Gingival Crevicular Fluid MMP-8 Research Articles

The effect of interleukin-20 on periodontal tissue destruction in individuals with periodontitis.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that destroys periodontal tissues. Interleukin-20 (IL-20), on the other hand, is known as a potent angiogenic, chemotactic, and pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with various chronic inflammatory disorders. IL-20 has a significant role in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of IL-20 on periodontal destruction. In this study, a total of 60 participants were included, 30 of whom were systemically and periodontally healthy (control group), and 30 were systemically healthy but had periodontitis (periodontitis group). Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum samples were collected from the participants for biochemical analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of IL-20, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL1β/IL-10, RANKL/osteoprotegerin (OPG), and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP8). For statistical analysis, the independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and the Chi-square test were used. GCF IL-20, RANKL, RANKL/OPG, serum IL-20, RANKL, RANKL/OPG, MMP-8, TNF-α, IL-1B, and IL-1β/IL-10 values were found to be statistically significantly higher in the periodontitis group than in the control group. GCF OPG and serum IL-10 values were found to be statistically significantly higher in the control group than in the periodontitis group. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in serum OPG values. A statistically significantly positive correlation was observed between serum IL-20 value and serum RANKL, RANKL/OPG, MMP-8, TNF-α, IL-1β values, and periodontal clinical parameters. The ROC curves showed: AUC = 0.788 for GCF IL-20, and AUC = 1.000 for serum IL-20. According to the results of the study, IL-20 was found to be associated with periodontitis. The role of IL-20 in periodontal pathogenesis is related to osteoclastogenesis and collagen degradation. It is conceivable that IL-20 may increase bone destruction by both affecting the RANKL/OPG ratio and proinflammatory cytokines.

Efficacy of MMP-8 Level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid to Predict the Outcome of Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: To explore whether baseline matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 level in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) (exposure) can predict the outcome (reduction in probing pocket depth (PPD) (outcome)) of nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) (manual or ultrasonic or both) in patients with periodontitis (population/problem) after 3 months. Methods: Six databases (PubMed, Cochrane library, ProQuest, Ovid, Scopus, EBSCO) were searched for relevant articles published until 30 July 2021. Retrieved articles were passed through a three-phase filtration process on the basis of the eligibility criteria. The primary outcome was the change in PPD after 3 months. Quality of the selected articles was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB2) and Risk of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tools. Results: From 1306 articles, five were selected for analysis. The results showed high variations in the level of GCF MMP-8 level at baseline. The average amount of reduction in PPD was 1.20 and 2.30 mm for pockets with initial depth of 4–6 mm and >6 mm, respectively. Conclusion: On the basis of available evidence, it was not possible to reach a consensus on the ability of baseline GCF MMP-8 to forecast the outcome of NSPT. This could have been due to variation in clinical and laboratory techniques used. However, consistency in mean PPD reduction after 3 months was shown.

Dynamics of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and -8 Secretion in Gingival Crevicular Fluid after Gingival Recession Therapy via MCAT with Either Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft or Collagen Matrix.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine and estimate the changing levels of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 8 (MMP-1 and MMP-8) in GCF at consecutive stages of healing after root coverage procedure via modified coronally advanced tunnel (MCAT) combined with either sub-epithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) or collagen matrix (CM) and also to relate those changes to clinical outcomes of both therapeutic approaches. Materials and methods: The study involved 20 patients with a total of 91 recessions. Those on one side of the mandible received MCAT plus CM while the contralateral ones MCAT plus SCTG. The evaluation of MMP-1 and MMP-8 concentrations in Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) took place at baseline, then at 1, 2, and 4 weeks, and finally at 3 months after surgery. Elisa protocol was applied to determine the levels of MMP-1 and MMP-8 in GCF. Results: Three-month observation revealed statistically significant changes in MMP-1, MMP-8 and Sulcus Fluid Flow Rate (SFFR) values after implementation of both techniques. A correlation was found between a difference in MMP-1 concentrations and gain in Keratinized Tissue (KT) after SCTG and CM. MMP-8 levels and a Gingival Thickness (GT) gain observed after CM was also correlated. Conclusions: A type of augmentative material does appear to determine the dynamics of MMP-1 secretion.

