Mo Application Research Articles

Molybdenum-induced effects on nitrogen absorption and utilization under different nitrogen sources in Vitis vinifera

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) in different forms has been demonstrated to play significant roles in plants. However, little is known about molybdenum (Mo) effects on N absorption and utilization in grapevine seedlings grown under different N sources. The present study used a sand culture system to analyze the impact of Mo application (0 μM; 1 μM) on N absorption and utilization in grapevine (Vitislabrusca × V. vinifera ‘Shine Muscat’ (rootstock 3309 m)) young potted seedlings under different N sources (NO3 −, NH4NO3 and NH4 +). The different N forms and Mo application significantly influenced dry matter accumulation, and root architecture and activity. The effects of Mo on total N content followed the order of (NH4NO3 > NO3 − > NH4 +). Moreover, Mo and N induced VvMOT1 and VvNRT1.1 expression synergistically. Mo supply altered the utilization of NO3 −, NO2 −, and NH4 + in grapevines under different N sources. NH4NO3 showed the highest effect while NH4 + the least. Furthermore, the 15N-labeling experiment showed that the 15N content in shoot and root and the 15N-use efficiency were the highest after Mo application under NH4NO3 source, indicating the synergistic effects of Mo with the co-application of NO3 − and NH4 + sources. The study’s findings provide insights on Mo and N fertilizer utilization for cultivation and production practices in fruits.

Interactive Effects of Molybdenum, Zinc and Iron on the Grain Yield, Quality, and Nodulation of Cowpea (Vignaunguiculata (L.) Walp.) in North-Western India

Micronutrient deficiency is a major constraint for the growth, yield and nutritional quality of cowpea which results in nutritional disorders in humans. Micronutrients including molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) play a pivotal role in crop nutrition, and their role in different metabolic processes in crops has been highlighted. In order to increase the nutritional quality of cowpea, a field experiment was conducted for two years in which the effect of Mo along with iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) on productivity, nitrogen and micronutrient uptake, root length and the number of nodules in cowpea cultivation was investigated. It was found that the foliar application of Fe and Zn and their interaction with Mo application through seed priming as well as soil application displayed increased yield, nutrient concentration, uptake and growth parameters which helped to enhance the nutritional quality of cowpea for consumption by the human population. The results of the above experiments revealed that among all the treatments, the soil application of Mo combined with the foliar application of 0.5% each of FeSO4·7H2O and ZnSO4·7H2O (M2F3 treatment) enhanced the grain and stover yield of cowpea, exhibiting maximum values of 1402 and 6104.7 kg ha−1, respectively. Again, the M2F3 treatment resulted in higher Zn, Fe and Mo concentrations in the grain (17.07, 109.3 and 30.26 mg kg−1, respectively) and stover (17.99, 132.7 and 31.22 mg kg−1, respectively) of cowpea. Uptake of Zn, Fe and Mo by the grain (25.23, 153.3 and 42.46 g ha−1, respectively) as well as the stover (104.2, 809.9 and 190.6 g ha−1, respectively) was found to be maximum for the M2F3 treatment. The root length (30.5 cm), number of nodules per plant (73.0) and N uptake in grain and stover (55.39 and 46.15 kg ha−1) were also higher for this treatment. Overall, soil application of Mo along with the foliar application of FeSO4·7H2O (0.5%) and ZnSO4·7H2O (0.5%) significantly improved yield outcomes, concentration, uptake, root length, nodules plant−1 and N uptake of cowpea to alleviate the micronutrient deficiency.

