Concentrations Of MnCl2 Research Articles

Ex vivo imaging of subacute myocardial infarction with ultra-short echo time 3D quantitative T1- and T1ρ-mapping magnetic resonance imaging in mice

Abstract Aims The aim of this study was to develop an ultra-short echo time 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method for imaging subacute myocardial infarction (MI) quantitatively and in an accelerated way. Here, we present novel 3D T1- and T1ρ-weighted Multi-Band SWeep Imaging with Fourier Transform and Compressed Sensing (MB-SWIFT-CS) imaging of subacute MI in mice hearts ex vivo. Methods and results Relaxation time–weighted and under-sampled 3D MB-SWIFT-CS MRI were tested with manganese chloride (MnCl2) phantom and mice MI model. MI was induced in C57BL mice, and the hearts were collected 7 days after MI and then fixated. The hearts were imaged with T1 and adiabatic T1ρ relaxation time–weighted 3D MB-SWIFT-CS MRI, and the contrast-weighted image series were estimated with a locally low-rank regularized subspace constrained reconstruction. The quantitative parameter maps, T1 and T1ρ, were then obtained by performing non-linear least squares signal fitting on the image estimates. For comparison, the hearts were also imaged using 2D fast spin echo-based T2 and T1ρ mapping methods. The relaxation rates varied linearly with the MnCl2 concentration, and the T1 and T1ρ relaxation time values were elevated in the damaged areas. The ischaemic areas could be observed visually in the 3D T1, 3D T1ρ, and 2D MRI maps. The scar tissue formation in the anterior wall of the left ventricle and inflammation in the septum were confirmed by histology, which is in line with the results of MRI. Conclusion MI with early fibrosis, increased inflammatory activity, and interstitial oedema were determined simultaneously with T1 and T1ρ relaxation time constants within the myocardium by using the 3D MB-SWIFT-CS method, allowing quantitative isotropic 3D assessment of the entire myocardium.

Development of an optimized RPA-PfAgo detection system for MTHFR C677T polymorphism genotyping

This study introduces an efficient RPA-PfAgo detection system for the MTHFR C677T polymorphism, proposing a potential strategy to simplify the genotyping process. By optimizing recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) with Pyrococcus furiosus Argonaute (PfAgo) nucleases, we achieved DNA amplification at a constant temperature. The assay was fine-tuned through meticulous primer and guide DNA selection, with optimal conditions established at 2.0 µL of MgAc, a reaction temperature of 42 °C, and a 10-minute reaction time for RPA. Further optimization of the PfAgo cleavage assay revealed the ideal concentrations of MnCl2, guide DNA, molecular beacon probes, the PfAgo enzyme, and the RPA product to maximize sensitivity and specificity. Clinical validation of 20 samples showed 100% concordance with Sanger sequencing, confirming the method’s precision. The RPA-PfAgo system is a promising tool for on-site genotyping, with broad applications in personalized medicine and disease prevention.

Use of Fe-Mn magnetic adsorbent to remove mercury from wastewater

In this work, Fe-Mn magnetic adsorbent was used to remove mercury from wastewater. This research characterizes the structural properties of the adsorbent and also investigates the effects of the operating conditions to evaluate the adsorbent effectiveness for water treatment applications. In the adsorbent preparation stage, the MnCl2 concentration in the solution was chosen at 0.03 mol/L to synthesize the best adsorbent. The structural properties of the Fe-Mn magnetic adsorbent were examined through SEM, ICP, FTIR, XRD, and VSM analyses. XRD results confirmed the presence of FeMnO4 and Fe3O4. VSM showed the superparamagnetic properties of the adsorbent. The influences of the solution pH, Hg (II) initial concentration, adsorption time, and adsorbent dose were explored. The mercury removal of 99% occurred at 30 min, Hg (II) initial concentration 42 mg/L, pH 6, and adsorbent dose of 4.4 g/L. The pseudo-second order kinetic fitted better to the experimental data. The Langmuir isotherm also suitably corresponded to the data. The maximum Hg (II) adsorption capacity of Fe-Mn magnetic adsorbent was 5.408 mg/g. The positive changes of the Gibbs free energy indicated that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. Overall, Fe-Mn magnetic adsorbent exhibits commendable performance in removing mercury from wastewater.

