Μmol Trolox Equivalents Research Articles

Improving properties of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol films using cashew nut testa extract: potential applications in food packaging.

Cashew nut testa, a by-product of cashew nut processing, is abundant in phenolic compounds and exhibits strong antioxidant properties, making it a potential additive for enhancing the antioxidant properties of biodegradable films used in food packaging. This study explores the fabrication of biodegradable chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol films incorporating varying concentrations of cashew nut testa extract (CNTE; 0, 1, 2 and 3% v/v) and evaluates their physical, structural, mechanical, optical and antioxidant properties. The results demonstrate that increasing extract concentration generally increased the thickness, tensile strength, Young's modulus, thermal stability and antioxidant capacity of the films, while reducing the moisture content, swelling degree, elongation at break, and light transmittance. Specifically, the film with 3% extract showed approximately 11% lower moisture content and 31% lower swelling degree compared with the plain film. It also displayed the highest tensile strength and Young's modulus at 28.63 and 147.35 MPa, respectively. Microstructural analysis revealed that the incorporation of CNTE resulted in a smoother and slightly denser film structure. Antioxidant activity, determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, was not detected in the plain film but increased with increasing extract concentration. The film with 3% CNTE exhibited the highest antioxidant activity of 58.93 µmol Trolox equivalents (TE) g-1 film. This study highlights the potential of CNTE as an effective edible additive for developing antioxidant and ultraviolet barrier films with improved mechanical strength and water resistance for food packaging applications.

Immunological Profiles, Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Plasma Cholinesterase Activities in Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases Treated in a Clinic in Duhok, Iraq

Abstract Aim The purpose of the present study was to measure the levels of selected plasma biochemical variables among cases of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), other than rheumatoid arthritis, treated in a clinic in the city of Duhok, Iraq, since such information is scarce in the region. Materials and Methods A case-control study on IMIDs patients treated in a clinic in Duhok, Iraq, was performed from February 2022 to June 2023. A total of 29 patients of both genders with IMIDs and 61 healthy controls were recruited at the Duhok Center for Rheumatic Diseases and Medical Rehabilitation, Duhok, Iraq. The laboratory tests conducted on plasma samples from IMIDs patients and healthy controls included measurements of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS) and cholinesterase (ChE) activity. Results No significant differences were found in gender distribution, age, and body mass index between the IMIDs patients and healthy controls. The majority of patients (69%) received conventional therapy combined with biologic agents, whereas the remaining patients (31%) received only conventional medications. The IMIDs identified among the 29 patients were Behcet’s disease (27.6%), ankylosing spondylitis (24.1%), inflammatory bowel diseases (24.1%), psoriatic arthritis (10.3%), systemic lupus erythematosus (6.9%) and psoriasis (6.9%). Conventional therapy used was mostly azathioprine (44.8%) and methotrexate (17.2%), whereas biological therapy included mostly etanercept (27.6%) and adalimumab (24.1%). The values of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-Į among the IMIDs patients were not significantly different from those of the controls. The oxidative stress biomarker MDA was elevated in IMID patients (2.93 ± 1.106 —mol/L vs. 2.52 ± 0.478) at a p value of 0.064 (though not significant). The TAS level (1.21 ± 0.422 mmol Trolox Equiv./L vs. 1.00 ± 0.338, p = 0.022) and plasma ChE activity (1.18 ± 0.50 ¨ pH/20 min vs. 0.83 ± 0.30, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in IMIDs patients compared to controls. Conclusions The data suggest that oxidative stress and changes in plasma ChE activity might be a part of the pathophysiological alterations among IMIDs patients. Therapeutic drug monitoring and its clinical outcome as well as response of IMIDs patients to anti-ChE agents are worth of further in depth exploration and pursuing. They are essential for better diagnosis, treatment, and management of IMIDs.