Impact of Molybdenum Application on Yield, Quality and Profitability of Cauliflower ( var. L.) in Brassica oleracea botrytis an Acid Alfisol Soil

A field experiment was laid out to evaluate the impact of molybdenum application on the yield, quality, and profitability of cauliflower. The experiment comprised of eleven treatments i.e., T =NPK (control), T =NPK + FYM (RDF), T =NPK + Lime, T =NPK + Lime + FYM, T =RDF 1 2 3 4 5+ Mo at recommended rate @ 1 kg ha (soil), T =RDF + Mo at 1.5 times the recommended rate @ 1.5 kg ha (soil), T =RDF + Mo at -1 -16 7recommended rate @ 0.1% (foliar sprays), T =RDF + Mo at 1.5 times the recommended rate @ 0.15% (foliar sprays), T =RDF along with Mo 8 9@ 1 kg ha (soil) and @ 0.1% as foliar sprays, T =RDF along with Mo @ 1 kg ha (soil) and @ 0.15% as foliar sprays, and T =Subhash -1 -1 10 11Palekar's Natural Farming (SPNF). Mo @ 1 The highest curd yield (20.7 t ha ) was recorded in T , where NPK was applied along with FYM and -1 10 kg ha (soil) + @ 0.15% (foliar) -1 with a 29.1 per cent increase over treatment T . The same treatment enhanced the ascorbic acid (77.8 mg 100g2 -1 -1 o -1), curd solidity (46.25 g cm ), and total soluble solids (8.4 Brix) and also resulted in higher net-returns (₹ 3,10,260 ha ) and benefit-cost ratio (3.99). Mo application positively influenced the cauliflower production in an acid Alfisols. However, the conjoint application of Mo (basal and foliar) proved its superiority in enhancing the productivity and profitability of cauliflower compared to their respective sole application.

Nanoscale molybdenum oxide improves plant growth and increases nitrate utilisation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

AbstractNanoscale molybdenum oxide (nano‐MoO3) is widely used in industrial and environmental fields and its release to the environment is increasing. However, the potential effect of nano‐MoO3 on rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling growth is unclear. Herein, the different impacts of vaired concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 μg Mo L–1) of Na2MoO4 and nano‐MoO3 on the growth and nitrate (NO3–) utilisation of rice were investigated using hydroponics. The Mo concentration in roots and shoots, N metabolism enzyme activity, root morphology, root redox ability and root exudates were then analysed to understand the potential mechanisms of the growth impacts. Results showed that the Mo concentration in rice roots increased incrementally as the amount of Mo application increased, whereas different Mo sources did not affect the Mo concentration in shoots. Both Na2MoO4 and nano‐MoO3 promoted the growth and NO3– utilisation of rice. The promotion effects of higher nano‐MoO3 dosages were better than those of Na2MoO4. Nano‐MoO3 application significantly affected the activity of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (NADH‐GOGAT), which in turn promoted NO3– assimilation. Additionally, rice seedlings treated with nano‐MoO3 had a relatively high rice root volume, surface area, total absorption area, active absorption area, low‐molecular‐weight organic acids, root oxidation and reduction capacities. Based on these results, it is proposed that nano‐MoO3 facilitates rice growth and NO3– assimilation via the enhancement of nitrogen metabolism enzyme activity and the promotion of good root morphological and physiological characters with high root secretion concentration and redox ability. This study provides insights regarding the further application of nano‐MoO3 in agriculture enhancing N use efficiency and rice productivity.

Influence of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on Soil Organic Carbon and Crop Productivity under Different Tillage Systems: A Meta-Analysis

The intensive use of mineral (M) fertilizers may cause harm the environment via leaching or greenhouse gas emissions, destroy soil fertility as a consequence of loss of soil organic matter, and, due to their high price, they are economically unviable for producers. It is widely accepted that organic (O) fertilizers may deal with pressing challenges facing modern agriculture, even if farmers need to improve their knowledge for applying in fertilization programs. A meta-analysis approach has been adopted to evaluate the effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) and crop yield of O fertilizers, applied alone or in combination with mineral fertilizers (MO) under conventional (CT), reduced (RT), and no-tillage (NT) regimes. The analysis was performed in different climatic conditions, soil properties, crop species, and irrigation management. Organic fertilizers have a positive influence in increasing SOC compared with M (on average 12.9%), even if high values were observed under NT (20.6%). The results highlighted the need for flexible and environment-specific systems when considering organic fertilization subjected to different tillage regimes. Similarly, MO application showed a better crop yield response in CT and RT under coarse soils when compared with M fertilizer applied alone (on average 13.4 and 12.7%, respectively), while in medium-textured soils, CT and RT yielded better than NT under O fertilizers (9.5 and 11.2 vs. 2.5%, respectively). Among the crop species, legumes performed better when O fertilizers were adopted than M fertilizers (on average 15.2%), while among the other crop species, few differences were detected among the fertilization programs. Under irrigated systems, RT and NT led to higher productivity than CT, especially under MO treatments (on average 9.2 vs. 3.4%, respectively). The results highlighted the importance of the environmental and agronomical factors and how their understanding could affect the impact of these conservation farming practices on crop productivity to improve the sustainability of the farming system in a specific region.