Gingival Crevicular Fluid Zinc- and Aspartyl-Binding Protease Profile of Individuals with Moderate/Severe Atopic Dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a protease-modulated chronic disorder with heterogenous clinical manifestations which may lead to an imprecise diagnosis. To date, there are no diagnostic protease tests for AD. We explored the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) protease profile of individuals with moderate/severe AD compared to healthy controls. An exploratory case-control study was conducted. AD patients (n = 23) and controls (n = 21) were enrolled at the International Center for Clinical Studies, Santiago, Chile. Complete dermatological and periodontal evaluations (involving the collection of GCF samples) were made. The levels of 35 proteases were analyzed using a human protease antibody array in matching AD patients (n = 6) and controls (n = 6) with healthy periodontium. The GCF levels of zinc-binding ADAM8, ADAM9, MMP8, Neprilysin/CD10, aspartyl-binding Cathepsin E, serin-binding Protein convertase9, and uPA/Urokinase proteases were lower in moderate/severe AD patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). No inter-group differences in the levels of the other 28 proteases were found. MMP8, Cathepsin E, and ADAM9 were the biomarkers with the highest sensitivity and specificity regarding the detection of AD (p < 0.05). The area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for MMP8 was 0.83 and MMP8 + ADAMP9 was 0.90, with no significant differences (p = 0.132). A combined model of MMP8, Cathepsin E, and ADAM9 was not considered since it did not converge. Then, levels of MMP8 in GCF were determined using a multiplex bead immunoassay in 23 subjects with AD and 21 healthy subjects. Lower levels of MMP8 in the GCF from the AD group versus healthy group (p = 0.029) were found. This difference remained significant after adjustment by periodontitis (p = 0.042). MMP8 revealed the diagnostic potential to identify AD patients versus healthy controls, (ROC area = 0.672, p < 0.05). In conclusion, differences in the protease profile between AD and control patients were associated with MMP8, Cathepsin E, and ADAM9. Based on the multiplex assay results, MMP8 was lower in AD patients than controls, suggesting that MMP8 may be a diagnostic biomarker candidate.

Importance of MMP-8 in Salivary and Gingival Crevicular Fluids of Periodontitis Patients.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) stimulate alveolar bone loss in chronic periodontitis. To evaluate the salivary and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of MMP-8 in patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis. 42 participants were divided into two groups: a case group (21 patients with generalized moderate to severe chronic periodontitis) and a control group (21 healthy periodontal subjects). GCF and saliva samples were obtained from both groups. Salivary and GCF MMP-8 levels of each subject were detected using the ELISA method. Mean±SD values of salivary MMP-8 levels of the control and case groups were 1.52 ± 0.65 ng/ml and 6.06 ± 1.18 ng/ml, respectively, and statistically significant difference was observed (p=0.0001). Also, mean±SD values of GCF MMP-8 levels of the control and case groups were 0.87 ± 0.26 ng/ml and 2.92 ± 0.64 ng/ml, respectively; which was statistically significant (p=0.0001). Our results demonstrate an increased concentration of salivary and GCF levels of MMP-8 in the patient group.

Is the progression rate of periodontitis related to subgingival biofilm composition or gingival crevicular fluid IL-1β and MMP-8 concentrations?

Aim of the studyTo analyze the composition of subgingival biofilm and to assess the concentration of IL-1 and MMP-8 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from deep periodontal pockets in patients with severe periodontitis to determine whether the presence of specific microbial species or the severity of the host’s immune response can be helpful in assessing the dynamics of disease.Material and methodsThe study included 30 individuals with periodontitis Grade B and 19 subjects with periodontitis Grade C. Quantitative and qualitative microbiological analysis of flora in pockets ≥ 7 mm was performed for the presence of selected periopathogens of the orange, red complex and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using real-time PCR. The concentrations of IL-1 and MMP-8 in GCF were evaluated with the ELISA method.ResultsThere were no differences in the composition of the subgingival biofilm depending on the diagnosis. The concentration of MMP-8 in GCF was significantly higher in periodontitis Grade C than in periodontitis Grade B (61 ng/µl and 37 ng/µl respectively, p = 0.039). The concentration of IL-1β was similar in both groups. No significant correlations were observed between the occurrence of individual periopathogens and concentrations of MMP-8 and IL-1β depending on the diagnosis.ConclusionsPeriodontitis grade may not be distinguished according to microbial analysis of subgingival biofilm or to concentration of IL-1β in GCF. On the other hand, higher concentrations of MMP-9 in GCF from deep pockets may be helpful in detecting subjects particularly prone to occurrence and rapid progress of periodontitis.

