Moat Research Articles

The Transformative Magic of Education in Walt Disney’s <em>The Sword in the Stone</em>

The Transformative Magic of Education in Walt Disney’s <em>The Sword in the Stone</em>

Central nervous system zoning: How brain barriers establish subdivisions for CNS immune privilege and immune surveillance.

The central nervous system (CNS) coordinates all our body functions. Neurons in the CNS parenchyma achieve this computational task by high speed communication via electrical and chemical signals and thus rely on a strictly regulated homeostatic environment, which does not tolerate uncontrolled entry of blood components including immune cells. The CNS thus has a unique relationship with the immune system known as CNS immune privilege. Previously ascribed to the presence of blood–brain barriers and the lack of lymphatic vessels in the CNS parenchyma prohibiting, respectively, efferent and afferent connections with the peripheral immune system, it is now appreciated that CNS immune surveillance is ensured by cellular and acellular brain barriers that limit immune cell and mediator accessibility to specific compartments at the borders of the CNS. CNS immune privilege is established by a brain barriers anatomy resembling the architecture of a medieval castle surrounded by two walls bordering a castle moat. Built for protection and defense this two‐walled rampart at the outer perimeter of the CNS parenchyma allows for accommodation of different immune cell subsets and efficient monitoring of potential danger signals derived from inside or outside of the CNS parenchyma. It enables effective mounting of immune responses within the subarachnoid or perivascular spaces, while leaving the CNS parenchyma relatively undisturbed. In this study, we propose that CNS immune privilege rests on the proper function of the brain barriers, which allow for CNS immune surveillance but prohibit activation of immune responses from the CNS parenchyma unless it is directly injured.

Seismic poundings of multi-story buildings isolated byTFPB against moat walls

The gap provided between adjacent structures in the metropolitan cities is mostly narrow due to architectural and financial issues. Consequently, structural pounding occurs between adjacent structures during earthquakes. It causes damages, ranging from minor local to more severe ones, especially in the case of seismically isolated buildings, due to their higher displacements. However, due to the increased flexibility of isolated buildings, the problem could become more detrimental to such structures. The effect of the seismic pounding of moat walls on the response of buildings isolated by Triple Friction Pendulum Bearing (TFPB) is investigated in this paper. To this propose, two symmetric three-dimensional models, including single-story and five-story buildings, are modeled in Opensees. Nonlinear Time History Analyses (NTHA) are performed for seismic evaluation. Also, five different sizes with four different sets of friction coefficients are considered for base isolators to cover a whole range of base isolation systems with various geometry configurations and fundamental period. The results are investigated in terms of base shear, buildings' drift, and roof acceleration. Results indicated a profound effect of poundings against moat walls. In situations of potential pounding, in some cases, the influence of impact on seismic responses of multi-story buildings was more remarkable.

Dreaming at the Moat of Granard

Dreaming at the Moat of Granard

On the usage and discarding of bear (Ursus sp) bones excavated from Wolseong moat site

On the usage and discarding of bear (Ursus sp) bones excavated from Wolseong moat site

Visualization of the Concept of State in the Architec¬ture of the Moscow Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat (1555–1561)

Visualization of the Concept of State in the Architec¬ture of the Moscow Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat (1555–1561)

월성 해자 2호 목간 다시 읽기 : 중국 출토 고대 행정 문서 자료와의 비교

본고는 그동안 많은 연구가 축적되었음에도 불구하고 상대적으로 크게 부족했던 중국 측 출토 행정 문서 자료와의 비교 검토에 초점을 두어, 월성 해자 2호 목간에 대한 새로운 판독과 해설을 시도했다. 2호 목간에 기록된 어휘와 서사 방식은 당시 동아시아에 널리 시행되었던 문서 행정의 단계와 양식을 정확히 반영한다. 종이 구입과 관련한 행정 절차를 복원하면 다음과 같다. 1) 정기적으로 종이를 구입하라는 상관의 명령(敎)이 하달된다. 2) 업무 담당 관리가 아직도 유효한(在之) 상관의 명령에 의거하여 특정한 종류의(白不踓紙) 종이를 일정한 가격(二千)에 구입하고자 구체적 준비를 마친다. 3) 담당 관리는 종이 구입을 완료하기 위해 상관의 허가를 요청한다(事若, 命盡). 4) 이러한 요청을 문서로 작성하고 문서 작성자의 직위(使)와 서명을 기입한다. 이러한 절차가 행정 문서 양식에 따라 기록되었다. 1면에는 수신자인 상관에게 보고한다는 내용, 2면에는 업무 담당자가 구체적으로 준비된 조치, 3면에는 상관의 허락을 요청하는 내용, 4면에는 문서 작성자의 직위와 서명이 각각 기입되었던 것이다. 이렇게 각 면에 정확히 기입해야 할 내용이 정해져 있었기 때문에, 각 면에 쓰인 글자 수는 모두 다르며 맨 아래의 공백도 일정하지 않았다. 2호 목간은 당시에 규정되어 있었던 문서 행정 절차와 서사 양식을 철저히 준수한 결과물이었다.

