MMP-9 Gene Research Articles

A biologically functional bioink based on extracellular matrix derived collagen for 3D printing of skin

Over the past few years, several advancements have been made to develop artificial skin that mimics human skin. Artificial skin manufactured using 3D printing technology that includes all epidermal and dermal components, such as collagen, may offer a viable solution. The skin-specific bioink was derived from digested chicken skin and incorporated into PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and gelatin. The prepared bioink was further analyzed for its structure, stability, biocompatibility, and wound healing potential in in vitro, in ovo, and in vivo models. The 3D-printed skin showed excellent mechanical properties. In vitro scratch assays showed the proliferation and migration of cells within 24 h. In an in ovo assay, the 3D-printed skin facilitated the attachment of cells to the scaffolds. In the animal study, the quick cellular recruitment at the injury site accelerated wound healing. Further, hydroxyproline content was estimated to be 0.9–1.2 mg/ml, and collagen content was 7.5 %, which confirmed the epithelization. The relative expressions of MMP-9, COMP, TNF-α, and IL-6 genes were found to be increased compared to the control. These results demonstrate that 3D bioprinting represents a suitable technology to generate bioengineered skin for therapeutic and industrial applications in an automated manner.

Study on the molecular mechanism of dihydromyricetin in alleviating liver cirrhosis based on network pharmacology.

Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a bioactive flavonoid extracted from Hovenia dulcis, which has various activities. In the present study, the molecular mechanism of dihydromyricetin (DHM) in relieving liver cirrhosis was investigated through network pharmacology and experimental verification. The cell model was induced by TGF-β1 activating the human hepatic stellate cell line (HSC; LX-2). The protein levels of α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III and pathway-related proteins within LX-2 cells were detected using Western blot. EdU staining was conducted to detect cell proliferation. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect the expression levels of α-SMA and collagen I. Next, the drug targets of DHM were screened from the PubChem database. The differentially expressed genes in the liver cirrhosis dataset GSE14323 were identified. The expression of the identified drug targets in LX-2 cells was verified using qRT-PCR. The results showed that TGF-β1 treatment notably increased LX-2 cell viability, promoted cell proliferation, and elevated α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III protein contents. DHM treatment could partially eliminate TGF-β1 effects, as evidenced by the inhibited cell viability and proliferation and reduced α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III contents. After network pharmacology analysis, nine differentially expressed target genes (MMP2, PDGFRB, PARP1, BCL2L2, ABCB1, TYR, CYP2E1, SQSTM1, and IL6) in liver cirrhosis were identified. According to qRT-PCR verification, DHM could inhibit the expression of MMP2, PDGFRB, PARP1, CYP2E1, SQSTM1, and IL6, and enhance ABCB1 expression levels within LX-2 cells. Moreover, DHM inhibited mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in TGF-β1-induced HSCs. In conclusion, DHM could inhibit HSC activation, which may be achieved via acting on MMP2, PDGFRB, PARP1, CYP2E1, SQSTM1, IL6, and ABCB1 genes and their downstream signaling pathways, including mTOR and MAPK signaling pathway.

5mC modification orchestrates choriogenesis and fertilization by preventing prolonged ftz-f1 expression

DNA methylation at the fifth position of cytosine (5-methylcytosine, 5mC) is a crucial epigenetic modification for regulating gene expression, but little is known about how it regulates gene expression in insects. Here, we pursue the detailed molecular mechanism by which DNMT1-mediated 5mC maintenance regulates female reproduction in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. Our results show that Dnmt1 knockdown decreases the level of 5mC in the ovary, upregulating numerous genes during choriogenesis, especially the transcription factor ftz-f1. The hypomethylation at the ftz-f1 promoter region increases and prolongs ftz-f1 expression in ovarian follicle cells during choriogenesis, which consequently causes aberrantly high levels of 20-hydroxyecdysone and excessively upregulates the extracellular matrix remodeling gene Mmp1. These changes further impair choriogenesis and disrupt fertilization by causing anoikis of the follicle cells, a shortage of chorion proteins, and malformation of the sponge-like bodies. This study significantly advances our understanding of how DNA 5mC modification regulates female reproduction in insects.