Adjunctive Effects of a Sub-Antimicrobial Dose of Doxycycline on Clinical Parameters and Potential Biomarkers of Periodontal Tissue Catabolism.

Objectives: The aim of the present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study was to examine the effectiveness of a sub-antimicrobial dose of doxycycline (SDD) in combination with nonsurgical periodontal therapy, compared to nonsurgical periodontal therapy alone, on potential gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers of periodontal tissue catabolism related to the clinical outcomes over a 12-month period. Materials and Methods: GCF was collected and clinical parameters were recorded from 30 periodontitis patients randomized either to an SDD or placebo group. The SDD group received SDD (20 mg) b.i.d for 3 months plus scaling and root planing (SRP), while the placebo group was given placebo capsules b.i.d for 3 months plus SRP. The patients were evaluated every 3 months during the 12-month study period. At each visit, clinical parameters and GCF sampling were repeated. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, myeloperoxidase (MPO), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5 (TRAP-5) were determined by IFMA and ELISA. Results: Significant improvements were observed in all clinical parameters in both groups over 12 months (p < 0.0125) while the SDD group showed significantly better reduction in gingival index (GI) and pocket depth and a gain in clinical attachment compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). GCF MMP-8 and OPG levels significantly reduced in the SDD group compared to baseline (p < 0.05). GCF MMP-9 significantly decreased in both groups compared to baseline (p < 0.05). GCF MPO significantly decreased at 3 and 9 months in the SDD group, while it significantly decreased at 6 months in the placebo group (p < 0.05). TRAP and MMP-13 could be detected in none of the samples. Conclusions: The present results indicate that three months of adjunctive usage of SDD to nonsurgical periodontal therapy compared to nonsurgical periodontal therapy alone in periodontitis patients results in further improvement of clinical periodontal parameters and GCF markers of periodontal tissue breakdown over a 12-month period. Beneficial effects of adjunctive SDD therapy is likely to be related to the reduced levels of two major periodontitis-associated MMPs, MMP-8 and -9, and their potential oxidative activator MPO.

Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Patients with Periodontitis

Objective: To determine the expression of TLR4 and MMP8 in gingival crevicular fluid [GCF] in patients with periodontitis. Material and Methods: Clinical samples were collected from 23 gingival crevicular fluid of periodontal disease subjects (n = 14) and healthy periodontal subjects (n=9). Measurement of Clinical parameters of probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were included as diagnostic criteria. Pocket Depth (PD) and CAL were defined as present if the PPD was ≥ 4 mm and the CAL ≥ 1 mm. Expression of TLR4 and MMP8 in the gingival crevicular fluid of deep pockets (PD≥ 6mm), shallow pockets (PD 4-5 mm) and healthy periodontal sulcus (0-3 mm) were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Statistical analysis to compare the pocket was using Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test. Correlation between mRNA expression and clinical parameters was analyzed using Spearman’s correlation test. Results: Expression of TLR4 was higher in shallow pockets compared to the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The expression of MMP8 was higher in shallow pockets compared to the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05) either. There is no significant correlation between TLR4 and MMP8 with clinical periodontal parameters. Conclusion: TLR4 and MMP8 mRNA expression levels should not be used as a clinical biomarker in periodontitis diagnostic tools.