Bioprospecting of novel and biologically active compounds and enzymes from a new fungal biobank for industrial biotechnology

Here, we present methods for screening any newly isolated microbial biobank for enzymes, antioxidants, and additional secondary metabolites. Bioactive compounds and enzymes produced by fungi have many applications in industry as valuable leads for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and potential strains for industrial biotechnology. In this study, fungi collected from Irish habitats were purified and identified by sequencing Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA regions. Reducing sugars released because of enzyme hydrolysis was used to estimate the relative enzyme activity for carboxymethyl cellulase, pectinase, β-xylanase, arabinoxylanase, mannanase, and galacto-mannanase in the fungal extracts and was normalized against the crude protein content to express relative enzyme activity/milligram. The best enzyme producers were as follows: F1 Clonostachys rosea demonstrated 351.63 U/mg β-xylanase and 645.50 U/mg arabinoxylanase activity; F2 Penicillium expansum had 25 U/mg cellulase and 112.5 U/mg pectinase activity; F3 Fusarium avenaceum had 139.36 U/mg arabinoxylanase, 52.33 U/mg galacto-mannanase, and 45 U/mg mannanase activity; and F9 Trichoderma koningii had 372.15 U/mg β-xylanase and 655.18 U/mg arabinoxylanase activity. In addition to enzyme activity, these strains also exhibited antioxidant activity when tested in Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, with activity expressed as μmol Trolox equivalents (TE) per gram of dried fungal extract. In results from the ORAC assay, F1 C. rosea reported 655,669 µmol TE/g; F2 P. expansum had 636,889 µmol TE/g; and F3 F. avenaceum had 4,488,035 µmol TE/g. High DPPH activity was observed for F1 C. rosea at 12,572 µmol TE/g, F3 F. avenaceum at 22,646 µmol TE/g, and F9 T. koningii at 22,558 µmol TE/g. F1 C. rosea, F3: F. avenaceum, and F9 T. koningii also reported high FRAP activity at 36,019 µmol TE/g, 69,325 µmol TE/g, and 25,812 µmol TE/g, respectively. In terms of secondary metabolites, the main compounds detected for the isolates were F1 C. rosea produced benzoic acid, 3-pyridinepropionic acid, and cyclo(-Gly-Phe); F2 P. expansum produced Cyclo(-Gly-Phe) and prenitremone A; F3 F. avenaceum produced cyclo(-Leu-Leu) and p-anisaldehyde; and F9 T. koningii produced cyclo(-Gly-Phe), canescin, citreoviridin X, and cyclopaldic acid. These selected isolates indicate that Irish fungi are a potential source of enzymes and novel biologically active compounds useful in industrial biotechnology and bioproduction supporting sustainability and responsible environmental management.

Crop Productivity, Phytochemicals, and Bioactivities of Wild and Grown in Controlled Environment Slender Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.)

Amaranthus viridis L. is a wild edible plant that occasionally is cultivated as an alternative crop because of its interest as a functional food and its adaptation to high-saline soils. In this work, leaves from A. viridis were compared with their grown in controlled environment (GCE) counterparts in a soilless system at electrical conductivities (EC) and different light exposures for assessing growth parameters, moisture, total phenolic and total flavonoid content, phenolic compound profiles, vitamin C, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity against the HT–29 human colorectal cancer cell line. The highest biomass production was obtained using EC of 2.5 dS m−1 and the AP67 Milk LED lamp. Vitamin C in wild samples ranged from 83.1 to 104.9 mg 100 g−1 fresh weight (fw), and in GCE ones, it ranged from 112.3 to 236.7 mg 100 g−1 fw. Measured by the DPPH and ABTS assays, the antioxidant activity was higher in wild than in GCE plants: the ranges for wild samples were in the 1.8–4.9 and 2.0–3.9 mmol of Trolox Equivalent (TE) 100 g−1 dry weight (dw) ranges, and for GCE ones in the 1.3–1.9 and 1.5–2.2 mmol TE 100 g−1 dw ranges, respectively. As for phenolic compounds, in wild samples, the range was from 14.65 to 22.70 mg 100 g−1 fw, and these amounts were much higher than those found in their GCE counterparts, in which the range was from 2.58 to 5.95 mg 100 g−1 fw. In wild plants three compounds, namely trans-p-coumaric acid, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, and nicotiflorin, accounted for more than half of the total quantified phenolic compounds. The MTT assay revealed concentration- and time-dependent inhibitory effects on HT–29 cells for all checked extracts. Cancer cells were less influenced by extracts from GCE plants, which showed higher GI50 compared to wild plants. This work improves knowledge on the growth parameters, phytochemical profiles, and biological activities of wild and GCE A. viridis.

In vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Galega officinalis extracts.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the total phenolic, flavonoid, and galegine content and antioxidant activity, as well as the invitro antidiabetic potential of different extracts of Galega officinalis using the solvent extraction method. The results demonstrated that the highest yield of extraction (28.05%) and galegine content (17.40 ± 0.04 μg/g of sample) was obtained using water as the solvent (p < .05). However, the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (138.35 ± 0.63 mg GAE per gram of dried GOEs) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (189.12 ± 1.47 mg catechin per gram of dried GOEs) were extracted using A90 (acetone-water, 90:10) solvent. A90 extract exhibited the highest inhibition of sucrase activity (91.42%) (p < .05). Also, the inhibitory activity of A90 against α-amylase (59.96%), α-glucosidase (54.3%), and maltase (62.73%) was significantly higher than that of A70 (acetone-water, 70:30) and E20 (ethanol-water, 20:80) (p < .05). According to antioxidant activity results, the highest ABTS•+ (360.5 ± 15.69 μmol Trolox eq per gram of dried GOEs), hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity (3657.75 ± 21.56 μmol histidine eq per gram of dried GOEs), and FRAP assay (558.18 ± 20.26 μmol FeSO4 eq per gram of dried GOEs) were related to A90, while the best DPPH radical-scavenging activity and metal-chelating activity were related to A70 (302.66 ± 2.42 μmol Trolox equivalents per gram of dried GOEs) and E20 (36.5 ± 1.02 μmol EDTA eq per gram of dried GOEs), respectively. Taken together, A90 appears to be the best solvent to get Galega officinalis extract with the highest antioxidant and antidiabetic activity.

Sphagnum moss and peat comparative study: Metal release, binding properties and antioxidant activity.

Peat is the main constituent of cultivation substrates and a precious non-renewable fossil material. Peatlands provide important ecosystem services and allow the absorption and storage of carbon. Protecting peatlands helps tackle climate change and contributes to biodiversity conservation. Due to its importance, it is necessary to implement strategies to reduce the use of peat, such as replacing it with biomass-based alternative growing media constituents, such as Sphagnum moss. In this study, we compared the metal release and binding properties at two different pH, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content of peat and Sphagnum moss from the Tierra del Fuego (TdF) region of southern Patagonia. Levels of the elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), while the types and amounts of functional groups were characterized and compared using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The total phenol level and antioxidant capacity were assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl test. There are generally higher concentrations of leachable elements in peat than in Sphagnum moss at pH = 2, except Cs, Rb, Ti, and Zr. In contrast, at pH = 5, levels of all leached elements are highest in Sphagnum moss. Sphagnum moss shows a higher metal adsorption capacity than peat, except for Be, Mn, Tl, and Zn. Finally, the results showed that both matrices contained similar total phenolic contents: 0.018 ± 0.011 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram dry sample for peat and 0.020 ± 0.007 mg GAE g-1 for Sphagnum moss. Instead, Sphagnum moss extracts showed a significantly higher antioxidant activity [0.026 ± 0.028 mmol Trolox equivalents (TE) g-1] than that estimated in peat (0.009 ± 0.005 mmol TE g-1). Humic acids, carboxylic acids, and phenolic and lignin groups were identified as the functional groups that mainly determined the antioxidant activity of the Sphagnum moss compared to peat. The present study resulted in an advancement of knowledge of these materials for more thoughtful future use and possible replacements.