Bidimensional Dynamic Magnetic Levitation: Sequential Separation of Microplastics by Density and Size.

There is a current gap in sample preparation techniques integrating the separation of microplastics according to their different material types and particle sizes. We describe herein the Bidimensional Dynamic Magnetic Levitation (2D-MagLev) technique, enabling the resolution of mixtures of microplastics sorting them by plastic type and particle size. Separations are carried out in a bespoke flow cell sandwiched between two ring magnets and connected to programmable pumps for flow control. The first separation dimension is based on sequential increases in the concentration of a paramagnetic salt (MnCl2), enabling magnetic levitation of microplastics with determined densities. The second dimension is based on increasing flow rate gradients and maintaining constant MnCl2 concentrations. This fractionates the magnetically levitating microplastics according to their different particle sizes. Microplastics are therefore collected by their increasing density, and the particles corresponding to each density are fractionated from smaller to larger size. Using polyethylene microspheres with defined density (1.03-1.13 g cm-3) and size (98-390 μm) as microplastic mimicking materials, we investigated their optimum threshold velocities for their size fractionation, potential effects of medium viscosity and sample loading, and types of flow rate gradients (linear, step). Performing a separation using a combination of step gradients in both MnCl2 concentration and flow rate, mixtures comprising microplastics of two different densities and three different particle sizes were separated. 2D-MagLev is simple, fast, versatile, and robust, opening new avenues to facilitate the study of the environmental presence and impact of microplastics.

Enhancing the separation of refractory weakly magnetic minerals with magnetic fluid in high gradient magnetic separation: Conversion of competing capture to mechanical entrainment

Due to serious competing capture of magnetic gangue minerals in high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS), combined separation processes which commonly have defects of long flowsheets and high energy consumption are applied to processing refractory weakly magnetic ores. High gradient magnetic separation coupling with magnetic fluid (HGMSCMF) is proved effective in eliminating competing capture and presents great potential in recovering refractory magnetic minerals, but the enhancing mechanism and particle capture relations among magnetic valuable minerals, magnetic gangue minerals and nonmagnetic minerals still remains unclear. In this study, particle capture and separation behaviors of minerals with different magnetic characteristics in HGMS and HGMSCMF were comprehensively investigated through pure and artificial mixed ore experiments using ilmenite, augite and quartz. Captured mass of augite was quite low and could hardly increase with increasing applied induction while that of ilmenite maintained a high level and increased with increase of applied induction even under high MnCl2 concentration. Results of artificial mixed ore experiments and numerical simulation of particle capture presented that separation characteristics of ilmenite-augite mixed ore gradually approached to that of ilmenite-quartz mixed one, indicating the conversion of competing capture to mechanical entrainment for high selectivity in HGMSCMF.

Physiological and Morphological Response of Heavy Metal Stress in Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Introduction: Heavy metals such as manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) negatively impact plant growth and productivity. Understanding plant responses to heavy metal stress is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate these effects in agriculture. Aim/Objectives: This study aims to investigate the impact of various heavy metals (Mn, Mg, Cr, and Ni) on the physiological and morphological responses of Vigna Mungo (L.) Hepper. Key objectives include evaluating the effects of different concentrations of these heavy metals on plant growth, productivity and photosynthetic efficiency. Method/Materials: A field experiment was conducted using a series of pots filled with soil, treated with different concentrations of MnCl2 , MgSO4 , Cr2 O3 , and Ni. Control samples without heavy metals were also maintained. Key parameters, including plant height, number of branches, number of pods, pod length, fresh and dry weight of pods, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seeds, root nodules, and chlorophyll content, were recorded and statistically analysed. Results: Heavy metal stress significantly inhibited plant growth and productivity, with decrease in plant height, number of branches, pods per plant, pod length, fresh and dry pod weight, and seeds per pod. High chromium concentrations prevented pod formation. Root nodules decreased, affecting nitrogen fixation. Chlorophyll content decreased in Mn, Ni, and Mg-treated plants but unexpectedly increased at higher Cr concentrations, indicating complex interactions with chlorophyll synthesis. Discussion: The findings show that heavy metal stress significantly inhibits plant growth and productivity, consistent with previous studies. Symptoms such as stunting, and chlorosis indicate disruptions in metabolic processes. This study underscores the need to monitor and manage heavy metal levels in agricultural soils to protect crop health and productivity. Developing soil remediation strategies and heavy metal-tolerant plant varieties is crucial for sustainable agriculture. Further research is needed to understand plant responses to heavy metal stress and enhance plant tolerance.

Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Biocatalytic Conversion of Decanoic Acid to Trans-2-Decenoic Acid

Trans-2-decenoic acid has a wide range of applications, including those in medicine, food, and health care. Therefore, the industrial production of trans-2-decenoic acid is particularly important. However, few studies have focused on medium-chain unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, we aimed to optimize the fermentation process of decanoic acid biocatalysis to synthesize trans-2-decenoic acid using an engineered Escherichia coli constructed in the laboratory. Early-stage culture and the effect of the seed liquid culture time, culture temperature, inoculum amount, induction temperature, dissolution effects of the substrate solvent, metal ions, and substrate loading on the titer of trans-2-decenoic acid were evaluated. Based on a single-factor experimental optimization, a Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used for response surface testing using the substrate feeding concentration, inducer concentration, and MnCl2 concentration as response variables and trans-2-decenoic acid production as the response value. The optimal fermentation process was as follows: Seed culture time of 20 h, culture temperature of 37 °C, inoculation amount of 1%, induction temperature of 30 °C, substrate flow of 0.15 g/L, inducer concentration of 5.60 g/L, and MnCl2 concentration of 0.10 mM. Under these conditions, the average production of trans-2-decenoic acid was 1.982 ± 0.110 g/L, which was 1.042 g/L higher than that obtained in the basic LB medium. Compared with that of the previous period, the titer of the trans-2-decenoic acid studied increased by 1.501 ± 0.110 g/L, providing a basis for further research on the fermentation process of the biocatalytic decanoic acid synthesis of trans-2-decenoic acid.

Investigating the effect of MnCl2 salt concentration on the droplet size and stability in a microfluidics droplets generation system

In the realm of droplet-based microfluidic systems, achieving optimal droplet size, shape, and distribution is crucial for efficient mass transfer and reaction performance. Traditionally, surfactants have been employed to modify interfacial properties and control droplet characteristics; however, they can impact reaction environments. A novel approach gaining traction is the creation of surfactant-free droplets, where additives are minimized to preserve the liquids' inherent properties. This study aims to investigate the creation of surfactant-free emulsions using divalent ions derived from Manganese(II) chloride (MnCl2) solutions. Emulsions play a vital role in various industries, but their stability often relies on surfactants. To address this, the research examines the influence of MnCl2 concentrations (ranging from 0.2 M to 1.0 M) on droplet dynamics within an oil phase using microfluidic analysis. Notably, a distinctive non-linear correlation between ion concentration and droplet size emerges, challenging conventional assumptions. This observation highlights the intricate and nuanced interfacial interactions governing surfactant-free emulsions, showcasing potential opportunities for designing stable emulsions without traditional surfactants. For instance, droplet sizes decreased from 171 µm to 138 µm as MnCl2 concentration increased from 0.2 M to 0.4 M, demonstrating this non-linear trend. However, further increases in MnCl2 concentration to 0.8 M and 1.0 M resulted in minimal changes in droplet size.

Low levels of mouse sperm chromatin fragmentation delay embryo development.

We previously demonstrated that MnCl2 induces double-stranded DNA breaks in sperm in a process that we term as sperm chromatin fragmentation. Here, we tested if the levels of double-stranded DNA breaks were corelated to the concentration of MnCl2, and we compared this to another agent that causes single-stranded DNA breaks, H2O2. We found that both methods have the advantage of inducing DNA breaks in a concentration-dependent manner. Mouse sperm were treated with varying concentrations of either H2O2 or MnCl2, and the DNA damage was assessed by pulse-field gel electrophoresis, and the alkaline and neutral comet assays. Oocytes were injected with either treated sperm and the resulting embryos analyzed with an embryoscope to detect subtle changes in embryonic development. We confirmed that H2O2 treatment induced primarily single-stranded DNA breaks and MnCl2 induced primarily double-stranded DNA breaks, indicating different mechanisms of damage. These sperm were injected into oocytes, and the development of the resulting embryos followed with an embryoscope equipped with time lapse recording. We found that aberrations in early embryonic development by day 2 with even the lowest levels of DNA damage and that the levels of embryonic aberrations correlated to the concentration of either H2O2 or MnCl2. Low levels of H2O2 caused significantly more aberrations in embryonic development than low levels of MnCl2 even though the levels of DNA damage as measured by comet assays were similar. These data demonstrate that even low levels of sperm DNA damage cause delays and arrests in embryonic development.