Molybdenum increases nitrogen use efficiency of sugarcane under limited N supply

The application of nitrogen (N) is a major challenge for sugarcane production due to the low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A possible key to increasing the NUE in sugarcane is the adequate supply of molybdenum (Mo) due to their role in nitrate reductase (NR) activity and N metabolism within plant tissue. We hypothesized that Mo supply increases NUE in sugarcane by improving NR activity and dry matter production. Our aim here was to test the combined application of N and Mo on sugarcane plantlets to evaluate the NR activity, biomass production, contents of N and Mo in leaves, and NUE. A growth-chamber experiment was run using N rates (Control; 30; 60; 120 and 240 mg kg−1) and Mo supply (Control and 0.5 mg kg−1) with four replications. Measurements of biomass production, NR activity, N and Mo content in leaves, SPAD index, and NUE were evaluated after 54 days of cultivation. Nitrogen rates increased biomass production, N-content in leaves, SPAD index and NR activity in the absence of Mo supply. Mo supply didn’t affect NR activity in leaves, but increased 48% the NUE at the lowest N rate (30 mg kg−1), suggesting a positive effect of Mo in another pathway of N metabolism. Our results suggest that the Mo application increases NUE under limited conditions of N supply by affecting other N-metabolism process rather than NR activity. Mo uptake increased with N doses, reaching maximum Mo-leaf contents of 17.5 mg kg−1 at the 151.2 mg kg−1 N rate. HIGHLIGHTS Nitrogen rates consistently increases biomass production and N nutrition of sugarcane plantlets Mo supply increases Mo-leaf content but does not affect NR activity Mo supply increases nitrogen use-efficiency under limited N supply.

Soil chemical properties and nutrition of conilon coffee fertilized with molybdenum and nitrogen

Molybdenum (Mo) availability is strongly affected by soil pH, which determines the dynamics of electrical charges and the adsorption of molybdate. This study evaluated the effects of nitrogen (N) and Mo application on the chemical properties of a Latossolo Amarelo (Oxisol) and in Coffea canephora nutrition and productivity throughout two productive cycles under field conditions. The experiment was conducted from June 2018 to May 2020. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks, in a 2 × 5 factorial [...]

Molybdenum‐induced effects on nitrogen uptake efficiency and recovery in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) using15N‐labeled nitrogen with different N forms and rates

AbstractBackground: Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential microelement for higher plants and plays a significant role in nitrogen (N) metabolism, which includes nitrate reduction, assimilation, and efficient N acquisition. Its deficiency in soil may induce the reduction of N uptake and wheat yield.Aims: We aimed to explore the Mo‐induced effects on N uptake efficiency and recovery in Mo‐inefficient winter wheat cultivar using a15N isotope tracer under different N forms (Nf) and N rates (Nr).Methods: The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions, and the treatments included three Nf in the form of15NH4Cl as sole NH4+, Ca (15NO3)2as sole NO3−, and15NH415NO3) under two Nr [low (L) 0.05 and high (H) 0.25 g N kg–1soil], with (+Mo) in form of [(NH4)6Mo7O24∙ 4H2O] and without (–Mo) Mo application. The plant biomass, Mo content, total N uptake, fertilizer15N uptake, soil N uptake, as well as N uptake, agronomic and physiological efficiency were evaluated. Furthermore, the fertilizer15N recovery in various wheat organs was also studied.Results: The results revealed that Mo application increased N uptake efficiency in wheat to 38.26%, 68.24%, and 71.53% when the plants are treated with low rates of NH4+, NO3−, and NH4NO3, respectively. While at a high N rate, N uptake efficiency increases to 46.26% and 45.34% in the case of NO3−and NH4NO3treatments, respectively, and it was slightly reduced to 10.84% when plants were supplied with NH4+form. Mo supply increased15N recovery from fertilizer in grain organ under low N rate with all supplied Nf, that is, NH4+, NO3−, and NH4NO3, while at high N rate, Mo enhanced15N recovery in grains organ in case of NO3−and NH4NO3forms.Conclusion: This study shows that Mo fertilization may be a promising strategy to improve N uptake efficiency and recovery in wheat when nitrate is the main N form.