The ginsenoside Rg2 downregulates MMP-1 expression in keratinocyte (HaCaT)-conditioned medium-treated human fibroblasts (Hs68)

Keratinocytes exposed to UVB induce the production of cytokines, which activate fibroblasts and increase the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The increased expression of MMPs leads to connective tissue damage and wrinkle formation, resulting in skin aging. In this study, we used human dermal fibroblasts cultured in UVB-irradiated keratinocyte-conditioned medium (UV CM) to investigate the potential anti-aging effects of the ginsenoside Rg2 on skin. The inhibitory effect of Rg2 on the MMP-1 gene and protein was determined by real-time PCR and ELISA. We also examined the expression levels of proteins in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway using western blotting, to elucidate the underlying mechanism of the inhibitory effect of Rg2. Rg2 inhibited MMP-1 mRNA and protein expression in a concentration-dependent manner. We found that Rg2 inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not that of p38. Therefore, our results suggest that Rg2 is a potential material for the prevention and treatment of photoaging.

Identification of postnatal development dependent genes and proteins in porcine epididymis

BackgroundThe epididymis is a highly regionalized tubular organ possesses vectorial functions of sperm concentration, maturation, transport, and storage. The epididymis-expressed genes and proteins are characterized by regional and developmental dependent pattern. However, a systematic and comprehensive insight into the postnatal development dependent changes in gene and protein expressions of porcine epididymis is still lacking. Here, the RNA and protein of epididymis of Duroc pigs at different postnatal development stages were extracted by using commercial RNeasy Midi kit and extraction buffer (7 M Urea, 2 M thiourea, 3% CHAPS, and 1 mM PMSF) combined with sonication, respectively, which were further subjected to transcriptomic and proteomic profiling.ResultsTranscriptome analysis indicated that 198 and 163 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were continuously up-regulated and down-regulated along with postnatal development stage changes, respectively. Most of the up-regulated DEGs linked to functions of endoplasmic reticulum and lysosome, while the down-regulated DEGs mainly related to molecular process of extracellular matrix. Moreover, the following key genes INSIG1, PGRMC1, NPC2, GBA, MMP2, MMP14, SFRP1, ELN, WNT-2, COL3A1, and SPARC were highlighted. A total of 49 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) corresponding to postnatal development stages changes were uncovered by the proteome analysis. Several key proteins ACSL3 and ACADM, VDAC1 and VDAC2, and KNG1, SERPINB1, C3, and TF implicated in fatty acid metabolism, voltage-gated ion channel assembly, and apoptotic and immune processes were emphasized. In the integrative network, the key genes and proteins formed different clusters and showed strong interactions. Additionally, NPC2, COL3A1, C3, and VDAC1 are located at the hub position in each cluster.ConclusionsThe identified postnatal development dependent genes and proteins in the present study will pave the way for shedding light on the molecular basis of porcine epididymis functions and are useful for further studies on the specific regulation mechanisms responsible for epididymal sperm maturation.

A current view on atrophic scars pathogenesis

The main theories of striae pathogenesis are the following: mechanical — an atrophic scar as a result of excessive skin stretching, hormonal — increased expression of genes for receptors of various hormones, and genetic theory — striae as a consequence of congenital structural disorders in the formation of epidermal and dermal structures of the skin. Purpose of the study: to analyze the increased risk of formation of hormone-dependent atrophic scars by studying the polymorphism of the genes for estrogen receptor 1, matrix metalloproteinase type-3, and COL1A1. Material and methods. In order to identify genetic factors of increased risk of striae formation, 20 patients with atrophic scars and 15 healthy patients were examined. The work examined the polymorphism of the COL1A1, ESR1, and MMP-3 genes. Results. Comparative analysis of gene polymorphism in patients with hormone-dependent scars determined a statistically significant difference in the distribution of alleles compared to the control group and showed high values of high-risk TT genotypes for COL1A1 (rs1800012). High values of the mutation / mutation allele CC for ESR1 (rs 2234693) were observed, as well as high values of intermediate risk genotypes 5A / 6A for MMP-3 (rs3025058) were detected. The data obtained can be considered as potential risk factors for the development of atrophic scars of the striae phenotype.