A novel method for efficient recovery of ilmenite by high gradient magnetic separation coupling with magnetic fluid

Ilmenite is the main raw material for titanium extraction. The vanadium titanium magnetite deposit in Panzhihua has abundant ilmenite resources. A flowsheet combining high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) and flotation was applied to recover the ilmenite, which had defects of high production cost due to high flotation regent consumption, low ilmenite utilization rate of 20% as ultrafine minerals were directly discharged into tailings, as well as bring a series of environmental problems. In this study, a novel method termed high gradient magnetic separation coupling with magnetic fluid (HGMSCMF) was developed to recovery ilmenite in Panzhihua. Paramagnetic MnCl2 solutions were introduced to eliminate competing capture between ilmenite and titanaugite particles and improve selectivity. Under equivalent TiO2 recovery, TiO2 grade of magnetic products increased significantly with MnCl2 concentration. Pulsating flow could further strengthen the improvement effect of selectivity by magnetic fluids. For the first time, qualified ilmenite concentrate (TiO2 grade > 46%) with TiO2 recovery equal to that in industrial production was obtained only through HGMSCMF (without using flotation) with one roughing and three cleaning processes under the optimal conditions of MnCl2 concentration 40%, applied induction 0.6 T and pulsating frequency 400 r/min. HGMSCMF presents great potential in solving tough problems being faced in processing weakly magnetic minerals. Follow-up studies will focus on recycling and reuse of magnetic fluids for realizing industrial application of HGMSCMF in recovering ilmenite or other refractory weakly magnetic minerals.

Exposure to manganese (II) chloride induces developmental toxicity, oxidative stress and inflammatory response in Marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) embryos

Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal for organisms, but high levels can induce serious toxicity. To date, the toxic mechanism of Mn to marine fish is still poorly understood. In the present study, Oryzias melastigma embryos were exposed to different concentrations of MnCl2 (0–152.00 mg/L) to investigate its effect on early development. The results showed that exposure to MnCl2 caused developmental toxicity to embryos, including increased heart rate, delayed hatching time, decreased hatching rate and increased malformation rate. MnCl2 exposure could induce oxidative stress in O. melastigma embryos, as indicated by increased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT)). The heart might be an important target organ for MnCl2 because of cardiac malformations and disruption in the expression of cardiac development-related genes (ATPase, epo, fg8g, cox1, cox2, bmp4 and gata4). In addition, the expression levels of stress- (omTERT and p53) and inflammation-related genes (TNFα and il1β) were significantly up-regulated, suggesting that MnCl2 can trigger stress and inflammatory response in O. melastigma embryos. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that MnCl2 exposure can induce developmental toxicity, oxidative stress and inflammatory response in O. melastigma embryos, providing insights into the toxic mechanism of Mn to the early development of marine fish.

Relaxation measurements of an MRI system phantom at low magnetic field strengths

ObjectiveTemperature controlled T1 and T2 relaxation times are measured on NiCl2 and MnCl2 solutions from the ISMRM/NIST system phantom at low magnetic field strengths of 6.5 mT, 64 mT and 550 mT.Materials and methodsThe T1 and T2 were measured of five samples with increasing concentrations of NiCl2 and five samples with increasing concentrations of MnCl2. All samples were scanned at 6.5 mT, 64 mT and 550 mT, at sample temperatures ranging from 10 °C to 37 °C.ResultsThe NiCl2 solutions showed little change in T1 and T2 with magnetic field strength, and both relaxation times decreased with increasing temperature. The MnCl2 solutions showed an increase in T1 and a decrease in T2 with increasing magnetic field strength, and both T1 and T2 increased with increasing temperature.DiscussionThe low field relaxation rates of the NiCl2 and MnCl2 arrays in the ISMRM/NIST system phantom are investigated and compared to results from clinical field strengths of 1.5 T and 3.0 T. The measurements can be used as a benchmark for MRI system functionality and stability, especially when MRI systems are taken out of the radiology suite or laboratory and into less traditional environments.