월성 해자 목간의 연구 성과와 신 출토 목간의 판독

월성 해자 목간은 대체로 작성 시기가 6세기 후반에서 7세기 전반에 걸쳐 있으며, 내용적으로는 왕경 6부를 비롯한 각 지방에 대한 세금 수납과 관련하여 제작한 장부나 문서 행정의 정연함을 보여주는 문서목간들이 많았다. 문서 수발의 주체와 객체로 寺典, 典太等(=典大等), 典中大等, 沙喙(=沙梁宮), 及伐漸典(=及伐斬典) 등이 기록되어 이들 관청과 관인의 기능을 이해하는 데 큰 도움을 준다. 또 지방의 외위 소지자를 왕경에 머무르게 하여 지방 지배에 활용하였던 上守吏 제도가 통일 전에 이미 시행되고 있었음을 새롭게 인지할 수 있었다. 한편 6세기 후반에서 7세기 전반 시기에 이미 조사, 선어말어미 등 이두 표기에 큰 진전이 있었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 목간의 내용에 대한 필자의 새로운 해석을 소개하면 다음과 같다.BR 7세기 신라의 6부는 정치적 측면을 강하게 내포한 구조로 구성되어, 일차적으로 王都로 분류되는 ‘里로 편제된 지역’, 또 중고기 6부 지역이었던 대성군·상성군 내에 주로 위치했던 ‘리로 편제되지 않은 지역’, 그리고 고려의 향·소·부곡처럼 월경지적인 성격으로 퇴화나 절화 등 왕경 주변의 군 내에 위치하면서 왕실이나 각 부에 예속되어 있던 촌락 지역 등 상당히 누층적으로 편제되었을 가능성이 예상된다. 다만 퇴화나 절화 등에 위치했던 각 부에 예속된 촌락민은 왕경인으로 편제되지는 않았다고 생각된다. 한편 세금 수납 장부나 부찰에 受, 今受, 不, 不有 등의 약어를 사용하여 기입하였다. 그 정확한 해석은 추후의 자료적 증가가 필요하지만, 장부를 만들어 일차 세금 수납을 확인하고(受), 재차 수납 사실 등을 조사하며 추기하는 작업(今受)을 했던 것으로 생각된다. 또 ‘不’는 ‘不受’의 약칭으로 ‘수납하지 못했다’는 뜻이고, ‘不有’는 애초에 해당 지역에는 국가적 책무가 ‘있지 않다’는 뜻이 아닌가 생각된다.