Association study for the role of MMP8 gene polymorphisms in Colorectal cancer susceptibility

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, influenced by several genetic loci in its clinical phenotypes. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the MMP8 gene polymorphism and CRC risk in the Chinese Han population.MethodThis study recruited 688 CRC patients and 690 healthy controls. The relationship between MMP8 polymorphism and CRC susceptibility was assessed by calculating the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) after stratifying by age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and alcohol consumption under a multi-genetic model.ResultsMMP8 rs3740938 was associated with increased CRC predisposition (p = 0.016, OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04–1.48), and this association was detected particularly in subjects aged > 60 years, females, people with BMI > 24 kg/m2, smokers, and drinkers. Moreover, rs3740938 was found to be associated with the pathological type of rectal cancer.ConclusionsOur results first displayed that rs3740938 in MMP8 was a risk factor for CRC predisposition. This finding may provide a new biological perspective for understanding the role of the MMP8 gene in CRC pathogenesis.

Low-dose Cisplatin Induces Tumor Growth via Mobilization of Proangiogenic Bone Marrow-derived Cells in Mouse Models.

It is generally accepted that low-dose metronomic (LDM) chemotherapy mostly exerts its antitumor effects by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. However, there is some evidence that LDM chemotherapy subsequently promotes tumor angiogenesis under certain regimens in animal models. The mechanisms responsible for these contradictory results are unclear. Cisplatin (CDDP) was intraperitoneally administered to tumor-bearing mice at doses of 0.05-3 mg/kg every other day. The effects of LDM chemotherapy with CDDP on tumor growth and angiogenesis were observed. To determine the involved mechanisms, we analyzed the expression of vascular basement membrane proteins, transcription of angiogenesis-related genes in tumor tissues, and mobilization of proangiogenic bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) in circulating blood. The mean tumor weight with the 3 mg/kg q.o.d. regimen CDDP was significantly lower (by 57.3%) in the CDDP than in the control group. However, the tumor weight was 52.1% higher for the 0.19 mg/kg q.o.d. regimen in the CDDP group, which could be antagonized using 30 mg/kg all-trans retinoic acid. For the 0.19 mg/kg q.o.d., more tumor vascular structures were observed in the CDDP than in the control group (47.9±5.0 vs. 22.3±0.8, p<0.001). The mobilization of VEGFR2+ BMDCs and the mRNA expression of the proangiogenic genes MMP9, VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VE-cadherin were increased in the 0.19 mg/kg regimen. These results indicate that metronomic CDDP promoted tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth via increased mobilization of proangiogenic BMDCs at certain low doses. This implies a potential therapeutic risk from an inappropriate LDM chemotherapy dosage and suggests that optimizing the LDM chemotherapy regimen is urgently needed.

Chromatin insulation orchestrates matrix metalloproteinase gene cluster expression reprogramming in aggressive breast cancer tumors

BackgroundTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype that exhibits a high incidence of distant metastases and lacks targeted therapeutic options. Here we explored how the epigenome contributes to matrix metalloprotease (MMP) dysregulation impacting tumor invasion, which is the first step of the metastatic process.MethodsWe combined RNA expression and chromatin interaction data to identify insulator elements potentially associated with MMP gene expression and invasion. We employed CRISPR/Cas9 to disrupt the CCCTC-Binding Factor (CTCF) binding site on an insulator element downstream of the MMP8 gene (IE8) in two TNBC cellular models. We characterized these models by combining Hi-C, ATAC-seq, and RNA-seq with functional experiments to determine invasive ability. The potential of our findings to predict the progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), was tested in data from clinical specimens.ResultsWe explored the clinical relevance of an insulator element located within the Chr11q22.2 locus, downstream of the MMP8 gene (IE8). This regulatory element resulted in a topologically associating domain (TAD) boundary that isolated nine MMP genes into two anti-correlated expression clusters. This expression pattern was associated with worse relapse-free (HR = 1.57 [1.06 − 2.33]; p = 0.023) and overall (HR = 2.65 [1.31 − 5.37], p = 0.005) survival of TNBC patients. After CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of IE8, cancer cells showed a switch in the MMP expression signature, specifically downregulating the pro-invasive MMP1 gene and upregulating the antitumorigenic MMP8 gene, resulting in reduced invasive ability and collagen degradation. We observed that the MMP expression pattern predicts DCIS that eventually progresses into invasive ductal carcinomas (AUC = 0.77, p < 0.01).ConclusionOur study demonstrates how the activation of an IE near the MMP8 gene determines the regional transcriptional regulation of MMP genes with opposing functional activity, ultimately influencing the invasive properties of aggressive forms of breast cancer.

Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived MMP14 Facilitates Leukemia Progression and Chemotherapy Resistance

Abstract i ntroduction:Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) stands as a menacing hematological malignancy, characterized by the aberrant proliferation and development of myeloid cells, entailing formidable therapeutic complexities. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) represent pivotal enzymes that dismantle the extracellular matrix by disintegrating tissue barriers. Among these, MMP14 assumes significance as it governs the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, exhibiting heightened expression in solid tumors, including prostate cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and skin cancer, thereby endorsing the invasiveness and metastatic potential of angiogenic inflammatory cancer cells. Nonetheless, the effect of abnormal expression of MMP14 derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in AML patients upon the bone marrow microenvironment and AML pathogenesis, along with its underlying mechanism, remains unexplored. Methods: AML-MSCs were extracted from bone marrow samples of AML patients through whole bone marrow adherent culture. Lentiviral vectors carrying cDNA of the MMP14 gene and empty lentiviral vectors were meticulously constructed and subsequently introduced into AML-MSCs. Brdu and CFU-F assayed the proliferative capacity of knockdown and control MSCs, and osteogenic induced differentiation was performed in vitro on both groups of MSCs.AML cell lines Kasumi-1 and Molm-13 were subjected to co-culture with AML-MSCs to evaluate the migratory and invasive capabilities of AML cell lines , while the proliferative activity of AML cell lines was assessed via BrdU. Following co-cultivation, AML cell lines were exposed to 1μM cytarabine for 48 hours, and cell viability was gauged using flow cytometry. Moreover, CD34+ cells were isolated from leukemia patients' bone marrow using magnetic beads and co-cultivated with the aforementioned MSC groups to explore the impact of MMP14 derived from MSCs on the resistance of leukemia stem cells to cytarabine. Results: Knockdown of MMP14 reduces MSC proliferation and colony-forming ability while also impeding MSC osteogenic differentiation. AML cell lines subjected to co-culture with the MSC knockdown group exhibited a remarkable reduction in both invasion and migration abilities. The BrdU assay demonstrated a significant decrease in the proliferation rate of AML cell lines within the MMP14 knockdown group. Moreover, following 48 hours of cytarabine administration, flow cytometric analysis revealed a lower proportion of viable cells in the knockdown group when compared to the control group. The same trend was observed in primary cells, as evidenced by a decreased percentage of proliferating CD34+ cells within the knockdown group, along with a reduced proportion of viable cells following cytarabine treatment. Conclusion: The MMP14 derived from MSCs fosters AML progression and confers chemoresistance. Our study provides valuable insights into the significance of MMP14 in AML drug resistance and underscores its potential as a promising preclinical target for AML treatment. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Comparative study on gene expression in psoriatic lesions versus chronic wound healing processes.