USING OF MOLYBDENUM TO IMPROVE SOME OF ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MITIGATION INDUCED DROUGHT DAMAGE BY PEG-6000 IN MUNG BEAN SEEDLINGS (VIGNARADIATE L.)

A laboratory experiment was carried out in seed technology lab in department of field crop sciences/ College of Agriculture-University of Anbar in order to study effect of molybdenum in priming mung bean seeds (cv Local) under effect of induced drought by using PEG-6000. Four Mo concentrations were used 0, 15, 30, 45 mg L-1 while PEG-6000 was also used to get water stress of 0, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2 bar in medium of seed germination. The experiment was laid out RCBD with four replications for each treatments. The important results of the study showed that Mo application with concentration of 45 mg L-1 improved germination and growth of mung bean characteristics including plumule length (5.41 cm) and xylem dimensions in radical (2 mm2), Plumule epidermis (2.5 mm2) and xylem in plumule (3.5 mm2). However, the application of 15 mg L-1 improved radical length (6.47 cm), Radical epidermis (5 mm2), radical xylem dimensions (3.5 mm2) and phloem in plumule (3.5 mm2). It can be concluded from this study that the increase in water stress led to reduction in lab performance of germination and growth of mung bean seedlings, while the application of Mo enhanced it through the activation of some growth characteristics therefore it can be recommended using Mo in order to support growth and production of different crops.

Foliar-Supplied Molybdenum Improves Phyto-Nutritional Composition of Leaves and Fruits of Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of molybdenum (Mo) on the level of macronutrients (Mg, K, Ca), micronutrients (Na, Zn, B, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) and toxic elements (Cd, Sn, As, Cr, Hg, Pb) in leaves and fruit tissues (peel, pulp & seed) of loquat using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Fruits were obtained from a loquat orchard located in Fujian (Yun Xiao/Zhangzhou). Loquat leaves showed 3.99, 23.90, 57.68 and 9.79-fold increase in the concentrations of Mg, K, Ca and B as affected by exogenously applied Mo, while a significant (p ≤ 0.05) reduction was observed in Na, Mo, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Sn, As, Cr, Hg, and Pb contents. In fruit peel, Mo induced 1.05, 1.56, 2.26, 1.15, 1.39, 1.30 and 1.89-fold increase in Mg, K, Na, Zn, B, Co and Ni, respectively, and Mo, Mn, Fe, Cu, Cr, and Pb contents were reduced. Fruit pulp showed elevated contents of Na, B, Co, Ni, and Sn by 25.65, 26.57, 70.09, 12.33 and 0.99%, respectively, and decreased concentrations of Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Mo, Mn, Fe, Cu, Cd, and Cr. Similarly, in loquat seeds, under the influence of Mo application, levels of K, Na, Zn, Fe, and Cr were uplifted by 14.75, 41.54, 12.71, 536.47 and 656.27%, respectively, while Mg, Ca, Mn, Co, Cu, Sn, and Hg were reduced significantly (p ≤ 0.05). Overall, mineral concentrations detected in the leaves and fruit tissues of loquat were greatly influenced by the application of Mo. Although the concentration of Sn in fruit pulp was increased by the foliar application of Mo, the fruits were under safe limits for human consumption.