Magnetism-Assisted Density Gradient Separation of Microplastics.

A versatile method for the efficient separation of different types of microplastics from particle mixtures is presented. Magnetism-assisted density gradient separation (Mag-DG-Sep) relies on a bespoke separation cell connected to a gradient pump and located between two like-pole-facing neodymium magnets. In Mag-DG-Sep, particle mixtures initially sunk in water are subjected to a gradient of increasing concentration of MnCl2, enabling the sequential suspension and collection of particles with different densities. The suspension process is assisted by the paramagnetism of the MnCl2 solution placed between the two magnets, which contributes to focusing the ascending particles from the bottom of the separation cell to the outlet, thus enhancing the resolution of the separation process. To demonstrate the concept, a mixture of polyethylene (PE) polymer particles with a similar size range (180-212 μm) but different densities (ca. 0.98, 1.025, 1.08, and 1.35 g cm-3) was selectively separated in a single Mag-DG-Sep run. These particles were also efficiently separated when mixed with other types of particles, such as glass or soil. A generic linear MnCl2 gradient can be directly applied for sample screening covering a broad range of densities (0.98-2.20 g cm-3), while steps can be introduced in the gradient, increasing the separation resolution of particles with close densities (1.025-1.08 g cm-3). As a proof-of-concept application, Mag-DG-Sep facilitated sample preparation of microplastics present in a soil sample prior to their examination by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

Assessment of Cardiac Toxicity of Manganese Chloride for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

MRI is widely used in cardiology to characterize the structure and function of the heart. Currently, gadolinium-based contrast agents are widely used to improve sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic images. Recently, Manganese, a calcium analogue, has emerged as a complementary contrast agent with the potential to reveal remaining viable cells within altered tissue. Imaging applications may be limited by substantial toxicity of manganese. Indeed, cardiac safety of manganese is not yet comprehensively assessed. In this study we investigated the effect of MnCl2 (1–100 µM) on cardiac function. Hemodynamic function was determined ex vivo using an isolated working rat heart preparation. HL-1 cardiac myocytes were used to investigate cell viability (calcein AM) and calcium cycling (Cal-520 a.m.). Rat ventricular cardiomyocytes were dissociated by enzymatic digestion. Action potentials and calcium currents were recorded using the patch clamp technique. MRI experiments were performed at 1.5T on formalin-fixed rat hearts, previously perfused with MnCl2. MnCl2 perfusion from 1 up to 100 µM in isolated working hearts did not alter left ventricular hemodynamic parameters. Contractility and relaxation index were not altered up to 50 µM MnCl2. In HL-1 cardiac myocytes, incubation with increasing concentrations of MnCl2 did not impact cell viability. The amplitude of the calcium transients were significantly reduced at 50 and 100 µM MnCl2. In freshly isolated ventricular myocytes, action potential duration at 20, 50 and 90% of repolarization were not modified up to 10 µM of MnCl2. L-type calcium current amplitude was significantly decreased by 50 and 100 µM of MnCl2. MRI on heart perfused with 25 and 100 µM of MnCl2 showed a dose dependent decrease in the T1 relaxation time. In conclusion, our results show that low concentrations of MnCl2 (up to 25 µM) can be used as a contrast agent in MRI, without significant impact on cardiac hemodynamic or electrophysiology parameters.

MANGANESE (II) MODULATES MACROPHAGES IMMUNE RESPONSE TO LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

Background: Manganese (Mn) impact on human health is often studied regarding its neurotoxicity, leading to a Parkinson-like pathology termed manganism. Since scientific reports indicate manganese neurotoxicity as potentially inflammation-driven, our study aims to investigate the influence of acute and chronic manganese (II) chloride (MnCl2) exposure on macrophages ability to react to an inflammatory stimulus. Methods: The experimental model consisted in in vitro treatment of RAW264.7 murine macrophage-like cells with MnCl2 for two different time intervals in an attempt to simulate acute intoxication and chronic intoxication. Non-cytotoxic MnCl2 concentration values were determined using MTT assay. Acute and chronic exposure to manganese was followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Relevant pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, mRNA transcripts and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation were measured. Results: LPS stimulation of cells treated with non-cytotoxic MnCl2 levels triggered enhanced TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor α) secretion in the investigated acute model, whereas in the chronic exposure model only an intermediate MnCl2 concentration (37.5 μM) caused a rise in cytokine secretion. Acute treatment induced a dosedependent upregulation of Tnfα and Nos2 (Nitric oxide synthase 2) gene transcription coupled with an increasing trend in nuclear distribution of p65 subunit of NF-κB complex. Chronic treatment induced a dose-dependent downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes alongside an increase in Ho1 (Heme oxygenase 1) transcription. Conclusions: Our results suggest that manganese (II) has the potential to modulate macrophage inflammatory response development. Acute exposure generally intensifies inflammatory processes, while chronic exposure induces an attenuation of these, possibly due to heme oxygenase-1 inhibition of NF-kB signaling. Keywords: Manganese, Inflammation, Lipopolysaccharide, Cytokines, Heme oxygenase 1