Psoriasis and chronic ulcers not only significantly impair quality of life but also pose a challenge in dermatological treatment. This study aimed to identify new therapeutic targets and biomarkers for psoriasis and chronic ulcers by comparing their gene expression profiles. The gene expression profiles of psoriatic, wound and chronic ulcer patients, as well as healthy controls, were determined via RNA extraction and next-generation sequencing of biopsies. In order to identify biomarkers, functional enrichment, differential expression analysis and machine learning algorithms were implemented. It is worth mentioning that the genes IL17A, TNF, KRT16, MMP9, and CD44 exhibited substantial correlations with the pathogenesis of the conditions being studied. As evidenced by their AUC-ROC values approaching 0.90, machine learning models accurately identified these biomarkers. The differential gene expression was consequently validated via qRT-PCR, which highlighted the increased expression of matrix remodelling enzymes and inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, genes essential for maintaining epidermis integrity and facilitating wound healing exhibited downregulation. These insights into the molecular mechanisms of psoriasis and chronic ulcers pave the way for the development of targeted therapies, offering hope for improved treatment strategies.

Investigation of wound healing potentials of Lysimachia verticillaris and Lysimachia vulgaris: In vivo and in vitro studies

In this study, the wound healing potential of L. verticillaris and L. vulgaris were investigated in vivo with the “Circular Excision Wound Model”. Changes in wound healing have been observed with biological activity and histopathological studies. RT-PCR studies were performed to determine gene expression. Moreover, enzyme inhibitions, antimicrobial activity and HPLC studies were carried out. When the wound area closures were examined, it was determined that the wound closure effect of the ointments was better than the Madecassol®. It was observed that the species contributed to wound healing by decreasing TNF-α, IL-1β and MMP-9 gene levels and increasing IL-10 levels. The collagenase enzyme inhibition values of the species were found to be close to each other and as effective as catechin. It was determined that the species showed the most pronounced antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. Sinapic acid was detected as the major compound in HPLC studies.

Association of MMP3, MMP14, and MMP25 gene polymorphisms with cerebral stroke risk: a case-control study

BackgroundCerebral stroke (CS) is the leading cause of death in China, and a complex disease caused by both alterable risk factors and genetic factors. This study intended to investigate the association of MMP3, MMP14, and MMP25 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with CS risk in a Chinese Han population.MethodsA total of 1,348 Han Chinese were recruited in this case-control study. Four candidate loci including rs520540 A/G and rs679620 T/C of MMP3, rs2236302 G/C of MMP14, and rs10431961 T/C of MMP25 were successfully screened. The correlation between the four SNPs and CS risk was assessed by logistic regression analysis. The results were analyzed by false-positive report probability (FPRP) for chance or significance. The interactions between four SNPs associated with CS risk were assessed by multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR).Resultsrs520540 A/G and rs679620 C/T SNP in MMP3 were associated with risk of CS in allele, codominant, dominant and log-additive models. Ischemic stroke risk were significantly lower in carriers with rs520540-A allele and rs679620-T allele than those with G/G or C/C genotypes. However, rs520540-A allele and rs679620-T allele were associated with higher risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Stratified analysis showed that these two SNPs were associated with reduced risk of CS in aged < 55 years, non-smoking and non-drinking participants, and rs679620 SNP also reduced CS risk in male participants. The levels of uric acid, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and eosinophil were different among patients with different genotypes of rs520540 and rs679620. No statistically significant association was found between MMP14 rs2236302 G/C or MMP25 rs10431961 T/C with CS even after stratification by stroke subtypes, age, gender as well as smoking and drinking conditions in all the genetic models.ConclusionMMP3 rs520540 A/G and rs679620 C/T polymorphisms were associated with CS risk in the Chinese Han population, which provides useful information for the prevention and diagnosis of CS.

Novel Genetic Microvascular Dysplasia Causing Hypoperfusion of Cardiac, Renal, and Cerebral Circulation.