Foliage Spraying Molybdenum Promotes Plant Growth and Controls Soilborne Ralstonia solanacearum in Different Tobacco Varieties

Tobacco growing is greatly threatened by the devastating bacterial wilt disease caused by soil-borne bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum). Balanced plant nutrition has become effective strategy for crop disease management. In this study, we firstly conducted greenhouse and field experiments to investigate the effects of Molybdenum (Mo), acting as a foliar fertilizer, on tobacco plant growth and bacterial wilt control. A susceptible variety (Yunyan 87) and a moderately resistant cultivar (Nanjiang 3) were used in this study. Under greenhouse condition, the results demonstrated that the disease incidence in the Mo-treated plants decreased to 41.7% (Yunyan 87) and 44.4% (Nanjiang 3) compared with that of non-Mo-treated plants. The control mechanisms are related to the reduced bacteria colonializations in tobacco and improvement of defense enzymes including peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonialyase. Malondialdehyde levels halved after 200mg/L Mo treatment compared to the control group. The field experiment results also showed that supplements of 200mg/L Mo significantly decreased the disease incidence by 30.3% and 33.9%, respectively. Moreover, foliar application of Mo increased plant growth under both growth conditions, promoting leaf and root development. Mo was taken up by tobacco leaves, but the content decreased during the growth of plants. Mo application could provide an alternative strategy for efficient management of tobacco bacterial wilt, even in crops other than tobacco, especially in Modeficient planting regions, which would have a great impact on agriculture and favor sustainable agriculture development.

Molybdenum improves 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, grain quality traits and yield attributes in fragrant rice through efficient nitrogen assimilation under cadmium toxicity

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity causes severe perturbations in nitrogen (N) uptake and assimilation, and thereby interrupts normal plant growth. Molybdenum (Mo), a necessary trace element, plays important roles in N metabolism through regulating N assimilatory enzymes activities and expressions in higher plants. Taking this into account, a pot experiment was performed to explore the role of Mo in alleviating Cd-induced inhibitory effects on physio-biochemical processes, N metabolism, yield attributes and grain quality characters of two fragrant rice cultivars; Guixiangzhan and Meixiangzhan-2. Both the fragrant rice cultivars were treated with two levels of each Cd concentrations (0 and 100 mg/kg) and Mo treatments (0 and 0.15 mg/kg). The results revealed that Cd toxicity significantly reduced (p < 0.05) plant dry biomass, gaseous exchange attributes, chlorophyll contents, N utilizing and assimilatory enzymes activities, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) contents and grain yield in both cultivars; however, more severe inhibitions were observed in Meixiangzhan-2 than Guixiangzhan. Nevertheless, Mo application alleviated Cd stress and enhanced 2AP content and grain yield by 75.05% and 67.94% in Guixiangzhan and 87.71% and 83.51% in Meixiangzhan-2, respectively compared with no Mo application. Moreover, Mo application improved photosynthesis, chloroplast configuration, soluble protein and proline contents and also strengthened the N assimilatory pathway through efficient NO3− utilization, higher nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase activities and transcript levels under Cd stress. Collectively, our results imply that Mo-induced enhancement in N utilization and assimilation improved yield and grain quality characters of fragrant rice cultivars under Cd stress.

Effects of Molybdenum on Cell Wall Component of Wheat Leaf Under Different Growth Stages

