats. To address these issues, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) have been developed. In this paper, a new intrusion detection framework named ADSY-AEAMBi-LSTM is introduced. This acronym stands for a bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model and an adaptive synthetic auto-encoder attention mechanism. The Dung Beetle Optimizer is used to identify optimal features after data preprocessing, followed by classification using ADSY-AEAMBi-LSTM. The study evaluates this model using three datasets: CIC-IDS 2017, UNSW-NB15, and WSN-DS.</p>

Cache-MCDM: A hybrid caching scheme in Mobile Named Data Networks based on multi-criteria decision making

Robust and reliable content retrieval in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is challenged by its intermittent connectivity and mobility characteristics. In-network caching and name-based content retrieval attributes of Named Data Networks (NDN) can counterattack the stated challenges of MANETs. The distance- or hop-based caching schemes, proposed mainly for infrastructure NDN, admit contents either close to the content source, client, or midway, which are trivial to realize since content mainly travels from the network core (content sources) to the edge (clients). In NDN-based MANETs, the mobility attribute causes source and consumer nodes to change their locations frequently. Therefore, the content can travel from the network core to the edge and vice-versa. Under such circumstances, the traditional hop-based schemes that cache at particular points, for instance, either near the source, client, or halfway, may vandalize the efficient content retrieval in MANETs. Thus, proposing a new strategy capable of caching at any of the stated caching points considering varying network contexts, for instance, location change of source and consumer, is inevitable. Such a strategy can scale well in terms of network resource usage and significantly improve PDR and content retrieval latency performances in NDN-based MANET. In this direction, we propose an AHP-based hybrid caching scheme, namely Cache-MCDM, that equips each router with a set of different hop-based caching options and employs AHP-TOPSIS method to pick the most suitable caching option. The proposed method models the suitable option selection as a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem. Simulation reveals that Cache-MCDM is more effective and efficient than hop-based probabilistic caching (HPC), opportunistic caching (OppProb), probabilistic in-network caching (ProbCache), and SourceCacheProb (SCP), in terms of (i) PDR by approximately 3%, 15%, 10%, and 11%, respectively, (ii) latency by approximately 25%, 145%, 75%, and 77%, respectively, (iii) retransmission ratio by approximately 7%, 30%, 25%, and 25%, respectively, and (iv) cache replacement rate by approximately 8%, 100%, 80%, and 25%, respectively.

Energy Efficient Routing Technique Using Enthalpy Ant Net Routing for Zone-Based MANETS

Routes discovery that can provide reliable data transmission in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks is challenging due to its wireless channel characteristics and dynamic transmission environment. Ad-hoc networks frequently experience link failure because nodes are mobile and their positions are not fixed. The cellular ad hoc community's dynamic nature makes it possible to analyze multi-route routing protocols specifically. One of the most trustworthy and environment-friendly routing methods is the Zone Routing Protocol used in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Offering timely and trustworthy communication services, however, depends critically on maintaining the Quality of Service, electricity performance, and outstanding resource management. In this research, we suggested an energy-efficient routing method for zone-based MANETs called enthalpy and net routing. First, a completely fuzzy quarter clustering based on an Energy guide is used to perform the clustering. With the help of fuzzy memberships, the AFCM set of rules permits the input of statistics for each elegance. In the second, the best route is selected using Enthalpy Ant Net Routing (EANR) while taking the following factors into account: community disconnection, channel error, buffer overflow, and contention at the link layer. The results of the experiment show that the collection of rules performs better than many existing algorithms in terms of community longevity, electricity consumption, and other metrics.

Routing Selection Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Based on Neighbor Node Density.

In the process of data transmission in mobile ad hoc networks, it is essential to establish optimal routes from source nodes to destination nodes. However, as network density increases, this process is often accompanied by a significant rise in network overhead. To address this issue, the ND-AODV (neighborhood density AODV) protocol has been introduced, which reduces the probability of transmitting control information in high-density node environments to mitigate network overhead. Nevertheless, this may come at the cost of reduced routing accuracy, potentially leading to unnecessary resource wastage in certain scenarios. Furthermore, ND-AODV does not comprehensively consider the location of the receiving nodes, which limits its ability to reduce network overhead effectively. To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces a novel routing approach, known as CND-AODV (common neighborhood density AODV). In comparison to ND-AODV, CND-AODV offers a more comprehensive solution to the challenges posed by high-density network environments. It intelligently processes control information based on the special positioning of the receiving nodes, thereby significantly reducing unnecessary network overhead. Through simulation experiments comparing performance metrics such as throughput, packet delivery rate, and latency, the results clearly indicate that CND-AODV substantially decreases network overhead, enhancing network performance. Compared to ND-AODV, this innovative routing approach exhibits significant advantages. It provides a more efficient and reliable solution for ad hoc networks in high-density environments.

Hybrid heuristic driving training-rider optimization algorithm for QoS-aware multicast communication system in MANET

ABSTRACT Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is broadly applicable in various sectors within a short amount of time, which is connected to mobile developments. However, the communication in the MANET faces several issues like synchronization, managing power, resources, and routing management. Often, finding the optimal path in the MANET becomes complicated in the existing approaches. In this work, the latest QoS-assisted multiple-cast communication system in MANET is presented using hybridized approaches for better communication over the MANET domain. Especially, an Exploitation-assisted Driving Training-Rider Optimization (EDT-RO) model is suggested for the multicast routing in MANET. The developed EDT-RO algorithm optimizes the paths for communication in MANET, where the network considers more than two receivers. The proposed EDT-RO-based multicast routing algorithm aims to attain the objective function considering the data packet delivery rate, the throughput, the end-to-end latency, and the Quality of Service (QoS). Throughout the result analysis, the offered model shows better performance in terms of 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 1.5% than DHOA, Jaya, DTBO, and ROA regarding mean. Simulations are conducted by comparing with other optimization algorithms used for QoS-assisted multiple casts routing to showcase and attain better routing performance of the developed models.

The Effect of Ad Image's Sentiment Scores and Mobile Device Attributes on Mobile Ad Response Behavior

Using a state-of-the-art image processing algorithm applied to mobile ad creative and a unique dataset on technology features for mobile platforms, we examine how visual sentiment of mobile ad images, mobile device attributes that aid visual communication, and their interactions influence consumers’ mobile ad responses. Our results show that an increase in mobile ads’ valence and arousal levels by one-unit enhances the instantaneous probability of consumers’ mobile ad response by 2.4% and 1.6%, respectively. An increase in mobile devices’ display size and pixel density by 1 in and 1%, respectively, decreases the probability of mobile ad response by 42.6% and 0.7%. Interestingly, display size positively moderates the effect of arousal, while pixel density positively moderates the effect of valence on consumers’ mobile ad responses. This study contributes to the IS and marketing literature by examining the role of ad images’ visual sentiment scores such as valence and arousal, device-specific attributes on mobile display, such as screen display size and pixel density, and their interaction effects on consumers’ mobile ad response behaviors. Importantly, the application of computationally efficient image sentiment processing sheds new light on the extant mobile advertising and marketing literature both from a methodological and findings perspective.

UAV-assisted Connectivity Recovery for Intermittent-connectivity Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

UAV-assisted Connectivity Recovery for Intermittent-connectivity Mobile Ad Hoc Networks