Microvascular disorders represent an uncommon site of tissue hypo-perfusion and damage. Various genetic and acquired causes can be involved. A 65-year-old man was admitted because of refractory angina, which he had had since the age of 30 years, micro-hematuria, and recurrent transitory ischemic attacks from the age of 64. Hematochemical studies, ECG, Holter monitoring, 2D-echo, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), CTA of cerebral vessels, endomyocardial coronary angiography, and kidney biopsy processes were undertaken. Gene mutation analysis was conducted using next-generation sequencing, which included more than 5000 genes associated with inherited diseases. Hematochemical findings were unremarkable. The ECG, Holter, 2D-echo, and CTA of brain vessels were normal. Cerebral magnetic resonance showed the presence of multiple small foci of ischemia. Coronary and ventricular angiography showed normal arteries with remarkably slow flow and multiple biventricular micro-aneurysms. At the endomyocardial biopsy, five of seven arterioles presented severe lumen obstruction due to hypertrophy and disarray of the muscular coat. Similarly, obstructed pre-glomerular arteries with glomerular sclerosis were seen at the renal biopsy. Genetics identified mutations in the ABCC6, MMP2, and XYLT1 genes, which play pivotal roles in the extracellular matrix. This study described a new genetic microvascular obstructive disease causing progressive hypo-perfusion of the human brain, heart, and kidney.

Icariside I reduces breast cancer proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis probably through inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Breast cancer is a common malignancy in women. More than 90% of breast cancer deaths are caused by metastasis. Epimedii Folium (EF) is a commonly used herb with anti-tumor benefits, but its underlying mechanisms and active components for breast cancer prevention are little understood. This study assessed the therapeutic role of Icariside I (ICS I) in Epimedium flavonoids (EF) on lung metastasis of breast cancer, including the underlying mechanism. Western blot, RT-qPCR, wound healing assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry were used to investigate the inhibition of breast cancer cells growth and migration by EF and ICS I through disrupting the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. Combined with 4T1 breast cancer model in mice, Western blot, RT-qPCR, Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the therapeutic role of ICS I in proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis of breast cancer. EF can inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation and reduce the colony formation and migration of breast cancer cells. Detecting the active ingredients in EF, we found ICS I can reduce the activation of STAT3 in 4T1 breast cancer cells, impair colony formation and migration. Moreover, ICS I induced cells G1 phase arrest and modulated Cyclin D1, CDK4, bcl-2, and bax to inhibit proliferation and survival of breast cancer cells. Similarly, the in vivo studies demonstrated that ICS I significantly suppressed tumor development and lung metastasis in the 4T1 mouse model. Tumor cells in vehicle group were arranged in a spoke-like pattern with obvious heterogeneity, and multinucleated tumor giant cells were seen. But, the tumor cells in the ICS I group were disorganized and necrotic lysis was seen in some areas. In ICS I-treated group, tumors' STAT3 phosphorylation level, IL-6, Cyclin D1, CDK4, bcl-2, and vimentin expression were downregulated, bax and cleaved caspase 3 expression were upregulated. In the lung tissue, we could find less metastasis of breast cancer cells and less lung injury in the ICS I group. Besides, the expression of metastasis-related genes MMP9 and vimentin was decreased in the lung tissue of ICS I group. These findings suggest that ICS I can inhibit breast cancer proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis probably via targeting IL-6/STAT3 pathway. Therefore, ICS I has the potential to become an innovative therapeutic candidate to breast cancer prevention and treatment.

Biochemical and gene expression studies reveal the potential of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented broken rice and brewers' rice water extracts as anti-photoageing agents.