Influence of hydrothermal processing conditions on the functionality of Phaeodactylum tricornutum extracts

Microalgae are an underutilized biomass source of nutritionally valuable extracts with promising texturizing capacities that can be used for food applications. This also requires the development of environmentally friendly extraction technologies. Hydrothermal processing was used in this study to investigate the effects of temperature (up to 225 °C) on the extracts from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The relationship between protein and polysaccharides' presence and functionality was assessed, based on structure, composition, bioactivity, and rheological behavior. An optimal condition of non-isothermal processing at 120 °C resulted in the extract with gelling capacity (at 20 % w/w extract concentration). This extract is rich in carbohydrates in oligosaccharide form (9 g per 100 g extract) and protein (16 g per 100 g extract), which indicates nutritional relevance and possible prebiotic effects. Moreover, after an additional purification step with food-grade solvents, this extract was able to gel at 5 % w/w concentration. These combined with its significant antioxidant activity (over 100 μmol Trolox equivalents per gram of extract in all studied conditions, using the ABTS method) point towards new possibilities for the application of Phaeodactylum tricornutum extracts in novel clean-label vegan foods. Overall, these findings suggest that the novel approach proposed in this work, based on hydrothermal processing, is feasible and compatible with the need for the application of simple purification steps with food-grade solvents. Furthermore, it reinforced the relevance of the carbohydrate fractions and carbohydrate-protein interactions from microalgae.

Health-Promoting Potential of Mandarin Pomace Extracts Enriched with Phenolic Compounds.

The aim of this work was to assess the effect of in vitro human digestion on the chemical composition (carbohydrates and phenolic compounds) and bioactivity of hydro-alcoholic-acid pomace extracts from two mandarin varieties (Clemenule and Ortanique) by measuring their antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-glycative, hypolipidemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The phenolic compound profile showed that nobiletin was the main flavonoid found in the extracts and digests of Clemenule pomace and extract, while isosinensetin/sinensetin/tangeretin were the ones in the Ortanique samples. The digests of Clemenule and Ortanique extracts showed Folin reaction values of 9.74 and 9.20 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of sample, ABTS values of 83.2 and 91.7 µmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g of sample, and ORAC-FL values of 142.8 and 891.6 µmol TE/g of sample, respectively. Extracts (50-500 µg/mL) inhibited intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in CCD-18Co cells under physiological and oxidative-induced conditions. Clemenule and Ortanique extract digests showed IC50 values of 13.50 and 11.07 mg/mL for α-glucosidase, 28.79 and 69.64 mg/mL for α-amylase, and 16.50 and 12.77 mg/mL for AGEs, and 2.259 ± 0.267 and 0.713 ± 0.065 mg/mL for pancreatic lipase inhibition, respectively. Ortanique extract (250-1000 µg/mL) inhibited the production of nitric oxide in RAW264.7 macrophages under inflammation-induced conditions, and intracellular ROS formation. In conclusion, altogether, the results supported the potential of mandarin extracts to be used as health promoters by reducing the risk of non-communicable chronic diseases.

Optimization of Oil and Tocopherol Extraction from Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz) by Supercritical CO2 Procedure.