This study was conducted to investigate the potential effects of molybdenum (Mo) on cell wall components in both cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by using a pot experiment with two Mo levels (0 and 0.15 mg kg−1) at different growth stages. The leaves were sampled at the stages of tillering, jointing, heading, and milky in winter wheat. The results indicated that the contents of cell wall components changed with the stages of wheat growth to adapt to environmental changes, particularly before the stages of heading, the contents of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and protopectin increased with the stages of wheat growth. Mo application markedly increased cellulose contents by 7.60% at the milky stage in a cultivar of 97014. Mo supply dramatically enhanced hemicelluloses contents by 26.93% and 55.41% at tillering and heading stages in a cultivar of 97003 and by 29.16% and 21.43% at jointing and heading stages in a cultivar of 97014, respectively. Mo supply significantly increased protopectin contents by 78.04%, 108.71%, and 40.62% in a cultivar of 97003 and by 89.70%, 97.03%, and 31.53% in a cultivar of 97014 at tillering, jointing, and heading stages. The increased contents of cell wall components will contribute to improving mechanical strength of leaves. However, the decreased contents of hemicelluloses, soluble pectin by Mo supply were observed at milky stages in wheat. The ratios of soluble pectin to protopectin were decreased by Mo application, confirmed by the decreased activities of pectin methylesterase (PME) in both cultivars of wheat at jointing and milky stages, suggesting that Mo inhibited the conversion of protopectin to soluble pectin by inhibiting PME activity. Overall, the components of the cell wall were affected by Mo, mainly affected the contents of hemicellulose, soluble pectin, and protopectin.

Peanut response to co‐inoculation of Bradyrhizobium spp. and Azospirillum brasilense and molybdenum application in sandy soil of the Brazilian Cerrado

AbstractThe use of plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) associated with rhizobia may improve biological N fixation, nutrient acquisition, and grain yield of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). However, few studies have reported the effect of inoculation of rhizobia and PGPR in association with Mo in tropical soil conditions. This study examined the effectiveness of (co)inoculation with Bradyrhizobium spp. and/or Azospirillum brasilense and Mo application in improving the yield response of creeping peanut crop (‘RUNNER IAC 886’). The effects of rhizobacteria and Mo on nodulation, crop growth, chlorophyll content, and yield of peanut were investigated in a moderately acidic sandy soil (pH 5.0) from the Brazilian Cerrado during the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 growing seasons. Four seed inoculation treatments (control [uninoculated seeds], inoculation with Bradyrhizobium spp. strains SEMIA 5079 and SEMIA 5080, inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense strains Ab‐V5 and Ab‐V6, and co‐inoculation of Bradyrhizobium spp. and Azospirillum brasilense) and two Mo levels (0 and 200 mg Mo kg−1 of seed) were studied. Results showed that the effects of the interaction between rhizobacteria and Mo application were not significant (p &gt; .05) for all crop traits. Root nodulation, dry matter accumulation, and chlorophyll content were significantly greater in Mo‐treated peanut plants than control plants in both seasons. However, the response of crop grain yield was significantly greater (17.7%) in Mo‐treated plants only in the 2017–2018 season. Therefore, the improved root nodulation, crop growth, and chlorophyll content resulting from Mo application can lead to increased pod and grain yield in peanut. Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium spp. alone or combined with A. brasilense enhanced root nodulation, chlorophyll content, and peanut grain yield. Over two harvests, average peanut grain yield increased by 25.3 and 24.0% with inoculation of Bradyrhizobium spp. alone and combined with A. brasilense, respectively, compared with noninoculated plants. Due to lower cost and higher profitability, inoculation of Bradyrhizobium spp. alone is the most efficient practice for peanut cropping in sandy soils of the Brazilian Cerrado. Together with Mo application, these agricultural practices can be recommended for Brazilian peanut farmers.

Effect of Foliar Molybdenum Application on Seed Quality of Soybean Cultivars

ABSTRACT Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential micronutrient involved in several biochemical reactions that influence biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Plants are known to require less molybdenum. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Mo foliar application on four soybean cultivars (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) and their physiological qualities, crude protein, and lipid content. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement, with four replicates. Three Mo application rates (0, 400, and 800 g ha−1) were used for the AS 3730 IPRO, Bonus IPRO, Desafio RR, and BMX Potência RR cultivars during their R3 and R5 reproductive stages. The Mo concentration, nutritional parameters (crude protein [CP] and lipids), and physiological quality (electrical conductivity, vigor, aging seed, and germination) of the seeds were then evaluated. The cultivars × Mo application rate interaction had no significant effect. There was an observed increase in Mo content with molybdic leaf fertilization. The BMX Bonus IPRO and BMX Potência RR cultivars had the best response, with increased Mo concentration within the seeds. The Mo rates did not influence CP and lipids. However, the soybean cultivar × Mo application rate interaction significantly affected the germination percentage and percentage of accelerated aging seeds.