In this study, UVA- and UVB-irradiated human fibroblasts were used to investigate the anti-photoaging efficacy of two aqueous extracts from Aspergillus oryzae-fermented broken rice (FBR) and brewers' rice (FBrR). As UVA and UVB can damage the dermal and epidermal layers, respectively, two UV radiation approaches were utilised: i) direct UVA irradiation on fibroblasts, and ii) UVB-irradiated keratinocytes indirectly co-cultured with fibroblasts to observe their epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during UVB-induced photoaging. The anti-photoaging properties were tested utilising biochemical tests and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The treatment of UV-irradiated human fibroblasts with FBR and FBrR dramatically downregulates MMP-1 and SFE gene expression. Nonetheless, MMP-1 secretion was inhibited by FBR and FBrR, with more substantial decreases in UVB-treated co-cultures, ranging from 0.76- to 1.89-fold relative to the untreated control. In UVA-treated fibroblasts, however, the elastase-inhibiting activity of FBR and FBrR is up to 1.63-fold and 2.13-fold more potent, respectively. In addition, post-UV irradiation treatment with FBR and FBrR was able to repair and enhance collagen formation in UVA-irradiated fibroblasts. Both FBR and FBrR were able to upregulate elastin gene expression in fibroblasts under both culture conditions, especially at 50 µg/mL. The pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-, IL-1ß, and IL-6 were likewise lowered by FBR and FBrR, which may have contributed to the anti-photoaging effect of the UVB-treated co-culture. These results reveal that FBR and FBrR inhibit photoaging in human fibroblasts under both UV induction conditions. In conclusion, FBR and FBrR may be attractive bio-ingredients for usage in the cosmetic sector as cosmeceuticals.

Association of MMP2 and MMP9 gene polymorphisms with nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate in an Iranian population.

Cleft lip/palate (CL/P) is a prevalent congenital disorder. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in palatogenesis and have been proposed to be associated with nonsyndromic CL/P development. This study aimed to examine the association of MMP2 (rs243866) and MMP9 (rs3918242) gene polymorphism with nonsyndromic CL/P in an Iranian population. Blood samples were collected from 120 nonsyndromic CL/P patients and 140 healthy newborns in this case-control study. DNA extraction was performed by the salting-out method, and the samples underwent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), using Pag and SphI enzymes, for genotyping MMP2 and MMP9 gene polymorphisms. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 11.5. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The level of statistical significance was set at P<0.05. No significant association was found between MMP2 gene polymorphism and nonsyndromic CL/P. However, the MMP9 gene polymorphism had a significant association with nonsyndromic CL/P, with a higher prevalence of the T allele and TT genotype in the case group than the control group. This study indicated a potential link between MMP9 gene polymorphism and nonsyndromic CL/P in an Iranian population. Future investigations with greater sample diversity and larger sample sizes are required to obtain more comprehensive and robust evidence. In-depth analyses and studies involving different ethnic groups can further enhance our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of CL/P.

Melanocortin 1 receptor deficiency protects against pathological cardiac hypertrophy

Abstract Background The melanocortin system, including adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormones and five melanocortin receptors (MC-R), regulates important physiological functions such as pigmentation and energy homeostasis. It has been also recently implicated in the regulation of pathological cardiac remodeling but the role of different MC-R subtypes in the heart remain unknown. Purpose Based on the abundant cardiac expression of MC1-R, we hypothesized that it is functionally active in the heart and regulates pathological cardiac remodeling. Methods Rat H9c2 cells were used to study the effects of the selective MC1-R agonist LD211 on intracellular signaling cascades, gene expression and cellular growth response by using Western blotting, quantitative RT-PCR and 3H-leucine incorporation assay, respectively. Recessive yellow mice (Mc1re/e) were used as a model of global MC1-R deficiency. Inducible cardiomyocyte-specific MC1-R knockout mouse model (Mc1r-cKO) was engineered by intercrossing MC1-R floxed mice (Mc1rfl/fl) with tamoxifen-inducible Myh6-MerCreMer transgenic mice (Myh6-MCM). Mc1re/e and Mc1r-cKO mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC, 8 wks) or subcutaneous infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II, 4 wks) to induce pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac structure and function were measured by echocardiography and by histological examination of H&amp;E-stained heart sections. Results Treatment of H9c2 cells with LD211 increased MAP-kinase p-38 phosphorylation (+53 %, P=0.005 vs control), upregulated the expression of B-type natriuretic peptide (Nppb, +40 %, P=0.03 vs control) and increased 3H-leucine incorporation (+27 %, P=0.006 vs control). Mc1re/e mice showed reduction in ventricular weight (-29 mg, P=0.03) compared to WT mice after TAC operation, and reduced left ventricular (LV) expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (Nppa) and fibrosis-related genes (Ctgf and Mmp2). In terms of LV systolic performance, TAC-operated Mc1re/e mice showed tendency towards improved LV ejection fraction (EF, +6 %, P=0.06) compared to WT mice. To further investigate whether the phenotype of Mc1re/e mice is driven by deficient MC1-R signaling in cardiomyocytes, we characterized Mc1r-cKO mice, which recapitulated the phenotypic features of Mc1re/e mice. Specifically, TAC-operated Mc1r-cKO mice displayed reduced ventricular weight (-38 mg, P=0.007) and downregulation of LV expression of Nppa and fibrosis-related genes compared to Myh6-MCM mice. Likewise, in a model of Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy, Mc1r-cKO mice showed reduced ventricular weight (-10 mg, P=0.015) compared to Myh6-MCM mice, indicating that the protection against pathological cardiac hypertrophy was model-independent. Conclusion Our studies demonstrate that MC1-R activation promotes cardiomyocyte growth in vitro, while global and cardiomyocyte-specific MC1-R deficiency protects against pathological cardiac hypertrophy induced by TAC or Ang II infusion.