경주 월성 해자 조사 성과와 목간

본고에서는 1980년대부터 진행된 월성 해자 발굴조사 성과를 검토하여 해자 변천과정을 파악하고 해자에서 출토된 목간의 출토상황을 분석하여 월성 해자 출토 목간이 가지는 가치를 살펴보고자 하였다.BR 월성 해자는 월성 동문지 발굴조사를 통해 월성 북편에 위치한 해자의 존재를 확인하였고 현재까지 꾸준한 발굴조사를 통해 해자의 규모, 축조 기법, 변화양상, 해자 내부 층위 및 층위별 출토 유물을 파악하였다. 발굴조사 성과를 분석·연구하여 월성 해자는 삼국시대에 수혈해자를 축조하여 사용하다 신라가 삼국을 통일하기 전후한 시점에 석축해자로 변화하여 9세기 이후까지 사용된 것으로 파악하였다. 더불어 해자라는 유구의 특성상 다량(多量)의 토기·토제품·기와류와 더불어 다종(多種)의 목제품, 동·식물유체, 유기물이 출토되어 당시의 사회·문화·토목건축·식생환경을 복원할 수 있는 기초자료를 확인하였다. 특히 목간은 당시의 사회상을 짐작할 수 있는 가장 직접적인 문자자료로서 신라 문화상 복원의 핵심유물이다. 현재까지 월성 해자에서 출토된 목간 및 목간형 목제품은 180여점이며 이 가운데 묵흔이 확인된 30여 점에 대한 판독을 통해 당시의 문화상을 파악하기 위한 연구가 활발히 진행 중이다.BR 본고에서는 2015년부터 진행한 월성 ‘다’구역 수혈해자에서 확인된 신(新)출토 목간과 목간형 목제품의 현황과 출토 층위와 출토 위치를 파악하고 목간의 형태적 특징을 살펴보았다.BR 월성 해자 출토 목간은 삼국시대에 조성되어 사용하다 폐기된 수혈해자 내부퇴적토에서만 출토되고 유수에 의해 해자 전반에 걸쳐 정형성을 띄지 않게 출토되는 양상을 보인다.BR 다만, 현재까지 수혈해자 일부에 대한 조사만 진행되어 월성 해자 출토 목간의 전체적인 양상을 파악하기에는 무리가 있다. 향후 월성 해자 신(新)출토 목간에 대한 심층적인 연구가 진행되어 신라 문화상 복원의 기초자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.

El sitio Heshkaia 35: nuevos datos sobre la arqueología de Moat (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina)

En este trabajo se presentan y discuten los resultados de análisis desarrollados sobre materiales arqueológicos recuperados en el sitio Heshkaia 35 (costa sur de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina). Este sitio se ubica en un ámbito costero en la sección media de la cuenca del río Moat y registra ocupaciones durante el Holoceno Tardío (ca. 800- 500 AP). La diversidad tecnológica y el registro zooarqueológico señalan el desarrollo de actividades múltiples. Los artefactos líticos dominan el conjunto tecnológico. Los desechos líticos indican un fuerte énfasis hacia los estadios finales de talla, puesto de manifiesto en la baja presencia de artefactos con corteza y la elevada frecuencia de lascas de formatización y de reactivación de filos. El conjunto zooarqueológico se compone mayormente de restos óseos de guanacos. Los moluscos también habrían cumplido un rol significativo en la dieta. Restos óseos de mamíferos marinos, zorros, aves y peces están representados por frecuencias bajas. La composición artefactual y arqueofaunística estaría indicando que el aprovisionamiento de recursos se habría articulado principalmente desde el ámbito costero y no necesariamente en el mar. Se discuten las implicaciones de esta evidencia para las pautas conductuales de cazadores-recolectores en la costa sur de Tierra del Fuego.

2011.3.11地震による福島県須賀川市の河岸段丘面上の地盤災害と中世城館の埋没濠遺構

2011.3.11地震による福島県須賀川市の河岸段丘面上の地盤災害と中世城館の埋没濠遺構

Outline of Debate in Modern Times over Filling in Odawara Castle Moat

Outline of Debate in Modern Times over Filling in Odawara Castle Moat

Elephant Joe, Brave Knight! (review)

Reviewed by: Elephant Joe, Brave Knight! Jeannette Hulick Wojtowycz, David . Elephant Joe, Brave Knight!; written and illus. by David Wojtowycz. Random House, 2012. 32p. ISBN 978-0-307-93087-3 $16.99 R 4-7 yrs. Elephant Joe and Zebra Pete are hanging out on their floaties in the castle moat when they discover that the Dark Knight has stolen the king's crown. After quickly rounding up some armor and horses, the heroic pair heads out to the Dark Knight's tower, where they find an alligator damsel in distress—and a dragon, who's lurking around the back. After asking the dragon nicely, the duo finally gains access to the tower only to discover that the damsel isn't really in distress; she's the Dark Knight in disguise, and she races off with the crown to take the king's castle. With the help of the dragon, Elephant Joe and Zebra Pete thwart her plans, and the grateful king knights Joe and Pete, punishes the Dark Knight by making her kiss a frog ("Oh, yuck!" says the Dark Knight) who has been making asides on almost every page, and serves up a feast for the victors. This is a merry faux-medieval romp, and Joe and Pete are likable heroes. Wojtowycz's plotting and dialogue are engagingly reminiscent of children's own dramatic play situations ("Dark Knight, you have been very bad. How shall we punish you?" "Make her kiss that frog"), and the story may inspire similar imaginative play on the playground. The vibrantly colored art (digitally created collage) uses multiple patterns and textures (the armor, for example, looks like creased aluminum foil) for visual interest, and chubby Elephant Joe and stripy Pete (who looks a bit like an odd bunny wearing a pink snout) are [End Page 54] humorously straight-faced as they interact with the king, dragon, and villainess. Share this with fans of the imaginative-play-themed The Backyardigans, or pair it with Goodnight, Good Knight (BCCB 2/00) for a chivalrous storytime program. Copyright © 2012 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Harm of drug abuse (drug driving) on traffic safety in China