This study focused on the oil extraction from freeze-dried maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) by supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2). The basic objective was to optimize the oil yield and the tocopherol concentration. A Box/Behnken experimental design was developed with three processing variables: supercritical pressure (74, 187, and 300 bar), temperature (35, 48, and 60 °C), and extracting time (30, 135, and 240 min). Multiple optimizations, based on the combination of factor levels at 274 bar, 240 min, and 60 °C, led to the highest oil yield and tocopherol values. The validation of the optimized conditions of maqui oil extraction led to an oil yield of 8% and values of 735, 53, and 97 (mg·kg-1 oil) for α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, and γ-tocopherol, respectively. A higher concentration of tocopherol compounds was observed when compared to the employment of the conventional extracting method. The optimized SFE-CO2 method led to an oil extract exhibiting higher Hydrophilic-Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (H-ORAC) assay and total phenol content (22 μmol Trolox equivalents·g-1 oil and 28 mg gallic acid equivalents·g-1 oil) than the oil obtained by the conventional procedure. A practical and accurate oil extraction is proposed for obtaining tocopherol-enriched oil including high concentrations of valuable lipophilic antioxidants.

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antialzheimer Activities of Tagetes patula (Asteraceae)

Plants are natural products used in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. In this study, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase activities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Tagetes patula L. samples collected from Iraq were determined. The aerial parts of the plant were extracted with ethanol in a soxhlet device. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was measured with Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar dilution method against standard bacterial and fungal strains. To determine anticholinesterase activity acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitions were tested. The total phenolic content of the samples was carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The quantification of flavonoids was conducted using an aluminum chloride assay. As a result of the analyses, the total antioxidant value of the plant extract was determined as 5.386±0.142 mmol Trolox equiv./L, the total oxidant value was 8.287±0.146 μmol H2O2 equiv./L and the oxidative stress index was determined as 0.154±0.003. Plant extracts showed the highest activity against Candida species. It was also effective against bacterial and fungal strains at concentrations between 50-400 µg/mL. Acetylcholinesterase activity of the plant extract was determined as 24.97±0.98, and butyrylcholinesterase activity was determined as 35.65±0.94. Additionally, its total phenolic content was determined as 63.64±0.74 mgGAE/g and its total flavonoid content was 108.9±1.55 mgQE/g. It has been determined that the plant has antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiallergic potential.

Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation of wheat gluten-derived antioxidant peptides acting through the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway.

In our previous study, we successfully identified five peptides from wheat gluten: Ala-Pro-Ser-Tyr (APSY), Leu-Tyr (LY), Pro-Tyr (PY), Arg-Gly-Gly-Tyr (RGGY) and Tyr-Gln (YQ). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods were employed to investigate the interaction between these antioxidant peptides and the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1 protein), revealing the molecular mechanism of their non-competitive binding. In addition, the total antioxidant capacity of the five peptides was determined using the 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) method. The affinities of APSY, LY, PY, RGGY and YQ were -8.9, -8.3, -8.5, -9.1 and - 7.9 kcal mol-1, respectively. The five peptides effectively bound to Keap1 protein through hydrogen, π-σ, π-alkyl and alkyl interactions. Significant roles were observed for the P1 pocket residue ARG-415 and the P3 pocket residue ALA-556 in the interactions of the Keap1-peptide complexes. Molecular dynamics simulations further elucidated the dynamic process of peptide binding to the Keap1 protein. All five peptides formed stable complexes with Keap1 protein, with van der Waals forces playing crucial roles in these complex systems, indicative of the peptides' strong binding ability to Keap1 protein. The van der Waals forces were -178.74, -123.11, -134.36, -132.59, and -121.44 kJ mol-1 for the Keap1-APSY, Keap1-LY, Keap1-PY, Keap1-RGGY and Keap1-YQ complexes, respectively. These peptides exhibited excellent antioxidant effects. Among them, the YQ peptide exhibited the highest total antioxidant capacity, with an activity value of 1.18 ± 0.06 mmol Trolox equivalent (TE) L-1 at a concentration of 0.10 mg mL-1. The RGGY, PY, LY and APSY peptides followed in descending order, with activity values of 0.91 ± 0.05, 0.72 ± 0.06, 0.62 ± 0.04 and 0.60 ± 0.05 mmol TE L-1, respectively. These results unveiled the molecular mechanism by which the five antioxidant peptides act on active pockets through the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway, providing a theoretical basis for the development of antioxidants. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Some biological activities and element levels of Lycoperdon pratense