Assessment of cardiac toxicity of manganese chloride for cardiovascular magnetic resonance

MRI is widely used in cardiology to visualize the structure and function of the heart. Currently gadolinium is the contrast agents use to improve sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic images, enabling the assessment of scar and fibrosis. Manganese-based contrast molecules are being developed with the hope to improve the diagnosis of cardiac pathologies. Manganese, a calcium analogue, allows detection of viable cells within altered tissue. However, the cardiac safety of manganese is not fully assessed. To characterize the effect of MnCl2 on cardiac function and electrical parameters. Hemodynamic function was determined ex vivo using the isolated working rat heart preparation. HL-1 cell line was used to investigate cell viability (loading with calcein AM) and calcium cycling (loading with CAL-520 AM). Rat ventricular cardiomyocytes were dissociated by enzymatic digestion. Action potentials and calcium currents were recorded using the patch clamp technique. The effect of ascending concentrations of MnCl2 (1, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μM) were evaluated. MRI experiments (1.5 T and 9.4 T) were performed on formalin-fixed rat hearts, previously perfused with 25 or 100 μM of MnCl2. Left ventricular hemodynamic parameters from isolated working hearts show that heart rate is not modified by μM [MnCl2]. Similar observation was made for contractility index and aortic flow up to 50 μM; 100 μM MnCl2 induced a significant decrease of the two parameters. At the cellular level, μM [MnCl2] did not impact HL-1 cell viability. The amplitude of the calcium transients was significantly reduced only at 100 μM of MnCl2 ( P < 0.05). In isolated ventricular myocytes, action potential duration at 20%, 50% and 90% of repolarization were not modified up to 10 μM of MnCl2. A small but significant decrease of action potential duration was observed at 25, 50 and 100 μM (APD90 decrease by 23 ± 6% vs control). Peak L-type calcium current amplitude was significantly decreased by 50 and 100 μM of MnCl2. MRI on heart perfused with 25 μM of MnCl2 (no impact hemodynamic function) and 100 μM of MnCl2 showed a dose dependent decrease in the T1 relaxation time, a parameter for altered and disease state. Our results show that μM [MnCl2] (up to 25 μM) can be used as a contrast agent in MRI, without effects on cardiac hemodynamic parameters. MRI with manganese should therefore enable visualization of viable and stunned myocardium.

MnCl2 incorporated PVA polymers: A closer-look on behavioural changes as a function ofreinforcement

The addition of MnCl2 to polymer materials enhances their optical and radiation shielding characteristics is an interesting path for polymer applications in nuclear radiation shielding. In this work, impacts of MnCl2 incorporation on the structure, optical properties, and shielding properties of PVA polymer are investigated in detail. Additionally, the effect of MnCl2 on the PVA lattice is examined, as well as the ensuing optical and radiation shielding response. The obtained findings contribute to a better understanding of the optical and shielding properties of PVA-polymer reinforced with MnCl2. The optical characteristics of the produced material show a rise in absorbance and refractive index as the MnCl2 concentration increases. According to the simulation results for gamma rays determined using the XCOM tool, all radiation shielding characteristics are highly reliant on the density and doping material MnCl2 in the PVA polymer matrix. Our findings showed that there is a direct link between the increasing reinforcement ratio of MnCl2 and studied material properties. A correlation between the above studies and recent works proved that the obtained results of the behaviour of doped samples due to overlapping Mn d-states with valence band leads to concluded that MnCl2 is an effective multifunctional tool in terms of enhancing the optical and individual gamma-ray attenuation properties of PVA polymers.