Objective To investigate the harm of drug abuse of drivers on traffic safety and discuss the countermeasures. Methods Data were collected from sources including statistics of drug driving traffic accidents reported by mass media,inference analysis of the theoretical data,survey of outpatients in drug rehabilitation center,drug-related screening with drivers license during Shanghai World Expo 2010 Moat Security and integrated data from various areas. Results Of the over 10 million drug abusers including the registered and unregistered in China,more than 2 million drug abusers had drivers license,which greatly threatened the traffic safety. Conclusion Drug abuse (drug driving) has done great harm on traffic safety,which calls for appropriate preventive countermeasures. Key words: Accidents, traffic; Drug abuse; Traffic safety

Effect of age on clinical prognosis of patients with massive infarction after decompressive craniectomy

Objective To explore the effect of age on clinical outcomes of patients with massive infarction after decompressive craniectomy.Methods Clinical data of 103-sufferers,who have been operated by decompressive craniectomy in our hospital from January 1999 to January 2010 were summarized.Based on age,these data are divided into the research group( ≥60 years old,number =48) and the control group( ＜ 60 years old,number =55 ).Then two groups were studied and discussed by mortality,the ratio of postoperative complications and cases of preoperative comorbidities.Results Comparing with the control group,it was evident that patients of the research group had higher mortality and ratio of postoperative complications,and moat of them suffered from preoperative manifold comorbidities ( x2 =11.097,24.915,14.404,all P ＜ 0.01 ).Besides,the percentage of patients with good prognosis was significantly lower( x2 =9.821,P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusion Postoperative clinical outcomes of aged patients with the massive infarction were affected by preoperative manifold comorbidities and postoperative complications.However,younger patients could correspondingly achieve the preferable treatment effect after surgery.Hence,age should possess an imporrant impact for clinical outcomes of patients with massive cerebral infarction after decompressive craniectomy. Key words: Brain infarction ; Decompressive craniectomy; Prognosis

近世・近代における富山藩領の土地利用と治水に関する研究

This study is to analyze the history of Toyama town, which had been struggled with repeating damages of floods since it was founded, focusing on its geography, land-use and river management. The resulted findings are as follows. 1) The Joganji-River as well as the Jintsu-River flooded the town. 2) Three major measures taken by the rulers to develop their territory made damages more serious. That is, harnessing the Jintsu-River as a castle moat, expanding the town into the bottomlands along the two rivers and making irrigation systems from the Joganji-River, which also could draw the flood water to the town.

Investigation and occupational protection of sharp injuries in OR nurses

Objective To study the risk factors of sharp injuries in OR nurses,and to explore its corresponding preventive model.Methods From may 2009 to Jan 2011,148 cases of sharp injuries (82 OR nurses) were investigated and analyzed.Results The survey showed that the moat risk factors of sharp injuries was hurry - scurry in work,and the main type was suture needle stick (30.4％ ) and mild injuries were the most.Conclusions Strengthening the occupational protection education,strictly implementing the clinical rules and providing secure work environment can reduce the incidence of sharp injuries as far as possible. Key words: Operation room (OR) ; Sharp injury; Occupational protection

Assessment of gross tumor volume motion and the influence factors during respiration for lung cancer using four-dimensional computed tomography