Molybdenum Supply Alleviates the Cadmium Toxicity in Fragrant Rice by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Gene Expression.

Increasing evidence shows that cadmium (Cd) toxicity causes severe perturbations on growth performance, physio-biochemical and molecular processes in crop plants. Molybdenum (Mo), an essential trace element, plays key roles in oxidative stress tolerance of higher plants. Hence, the present study has been conducted to investigate the possible role of Mo in alleviating Cd-induced inhibitions in two fragrant rice cultivars namely Guixiangzhan (GXZ) and Meixiangzhan-2 (MXZ-2). The results revealed that Mo application enhanced the plant dry biomass by 73.24% in GXZ and 58.09% in MXZ-2 under Cd stress conditions, suggesting that Mo supplementation alleviated Cd-induced toxicity effects in fragrant rice. The enhanced Cd-tolerance in fragrant rice plants prompted by Mo application could be ascribed to its ability to regulate Cd uptake and reduce Cd-induced oxidative stress as evident by lower hydrogen peroxide levels, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde contents in Cd-stressed plants. The ameliorative role of Mo against Cd-toxicity also reflected through its protection to the photosynthetic pigments, proline and soluble protein. Mo also induced antioxidant defense systems via maintaining higher contents of glutathione and ascorbate as well as enhancing the ROS-detoxifying enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activities and up-regulating transcript abundance in both fragrant rice cultivars under Cd stress. Conclusively, Mo-mediated modulation of Cd toxicity in fragrant rice was through restricting Cd uptake, maintaining photosynthetic performance and alleviating oxidative damages via the strong anti-oxidative defense systems; however, GXZ cultivar is comparatively more Cd tolerant and Mo-efficient as evident from the less growth inhibition and biomass reduction as well as enhanced Mo-induced Cd stress tolerance and less oxidative damage than MXZ-2 fragrant rice cultivar.

New insights on molybdenum fertilization in common bean under no-tillage system: rates and application time to obtain high vigor seeds

Molybdenum (Mo) is a key element in the N fixing and assimilation processes in leguminous plants. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Mo fertilization on the yield and seed vigor of the common bean. Molybdenum was applied at six rates (0, 20, 40, 80, 120 and 160 g ha−1) in field trials over 2 consecutive years (2015 and 2016). Foliar applications were performed during the phenological stages V4 (4th trifoliolate leaf unfolded) and R1 (early flowering). The SPAD index, height of first pod insertion, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seeds, yield and seed vigor were determined. Molybdenum affected the production of reproductive organs only in the second agricultural year. Application of Mo at T-V4 resulted in an increase in the number of pods per plant (11%), and at 120 g ha−1, there was an increase (41%) in the number of seeds per pod, but this did not result in a yield seed increase. Molybdenum applied at the T-V4 phase reduced electrical conductivity in the first year of the experiment at rates of 40 g ha−1 (17%) and 160 g ha−1 (13%). In the second agricultural year, Mo applied at the T-R1 phase reduced in 44% the electrical conductivity, as well as the application of 20 g ha−1 also at the T-R1 phase increased seed germination (28%), seedling length (8%), and length of the primary root (10%). Different responses to the Mo application time and dose between the experimental years suggest that common bean plants recycle Mo. Molybdenum applied in the first agricultural year may have satisfied the initial Mo demand of the common beans in the second year of crop due it's low Mo requirement. This study show that foliar Mo application is an important strategy to achieve sustainable production of higher quality seeds of common bean.