Mushrooms are natural products with many biological activities. In this study, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase activities and element levels of Lycoperdon pratense Pers. were determined. In this context, the mushroom was extracted with ethanol in a soxhlet device. Antioxidant potential was determined using Rel assay kits. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar dilution method. Antialzheimer activity was determined by acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) potentials. The levels of elements accumulated in the mushroom were scanned using the wet digestion method. As a result of the analysis, the TAS value of the mushroom was measured as 2.589 ± 0.118 mmol Trolox equiv./L, the TOS value was 10.360 ± 0.197 µmol H2O2 equiv./L and the OSI value was 0.401±0.013. The mushroom extract was found to have high activity against bacteria. It was determined that the extract had an effect against microorganisms at concentrations between 50-400 μg/mL. It was determined that the anti-AChE IC50 value of the mushroom extract was 14.48 ± 0.80 μg/mL and the anti-BChE IC50 value was 23.10±1.21 μg/mL. It is also thought that it can be used as an indicator in terms of element levels within the mushroom. As a result, it was determined that the mushroom has antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiallergic potential.

Metabolically Tailored Selection of Ornamental Rose Cultivars through Polyamine Profiling, Osmolyte Quantification and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities

Roses (genus Rosa), renowned for their economic significance and aesthetic appeal, face multifaceted challenges in cultivation due to biotic and abiotic stressors. To address these challenges, this study explores the role of osmolytes, particularly polyamines, proline and glycine betaine, as well as antioxidant capacities and condensed tannins, in enhancing stress tolerance in roses. Despite the genetic diversity inherent in roses, the metabolic aspect of stress tolerance has been underexplored in breeding programs. This paper investigates the intraspecific variability among 22 rose cultivars, focusing on osmolyte content (proline and glycine betaine), individual polyamines (putrescine, spermine and spermidine), as well as antioxidant activities, measuring radical scavenging capacity against 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+) and NO• radicals. Employing a targeted metabolomic approach, we quantified the levels of individual polyamines in both the petals and leaves of rose cultivars. This was achieved through high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescent detection following a derivatization pretreatment process. Within the evaluated cultivars, “Unique Aroma”, “Andre Rieu”, “Aroma 3”, “Frayla Marija” and “Trendy Fashion” stood out for their significantly elevated levels of total foliar polyamines. The predominant polyamine detected at both petal and leaf levels was putrescine, with concentrations ranging from 335.81 (“Zora Frayla”) to 2063.81 nmol g−1 DW (“Unique Aroma”) at the leaf level. Following putrescine, foliar spermidine levels varied from 245.08 (“Olivera Frayla”) to 1527.16 nmol g−1 DW (“Andre Rieu”). Regarding antioxidant capacity, the leaf extracts of rose cultivars “Zora Frayla” and “Natalija Frayla” were prominent by showing 68.08 and 59.24 mmol Trolox equivalents (TE) g−1 DW, respectively. The results highlight the intricate biochemical variability across rose cultivars and show that osmolytes, such as glycine betaine, proline and polyamines, and other biochemical markers can be used as reliable criteria for the selection of rose cultivars that are more resilient to biotic stress factors, especially powdery and downy mildew. Bridging fundamental research with practical applications, this study aims to contribute to the development of stress-tolerant rose cultivars adaptable to dynamic environmental conditions.