Thermal Properties of Manganese Chloride Salt Reinforced [PVA: PVP] Blend Films

The casting process was used to make pure [PVA: PVP] polymer blend film and MnCl2.4H2O salt augmented polymer blend film at varied weight ratios ((10, 20, 30, 40, 50) wt. percent). The influence of salt weight ratio on the thermal characteristics of [PVA: PVP] polymer blend films augmented with MnCl2.4H2O salt was also investigated. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of the [PVA: PVP] polymer blend films reinforced by MnCl2.4H2O was found to be higher in the experimental results. As the weight ratio of MnCl2. 4H2O grows and then falls, the MnCl2.4H2O salt increases and then reduces erratically. As the concentration of MnCl2.4H2O salt rises, it is discovered that the thermal conductivity coefficient of whole polymer mix films is extremely low. As a result, such films could be utilized as heat-insulation shields. The temperature of glass transition and crystal melting temperature of [PVA: PVP] polymer blend films reinforced by MnCl2.4H2O salt change as the weight ratio of MnCl2.4H2O salt increases.

Study on products characteristics from catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass based on the effects of modified biochars

Biochar was produced from peanut shells pyrolysis and then modified by HCl and MnCl2, and the effects of modified biochars on the pyrolysis products characteristics were investigated. The catalytic effect of the biochar prepared at 650 °C is more suitable, and the products under 650 °C have lower acid content and higher phenol content than that under other temperatures. It was found that the modification effect of low concentration of MnCl2 was not obvious, which manifested as a higher phenol content under the catalysis of the HCl modified biochar. Then, different concentrations of MnCl2 were adopted and the highest phenol yield was obtained at 1.5 mol/L, which was higher than that of direct pyrolysis, about 78.9%. Besides, its acid yield was also the lowest, and the reduction was about 37.5%. The phenol products were analyzed under different concentrations of MnCl2 modified biochar and the results showed that the selectivity of alkylated phenol substances was greatly improved. When MnCl2 is 0.8 mol/L, the CO2 content was lowest, while the H2 content was highest, the increment was up to about 92.8% compared with that of direct pyrolysis. Therefore, the co-modified biochar with HCl and MnCl2 can better promote lignin cracking and generate more phenols.

Th1/Th2 imbalance and heat shock protein mediated inflammatory damage triggered by manganese via activating NF-κB pathway in chicken nervous system in vivo and in vitro.

Manganese (Mn) is a ubiquitous heavy metal pollutant in environment, and excess Mn can damage nervous system of humans and animals. However, molecular mechanism of Mn-induced poultry neurotoxicity on inflammatory injury is still not fully clear. Thus, the purpose of the conducted research was to explore molecular mechanism of inflammatory injury caused by Mn in chicken nervous system. Two Mn poisoning models were established in vivo and in vitro. One hundred and eighty chickens were randomly separated into four groups. One control group was raised drinking water and standard diet. Three Mn groups were raised drinking water, and the standard diet supplemented with three different concentrations of MnCl2 ∙ 4H2O. There were 45 birds and 3 replicates in each group. Neurocytes from chicken embryos were cultured in mediums without andwith six different concentrations of MnCl2 ∙ 4H2O in vitro. Our experiments showed that excess Mn caused cerebral histomorphological structure alternations and damage, and increased the expressions (P < 0.05) of inflammation-related factor NF-κB, TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2, and PTGEs in vivo and in vitro, meaning that excess Mn caused inflammatory damage and inflammatory response in chicken nervous system. Moreover, there were an upregulated IFN-γ mRNA expression and a downregulated IL-4 mRNA expression (P < 0.05) in bird cerebra and embryonic neurocytes after exposure to Mn, indicating that Mn exposure caused Th1/Th2 imbalance and immunosuppression. Additionally, in our research, the elevation (P < 0.05) of five HSPs (HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90) was found, suggesting that HSPs participated molecular mechanism of Mn stress. In addition, the inflammatory toxicity of Mn to chicken nervous system was time- and dose-dependent. Taken all together, our findings indicated that Th1/Th2 imbalance and HSPs mediated Mn-caused inflammatory injury via NF-κB pathway in chicken nervous system in vivo and in vitro.