Acid-Modified and Unmodified Natural Clay Deposits for In Situ Immobilization and Reducing Phytoavailability of Molybdenum in a Sandy Loam Calcareous Soil

Molybdenum (Mo) in basic soils has high bioavailability and plant toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing Mo concentration on its availability and toxicity threshold in alfalfa plants grown in sandy loam calcareous soils, and the potential use of raw and acid- modified clay deposits as soil additives to immobilize Mo and reduce its phytoavailability. Raw clay deposits (RCD) were treated with H2SO4 to produce acid-modified clay deposits (AMCD). The first experiment was performed using soils treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, and 100 mg Mo kg−1. The second experiment was conducted with soils treated with 10 or 50 mg Mo kg−1 and amended with RCD and AMCD at application rates of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10% (w/w). After harvesting, water-soluble Mo, ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA)-extractable Mo, and shoot Mo content as well as dry matter were measured. The results showed that water-soluble Mo, AB-DTPA-extractable Mo, and shoot Mo concentration increased at higher Mo soil addition. AMCD had a stronger influence on Mo immobilization and reduction effect on plant shoots compared to RCD, depending on soil Mo concentration and application rate. Applying AMCD decreased soil pH but increased salinity levels. The shoot dry matter significantly increased in soils amended with RCD and/or AMCD compared to control soils; with the highest improvement recorded for RCD at 10%. It was concluded that AMCD is an efficient immobilizing agent to reduce Mo mobility and its phytoavailability in calcareous soils. Additionally, both AMCD and especially RCD were able to create favorable conditions for plant growth.

Yield and yield contributing components of Urdbean as influenced by boron molybdenum and nickel

A field experiment was conducted on Yield and yield Contributing Components of Blackgram as influenced by boron molybdenum and nickel at Agricultural college farm, Bapatla during rabi, 2017-18. It consisted of eight treatments of micronutrient application viz., control (T1), B (T2), Mo (T3), Ni (T4), B+Mo (T5), B+Ni (T6), Mo+Ni (T7) and B+Mo+Ni (T8) with randomized block design concept and replicated thrice. The results revealed that combined soil application of boron, molybdenum and nickel as basal resulted in the significantly increased and effected yield and yield contributing characters like Number of branches, Number of flowers plant-1, Number of pods plant-1, Pod length, number of seeds pod-1, Pod weight plant-1, test weight and seed yield ha-1 all the characters were timely recorded and the maximum increase in yield was obtained with B+Mo+Ni (T8) (2144.5 kg ha-1) application followed by B+Mo (T5) (1973.0 kg ha-1), Mo+Ni (T7) (1912.7 kg ha-1) and B+Ni (T6) (1892.3 kg ha-1). Ni application alone had no increasing effect on yield, while B (1389.7 kg ha-1) and Mo (1526.0 kg ha-1) application alone increased the yield.

NMDA and purinergic processes modulate neck muscle activity evoked by noxious stimulation of dura

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glutamate are associated with some headache conditions, and purinergic (P2X) and glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-related processes in the medulla can modulate the effects of trigeminal nociceptive afferent inputs into the brainstem on craniofacial sensorimotor circuits. This study aimed to test whether neck muscle activity can be induced in rats by noxious stimulation of the frontal dura or superior sagittal sinus that involves P2X or NMDA receptor-dependent mechanisms. While electromyographic activities of neck and craniofacial muscles were being recorded in anesthetized rats (n=46), the inflammatory irritant mustard oil (0.2µL, 20% MO) or vehicle (mineral oil) was topically applied to the dura or sinus, preceded by 10µL of the ATP antagonist 2',3'-O-(2,4,6- trinitrophenyl) adenosine 5'-triphosphate (TNP-ATP, 0.1mmol/L; n=8) or 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV, 0.05mmol/L; n=7) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS as vehicle control; n=10). Application of MO but not vehicle to the frontal dura significantly increased (P<.05) neck electromyographic activity whereas MO application to the superior sagittal sinus did not significantly increase neck electromyographic activity unless MO had previously been applied to the dura. Pre-treatment (i.t.) with TNP-ATP or APV but not vehicle control significantly reducedneck electromyographic activity evoked by MO application to the dura. These data suggest that noxious stimulation of the frontal dura (but not superior sagittal sinus) may enhance neck muscle activity that is P2X and NMDA receptor-dependent. These effects may contribute to neck muscle stiffness that occurs in some headache conditions.