Using machine learning approach for screening metastatic biomarkers in colorectal cancer and predictive modeling with experimental validation

Colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis accounts for the majority of fatalities associated with CRC. Early detection of metastasis is crucial for improving patient outcomes but can be delayed due to a lack of symptoms. In this research, we aimed to investigate CRC metastasis-related biomarkers by employing a machine learning (ML) approach and experimental validation. The gene expression profile of CRC patients with liver metastasis was obtained using the GSE41568 dataset, and the differentially expressed genes between primary and metastatic samples were screened. Subsequently, we carried out feature selection to identify the most relevant DEGs using LASSO and Penalized-SVM methods. DEGs commonly selected by these methods were selected for further analysis. Finally, the experimental validation was done through qRT-PCR. 11 genes were commonly selected by LASSO and P-SVM algorithms, among which seven had prognostic value in colorectal cancer. It was found that the expression of the MMP3 gene decreases in stage IV of colorectal cancer compared to other stages (P value < 0.01). Also, the expression level of the WNT11 gene was observed to increase significantly in this stage (P value < 0.001). It was also found that the expression of WNT5a, TNFSF11, and MMP3 is significantly lower, and the expression level of WNT11 is significantly higher in liver metastasis samples compared to primary tumors. In summary, this study has identified a set of potential biomarkers for CRC metastasis using ML algorithms. The findings of this research may provide new insights into identifying biomarkers for CRC metastasis and may potentially lay the groundwork for innovative therapeutic strategies for treatment of this disease.

Relationship between circadian rhythm-related genes and extracellular matrix: implications for sleep deprivation

BackgroundSleep deprivation (SD) can lead to the development of various pathological disorders. The extracellular matrix (ECM) compositions and circadian rhythm genes are two pivotal variables of SD. However, their relationships remain undefined during SD.MethodsA mouse SD model was established using a modified multiplatform water environment method. The expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in mouse hippocampus was detected by an immunofluorescence (IF) method. Protein expression was assessed by western blot, and mRNA analysis was performed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The differentially expressed genes after SD, the genes associated with stromal score, and gene expression correlation were analyzed by bioinformatic analysis.ResultsThe mouse model of SD was successfully established, as evidenced by the changed morphology, increased Bax and NGF levels, and downregulated Bcl-2 in mouse hippocampus after SD. The differentially expressed genes after SD were closely associated with the ECM compositions. The ECM composition metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) was under-expressed in mouse hippocampus after SD. The hippocampal MMP9 expression was correlated with the expression levels of circadian genes PER2, PER3, TIMELESS, FBXL3, and NFIL3. PER2 and TIMELESS were upregulated in mouse hippocampus after SD.ConclusionThe current findings suggest a correlation between ECM composition MMP9 and circadian rhythm-related genes PER2 and TIMELESS in mouse hippocampus after SD, providing a novel understanding of the disorders after SD.