Characterization and comparative effect of drying process on antioxidant activity over Chilean sea cucumber (Athyonidiun chilensis)

Chilean sea cucumber, Athyonidium chilensis, has both a high nutritional value and a high economic potential to increase the trade of other marine products. Currently there is a minimal commercialization of sea cucumber within Chile, and it is sold exclusively to China in dry or frozen forms where it is then used nutraceutical, cosmetic and nutricosmetic products marketed mostly in Asia. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional, heavy metals, mineral and amino acids contents of Chilean sea cucumber (eviscerated and ground form) and compare its antioxidant capacity following three different drying processes. The results showed that A. chilensis had very high level of protein contain (68.17%), ash (17.41%), fiber (13.22%), and very low fat and carbohydrate contents. The antioxidant activity measured by ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) was between 6676.34 and 10,321.30 μmol TE(Trolox equivalents)/100 g, depending on the drying process used. Amino acid profile analysis showed that total amino acids in Chilean sea cucumber was 60.3 g/100 g protein. The information obtained illuminates the antioxidant capacity and amino acid profile that has not previously been reported for Athyonidium chilensis, which indicates that this species has a competitive commercial value for use in food or nutraceutical products, when compared to similar sea cucumbers found on the international market.

Assessing the antioxidant potential of soft beverages in the Turkish market: a comprehensive study

ABSTRACT Soft beverages are an important part of fluid intake; however, it should be the main target to choose the right beverages according to healthy nutrition. This study aimed to determine, evaluate, and create a database of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) contents of widely consumed soft beverages in local markets in Turkey. A total of 394 beverages, including 60 carbonated, 100 non-carbonated, 136 tea (teabags for cups and teapots and, shredded tea leaves), 75 coffee (instant and brewed), and 23 fermented beverages, with expiration dates at most half their shelf life, were analyzed. Shredded tea leaves and brewed coffees were prepared with different brewing techniques. TAC was analyzed on the MINDRAY-BS400 device using commercial kit ABTS (2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and results are presented as mmol Trolox Equivalent(TE)/L. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26. The mean TAC of all beverages was 3.7 ± 1.4 mmolTE/L (.120–5.535 mmolTE/L), with the highest content of tea and coffee (4.3 ± .6 mmol TE/L) and the lowest carbonated beverages (1.4 ± 1.5 mmolTE/L) (p < .05). The overall results showed that all soft beverages have antioxidant activity; however, the right choice of soft beverages might contribute to the dietary TAC and increase fluid intake.

A Multipurpose Sustainable Farming System for Tobacco Crops in the Mediterranean Area

The present study aimed to test a multipurpose sustainable tobacco farming system allowing more efficient use of production factors (e.g., mineral N fertilizer) thanks to larger commercial yields, albeit diversified (smoke products, bioactive compounds for nutraceutical and cosmeceutical uses, energy), per unit of land area. Three tobacco types (dark air-cured, IBG; light air-cured, Bu; dark fire-cured, Ky) were grown in the field in 2021 on three different soils (sandy clay loam, SCL; sandy loam, SL; clay loam, CL). The total waste biomass (WB, kg dry weight, d.w. ha−1) was measured. Commercial leaves yield (CLY, kg d.w. ha−1), N agronomic efficiency (NAE, kg d.w. kg−1 N), total polyphenols content (TP, mg kg−1 d.w.), antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH and FRAP, mmol Trolox Equivalent, TE, kg−1 d.w.) and yield of polyphenols (PY, kg ha−1) were determined. The calorific value (CV, MJ kg−1 d.w.), volatile matter (VM, %) and ash contents (%) were also measured, and biomass energy yield (BEY, GJ ha−1 yr−1) was then calculated. Very high percentages (&gt;40%) of total biomass produced by the different tobacco types were pre-harvest waste. NAE increased by 2- to more than 8-fold thanks to a greater potential commercial biomass produced with the same amount of N fertilizer used. Four main components were found in the tobacco polyphenols profile, namely 3-O-CQA, luteolin 7 rutinoside, rutin and quinic acid, which accounted for more than 80% of TP. BEY ranged between 122.3 GJ ha−1 yr−1 (Bu) and 29.9 GJ ha−1 yr−1 (Ky). Both polyphenols yield and energy potential per unit land area and/or per growing season appeared competitive with those from other herbaceous crops. The proposed multipurpose system appeared as a production circuit characterized by a virtuous and sustainable flow of resources.