Correlations of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and matrix metalloproteinases in gingival crevicular fluid with peri-implantitis

This study aimed to analyze the correlations of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) with peri-implantitis (PI). Forty patients receiving dental implantation were enrolled. There were 52 implants, which were divided into PI group (42 implants) and health implant (HI) group (10 implants). Fifty-two healthy teeth (HT) with the same names with affected teeth in the patients were selected as the control group. The periodontal status was recorded. The GCF was collected and quantified. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), MMP-13, and MMP-8 were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed that the probing depth, sulcus bleeding index, GCF volume, and TNF-α, IL-6, hs-CRP, MMP-8, and MMP-13 levels in GCF in PI group were significantly higher than HI and HT groups, respectively ( P &lt; 0.01 or P &lt; 0.05). The SOD and GSH-Px levels in PI group were significantly lower than HI and HT groups, respectively ( P &lt; 0.05). Excepting hs-CRP, there was no significant difference of each index between HI and HT groups ( P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, TNF-α, IL-6, hs-CRP, SOD, GSH-Px, MMP-8, and MMP-13 are involved in the occurrence of PI, and they may be used as auxiliary indicators to evaluate the degree of PI. In addition, the clinical periodontal index probing depth and sulcus bleeding index are positively correlated with GCF volume, hs-CRP, MMP-8, and MMP-13.

Cytokines and MMPs levels in gingival crevicular fluid from patients with chronic periodontitis before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy

The study of host response in periodontal disease may provide a mechanism to monitor disease progression. The purpose of the present research was to determine the levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-6sR, IL-8, IL-10, MMP-3 and MMP-8 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) in order to evaluate therapy response. Methodology: Eleven patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and eleven healthy subjects were selected for this study. Clinical measurements, including probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were carried out in patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and periodontal healthy controls. The clinical indexes evaluated were: gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI). Samples of GCF were taken from one tooth per quadrant before and 45 days after NSPT. The levels of inflammatory mediators were measured by ELISA. Results: The values of all clinical parameters decreased significantly after treatment. The concentration levels of all cytokines and MMP-3 and MMP-8 in the GCF sample were higher in patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis compared to the healthy group. All inflammatory mediators decreased after therapy, but did not reach control values; IL-6, Il-6sR, IL-10 and TNF-α, attained the highest reduction (70% -54%); the vales of MMP3, IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-8 were reduced between 50% - 34%; and MMP-8 showed the lowest decrease (28%). Conclusion: All clinical parameters and cytokines levels decreased after NSPT. The mediators TNF-α IL-6, IL-6sR, and IL-10 showed the largest variation between before and after NSPT and could thus be used to evaluate therapy response.

Associations of oral fluid MMP-8 with periodontitis in Swiss adult subjects.

MMP-8 is a prominent collagenase in periodontal disease. This cross-sectional study examined whether MMP-8 levels in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) are associated with periodontitis in a Swiss population. A total of 258 subjects (107m, 151 f, mean age: 43.5yr; range: 21-58yr) acquired from the Swiss bone marrow donor registry participated in the study. Saliva and GCF samples were collected from subjects followed by a thorough dental and periodontal examination. MMP-8 levels were determined with immunofluorometric assay. Associations of MMP-8 levels with periodontal diagnosis, probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing were statistically analysed with Pearson chi-square test, Spearman's rho and logistic regression analysis. MMP-8 in GCF correlated with MMP-8 in saliva (p<.001). Periodontitis was more common (p<.001) among subjects with high levels of MMP-8 in saliva and/or GCF compared with subjects with low levels of MMP-8. Higher MMP-8 levels in GCF and saliva were associated with any periodontal diagnosis (mild, moderate or severe), greater PPD, and bleeding on probing (p<.05). When age, gender, smoking, body mass index, number of medications and decayed, missing and filled teeth were adjusted for, all observed associations remained statistically significant. The area under curve of receiver-operating characteristic was 0.67 for saliva and 0.71 for GCF. Elevated MMP-8 levels both in saliva and GCF are associated with periodontitis in a normal adult population.

Proteolytic Mediators in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Gingivitis.

This study evaluates levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, and tissue inhibitor of MP-1 (TIMP-1) in biofluids of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and systemically healthy counterparts with different statuses of periodontal health. Seventy-one women with GDM and gingivitis (Gg), 30 women with GDM and healthy periodontium (Gh), 28 systemically and periodontally healthy women (Hh), and 37 systemically healthy women with gingivitis (Hg) were evaluated. MMP-8, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 levels were determined in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva, and serum by immunofluorometric and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. GCF and serum MMP-8 concentrations, serum MMP-9 concentrations, and serum MMP-8/MMP-1 and MMP-9/MMP-1 molar ratios were significantly higher in Gg compared with Hg group (P <0.05). Serum MMP-8 levels and salivary TIMP-1 levels were higher in Gh compared with Hg group (P <0.05) whereas salivary MMP-8/TIMP-1 molar ratio was lower in Gh compared with Hg group (P <0.05). Elevated concentrations of GCF MMP-8 and MMP-9 were found in Gg compared with Gh group (P <0.05). Significant correlations were found between local levels of biomarkers and clinical periodontal parameters in only GDM group. GDM may modulate both local and circulating levels of MMP-8 especially when associated with gingivitis.