Objective This study was to assess the three-dimensional gross tumor volume(GTV)motion of lung cancer caused by respiration using four-dimensional computed tomography(4DCT),and to analyze the influenee factors.Methotis Four-DCT scans of 22 lung focuses in 21 patients with lung cancer were analyzed.The gross tumor volume was contoured in all 10 respiration phases of 4DCT scans.The changes in volume of GTV,the 3D motion of the centroid,boundary of GTV and the 3D spatial motion vectors were calculated and the irdluenee factors were analyzed.Results The average change in volume of GTV was+14.3%(0.2%.42.5%)/-8.4%(0.4%-38.6%),the average movement amplitude of GTV centroid and GTV boundary were(0.18±0.12)cm,(0.20±0.16)cm,(0.53±0.59)cm and(0.42±0.23)cm,(0.41±0.22)cm,(0.57±0.70)cm in medio-lateral,vertro-dorsal,cranio-caudal(CC) direction,respectively.The CC movement was larger than other directions(Z=-2.12,P=0.034;Z:-2.10,P=0.035),and no significant difference was observed in 3D motion of GTV boundary(Z=-0.81.P=0.417;Z=-0.86,0.391).The CC motion of GTV eentroid in lower lobe was larger than that in upper lobe[(0.87±0.64)and(0.35±0.49)cm,(t=-2.12,P=0.047)],and no significant difference was found in other directions[(0.23±0.10)and(0.19±0.18)em(t=-0.49,P=0.629),(0.21±0.13)and(0.17±0.11)cm(t=0.76,P=0.460)].There was no correlation of the 3D movement and 3D spatial motion vector of GTV to the volume of GTV(r=-0.306,-0.062,-0.279,-0.300;P=0.189,0.796.0.234,0.199).Conclusions GTV motion of patients with lung cancer is individual,the CC movement is the moat obvious,using 4DCT to assess is comparatively accurate.The motion amplitude of lower lobe focuses is larger.No significant correlation of the GTV motion to the volume was observed.Larger sample study is needed to analyze the influence of adjacency to the GTV motion. Key words: Tomography,X-ray computed,four-dimensional; Lung neoplasms; Gross tumor volume; Respiratory motion

Fluids and barriers of the CNS establish immune privilege by confining immune surveillance to a two-walled castle moat surrounding the CNS castle

Neuronal activity within the central nervous system (CNS) strictly depends on homeostasis and therefore does not tolerate uncontrolled entry of blood components. It has been generally believed that under normal conditions, the endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the epithelial blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) prevent immune cell entry into the CNS. This view has recently changed when it was realized that activated T cells are able to breach the BBB and the BCSFB to perform immune surveillance of the CNS. Here we propose that the immune privilege of the CNS is established by the specific morphological architecture of its borders resembling that of a medieval castle. The BBB and the BCSFB serve as the outer walls of the castle, which can be breached by activated immune cells serving as messengers for outside dangers. Having crossed the BBB or the BCSFB they reach the castle moat, namely the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-drained leptomeningeal and perivascular spaces of the CNS. Next to the CNS parenchyma, the castle moat is bordered by a second wall, the glia limitans, composed of astrocytic foot processes and a parenchymal basement membrane. Inside the castle, that is the CNS parenchyma proper, the royal family of sensitive neurons resides with their servants, the glial cells. Within the CSF-drained castle moat, macrophages serve as guards collecting all the information from within the castle, which they can present to the immune-surveying T cells. If in their communication with the castle moat macrophages, T cells recognize their specific antigen and see that the royal family is in danger, they will become activated and by opening doors in the outer wall of the castle allow the entry of additional immune cells into the castle moat. From there, immune cells may breach the inner castle wall with the aim to defend the castle inhabitants by eliminating the invading enemy. If the immune response by unknown mechanisms turns against self, that is the castle inhabitants, this may allow for continuous entry of immune cells into the castle and lead to the death of the castle inhabitants, and finally members of the royal family, the neurons. This review will summarize the molecular traffic signals known to allow immune cells to breach the outer and inner walls of the CNS castle moat and will highlight the importance of the CSF-drained castle moat in maintaining immune surveillance and in mounting immune responses in the CNS.

Dizzied by Sweat-Reek and Getting-It-On, A Pastor

Dizzied by sweat-reek and getting-it-on, a pastor leans over the bed for his house shoes with the gossipy soles. Cricket in a tree outside the cracked window like a pacemaker. Peacemaker, for years he’d Jesused his way through rent and cheap groceries, his wife’s sleep a sentence missing its period while he finds his hands fluffing another woman’s thighs to lie on. You do not finish this story, so I do not believe it is true though your words smash onward, are steeds in a pouty romance novel percussing the night into grain and curiosity. You kiss my neck and a horseshoe spirals my throat, a moat gathering momentum in a glut of yeses. I say Jesus meaning more, meaning lock the door, the winds can be nosy. I say the cricket is a maddened wife, her nose pressed to the glass like an altar. We all kneel to pray, the weight of God on our shoulders as we, guilt-shaken, scream as He enters.