Concentration of MMP-8 and IL-1β in gingival crevicular fluid in patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis.

Modern research confirms the role of inflammatory mediators in the pathomechanism of periodontal tissue destruction. The aim of the study was to determine concentrations of MMP-8 and IL-1β in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with advanced chronic and aggressive periodontitis. The authors measured the concentrations of the above inflammatory mediators in gingival crevicular fluid of deep pockets (PD ≥ 6 mm) and shallow pockets (PD 4-5 mm) in 33 patients with advanced chronic periodontitis and in 16 patients with aggressive periodontitis. The control group consisted of 16 individuals with healthy periodontium. In all patients levels of MMP-8 and IL-1β in GCF were determined with the ELISA method. The study showed significantly higher concentrations of MMP-8 and IL-1β in GCF of both deep and shallow pockets in patients with periodontitis compared to healthy subjects. No difference in concentrations of the tested mediators was observed with reference to diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis (AP) or chronic periodontitis (CP).

Cytokine (interleukin-1beta) and MMP levels in gingival crevicular fluid after use of platelet-rich fibrin or connective tissue graft in the treatment of localized gingival recessions.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) in gingival crevicular fluid during the early and late stages of healing in gingival recession sites treated with coronally advanced flap plus platelet-rich fibrin (CAF+PRF) compared with CAF plus connective tissue graft (CAF+CTG). Twenty-four nonsmoking patients with Miller Class I or Class II localized gingival recession defects in bilateral sites received treatment with either CAF+PRF (PRF group) or CAF+CTG (CTG group). Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected at baseline and at 10d and 1mo, 3mo and 6mo after surgery. The levels of MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and IL-1β in gingival crevicular fluid were measured using a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay and ELISAs. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of IL-1β were significantly elevated in the CTG group at 10d compared with baseline (p<0.05). At 10d after surgery, the levels of TIMP-1 in gingival crevicular fluid showed a significant decrease in the CTG group compared with the PRF group (p<0.05). The levels of IL-1β and MMP-8 in gingival crevicular fluid were significantly lower in the PRF group than in the CTG group at 10d (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in all clinical and biochemical parameters at 1, 3, and 6mo between study groups (p>0.05). Root coverage with CAF+PRF has a significant effect on increasing gingival crevicular fluid TIMP-1 levels and suppressing gingival crevicular fluid MMP-8 and IL-β levels at 10d. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and IL-1β did not seem to be affected by the technique at later phases of wound healing.

Change of periodontal inflammatory indicators through a 4-week weight control intervention including caloric restriction and exercise training in young Koreans: a pilot study

BackgroundRecent cross-sectional studies indicate that obesity is a risk factor for periodontal disease. Exercise training in high fat mice or rats can inhibit gingival inflammation effectively. The objective of this human intervention study was to investigate whether short-term weight control could affect periodontal indexes and serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers in young Koreans.MethodsForty-one obese volunteers (body mass index (BMI) > 25.0) and 12 normal weight subjects (18.5 ≤ BMI ≤ 23.0) participated in a four-week weight control program to analyze the changes in anthropometric criteria, the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides in serum, gingival index, bleeding on probing, periodontal biomarkers in GCF, and dental plaque index at the first and the 27th days.ResultsThe means of obesity measures decreased significantly more in the obese group (BMI 2.53 ± 0.96, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) 4.88 ± 1.58 %, LDL 35.85 ± 21.74 mgdL−1) than in the normal weight group (BMI 0.78 ± 0.72, WHR 2.00 ± 0.95 %, LDL 15.58 ± 18.07 mgdL−1). While the obese group showed significant decreases in the biomarkers in GCF (IL-1β 58.38 ± 65.55 pgmL−1, MMP-8 4.19 ± 5.61 ngmL−1, MMP-9 3.36 ± 6.30 ngmL−1), the mean changes for the normal weight group (IL-1β 10.07 ± 21.08 pgmL−1, MMP-8 1.49 ± 4.61 ngmL−1, MMP-9 -1.52 ± 9.71 ngmL−1) were not statistically significant. Anthropometric measures and the amounts of GCF biomarkers had weak positive correlations (0.242 ≤ r ≤ 0.340), and LDL in serum correlated with MMP-8 (r = 0.332) and IL-1β (r = 0.342) in the obese group. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis in the obese group showed that the relationship between the amount of IL-1β in GCF and predictor variables including LDL and BMI was highly significant and accounted for 19.1 % of the variance in IL-1β in GCF.ConclusionsIn periodontally healthy subjects, weight control could reduce the amounts of MMP-8, MMP-9, and IL-1β in GCF of the obese subjects. Further studies with periodontally unhealthy and obese people are needed to identify the mechanism of decreases in inflammation biomarkers in GCF through weight control.Trial registrationISRCTN86753073 (2015.08.14)

The utility of gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 response patterns in prediction of site-level clinical treatment outcome.

Different gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 response patterns were studied among non-smoking and smoking patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) to test the utility of GCF MMP-8 levels predicting the site-level treatment outcome. Data from four independent longitudinal studies were combined. Altogether, the studies included 158 periodontal sites from 67 patients with CP and 32 patients with GAgP, and GCF samples were collected at baseline, after the treatment, and during the 6-month maintenance period. All GCF samples were analyzed by immunofluorometric assay for MMP-8. Different site-level MMP-8 response patterns were explored by the cluster analysis. Most optimal MMP-8 cutoff levels were searched with receiver operating characteristic analyses, and the predictive utility of defined levels was tested. Distinct types of MMP-8 response patterns were found in both smokers and non-smokers. MMP-8 levels exceeding the optimal cutoff levels separately defined for smokers and non-smokers indicated increased risk for compromised treatment outcome at baseline and during the maintenance period. Seventy-one percent of non-smokers (positive likelihood ratio of 4.22) and 88% of smokers (positive likelihood ratio of 5.00) with positive test results at both baseline and the maintenance period had compromised treatment outcome. The double-positive result indicated 46% and 39% point risk increase for the compromised outcome, respectively. GCF MMP-8 analysis with defined cutoff levels could be used to predict the site-level treatment outcome and for longitudinal monitoring of the disease status during the maintenance period.

Host-derived biomarkers at teeth and implants in partially edentulous patients. A 10-year retrospective study.

To assess a selection of host-derived biomarkers in peri-implant sulcus fluid (PISF) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from adjacent teeth 10years following implant placement. Peri-implant sulcus fluid and GCF samples obtained from the deepest sites of 504 implants and 493 adjacent teeth were analysed for levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-8, MMP-1, and MMP-1 bound to tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 (MMP-1/TIMP-1) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Overall, MMP-8 was detected in 90% of the sites. In more than 50% of the sites, IL-1β was identified while in 30% of the sites MMP-1, MMP-1/TIMP-1 and MMP-3 were found over the detection level. Increased biomarkers levels from PISF and GCF were positively correlated (r=0.375-0.702; P<0.001). However, no qualitative and quantitative differences were found between PISF and GCF. The levels of MMP-1 were negatively correlated with those of MMP-1/TIMP-1 at implants (r=-0.644; P<0.001). Median MMP-1 levels at implants were high (5.17pg/site) in subjects with severe chronic periodontitis and low in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic periodontitis (0pg/site; P=0.026) or gingivitis (0pg/site; P=0.034). Levels of IL-1β were found to be different in GCF according to the periodontal conditions (P=0.001) with the highest level found in mild-to-moderate periodontitis (6.2pg/site). Clinical attachment levels at implants demonstrated an inverse correlation with MMP-1/TIMP-1 (r=-0.147; P=0.001). Increased levels of MMP-8 and IL-1β in PISF or GCF may be associated with inflammation around teeth and implants while lower levels of MMP-1/TIMP-1 may be an indicator of disease progression around implants.

Evaluation of GCF MMP-1, MMP-8, TGF-β1, PDGF-AB, and VEGF levels in periodontally healthy smokers

The effect of smoking on inflammatory biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is well established in the presence of periodontal inflammation. However, it is not clear if smoking has an influence on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and growth factor levels in the GCF of periodontally healthy subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate GCF levels of MMP-1, MMP-8, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in smoking versus nonsmoking periodontally healthy subjects. Thirty-two periodontally healthy subjects were included in this study. Probing depths, bleeding on probing, and plaque index was assessed. GCF levels of MMP-1, MMP-8, TGF-β1, PDGF-AB, and VEGF were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of demographic data between study groups. GCF total amount of PDGF-AB was significantly lower in smokers compared to nonsmokers (P = 0.014). Total amount of GCF MMP-1, MMP-8, TGF-β1, and VEGF levels were similar in both study groups (P = 0.022). Smoking has the effect of decreasing GCF PDGF-AB while it does not affect GCF MMP-1, MMP-8, TGF-β1, and VEGF in periodontally healthy subjects. Since increased levels of these molecules are involved in periodontal breakdown, our findings may emphasize the importance for maintenance of periodontal health in smokers.

Analysis of matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels in gingival crevicular fluid and whole mouth fluid among smokers and nonsmokers using enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay and a novel chair-side test.

Aim:To indigenously prepare a chair-side test kit for investigating and comparing the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva in patients with healthy periodontium, gingivitis and chronic periodontitis in smokers and nonsmokers. To validate the diagnostic accuracy of indigenously prepared chair-side test against enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, to assess the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on the levels of MMP-8 in GCF and saliva among the test groups.Materials and Methods:GCF and saliva were collected from 250 subjects. The study population were divided into five groups; health periodontium-nonsmokers (Group 1; n = 50), chronic gingivitis-nonsmokers (Group 2; n = 50), chronic periodontitis-nonsmokers (Group 3; n = 50), chronic gingivitis-smokers (Group 4; n = 50), chronic periodontitis-smokers (Group 5; n = 50). A chair-side test kit was indigenously prepared using polyclonal antibodies (principle of immunochromatography) to detect the MMP-8 levels, and it was validated against ELISA at baseline and 3 months after NSPT.Results:The chair-side test detected MMP-8 levels with a sensitivity and specificity in accordance with ELISA. MMP-8 levels at baseline were higher in Group 2 and Group 3 as compared to controls (P < 0.05), and decreased after therapy (P < 0.05). MMP-8 levels in GCF were greater than in saliva for all the groups, indicating GCF to be a better sample to detect the MMP levels.Conclusion:The chair-side test detected MMP-8 levels accurately making it a viable chair side diagnostic tool. It was effective for early diagnosis of the periodontal disease among high-risk population such as smokers.

Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8 and Tissue Inhibitor of MMP‐1 (TIMP‐1) Gene Polymorphisms in Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis: Gingival Crevicular Fluid MMP‐8 and TIMP‐1 Levels and Outcome of Periodontal Therapy

The aim of the present study is to investigate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 (TIMP-1) gene polymorphisms in generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) and to assess the effects of MMP-8 and TIMP-1 genotypes on the outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy. Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral blood of 100 patients with GAgP and 167 periodontally healthy controls. MMP-8 +17 C/G, -799 C/T, -381 A/G and TIMP-1 372 T/C, *429 T/G polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Patients with GAgP received non-surgical periodontal therapy and were followed for 6 months. Clinical periodontal parameters and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected at baseline and at follow-up visits. GCF biomarkers were analyzed by immunofluorescence assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Distribution of the MMP-8 -799 C/T genotypes was significantly different between the GAgP and control groups (P <0.005). TIMP-1 372 T/C and *429 T/G genotypes in males were also significantly different between study groups (P <0.004). GCF MMP-8 levels decreased until 3 months after non-surgical therapy compared with baseline in T and G alleles, as well as G and C allele carriers (P <0.0125), whereas no significant decreased was observed in non-carriers (P >0.0125). On the basis of the present findings, it can be suggested that MMP-8 -799 C/T and TIMP-1 372 T/C, *429 T/G gene polymorphisms in males may be associated with the susceptibility to GAgP in the Turkish population.