THU351 Reduced Total Antixoxidant Capacity In Type 1 DM Without Chronic Complications

Abstract Disclosure: S.C. Oliveira: None. C.S. Oliveira: None. C.S. Stein: None. M.W. Lauria: None. R.N. Moresco: None. F.V. Comim: None. M.O. Premaor: None. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a condition associated with chronic inflammation and disturbances in the oxidative stress balance, which may be related to its complications. Our study aimed to investigate some REDOX markers ( TOS=total oxidant status ; TAC= total antioxidant capacity; FRAP =ferric reducing ability of plasma; AOPP=advanced oxidation protein products) in subjects with type 1 diabetes and controls. The local ethics committee approved this study. Overall, 51 subjects with T1DM and 106 controls were evaluated in an outpatient clinic. The age in T1DM group was (mean +− SD) 43.7 +− 17 years versus 43.1 +− 13.5 years in controls (NS).The proportion of smokers (17% vs. 15%) and ethnic composition were comparable between the groups. The mean +− SD HbA1c was 8.15 +− 1.65 % in diabetic patients. Concerning REDOX markers, we could observe a significant reduction in the TAC in T1DM (mean +− SD ) of 1.32 +− 0.17 against 1.47 +− 0.16 mmol Trolox equiv/ L(p&amp;lt;0.001) but not other oxidative stress markers. In the sequence, we proceed with the analysis of four subgroups: group 1: T1DM without any diabetic complication or high blood pressure and BMI &amp;lt;25kg/m2; group 2: T1DM with any diabetic complication, high blood pressure or BMI &amp;gt;= 25 kg/m2; group 3: normal controls without the high blood pressure and BMI &amp;lt;25kg/m2; group 4: controls with metabolic disease(excluding T2DM)and high blood pressure or BMI &amp;gt;= 25 kg/m2. Analyzing the profile of groups 1,(T1DM without complications) against group 3(normal controls), we noted a reduced TAC (mean +− SD) of 1.34 +− 0.2 in G1 versus 1.47 +− 0.16 mmol Trolox equiv/ L in G3 ( p=0.006). No significant differences were perceived in relation to TOS ( mean +− SD) of 102.33 +− 43 in G1 vs. 88.57 +− 48.7 micromol H2O2 equiv/L in G3, FRAP 287 +− 64.5 in G1 vs 306.6 +− 72 micromol/L in G3, or AOPP 252.11 +− 127 in G1 vs 260.38 +− 152 micromol/L in G3. Our results suggest that a reduction in the total antioxidant capacity is present in normal blood pressure T1DM even without chronic complications. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

Effect of packaging materials on the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and shelf life of germinated brown rice during storage

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesGerminated brown rice (GBR) has been proposed as a strategy to alleviate chronic disorders by delivering nutrients and biologically active substances; therefore, appropriate packaging materials and storage are necessary to preserve these bioactive phytochemicals. In this research, we investigated the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activities, and microbial load of GBR and ungerminated brown rice stored in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) pouches for a period of 9 months.FindingsThe storage of GBR samples packed in LDPE and LLDPE was evaluated in terms of changes in the moisture content (MC), water activity (aw), color (L* value), bioactive components, antioxidant activities, and microbial growth. The MC, aw, and L* values of GBR increased with prolonged storage, with a slower increase observed in samples packed in LLDPE (from 9.47% to 10.94%, from 0.394% to 0.507%, and from 59.24% to 70.68%, respectively). The bioactive components, including γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), γ‐oryzanol, niacin, and total phenolic contents, decreased in both packaging materials, but the decrease was minimum in samples packed in LLDPE (from 48.18 to 37.72 mg/100 g, from 72.73 to 63.92 mg/100 g, from 4.14% to 3.67%, and from 87.60% to 78.69%, respectively). The antioxidant activities of GBR were preserved when packed in LLDPE pouches stored under ambient conditions. 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl increased from 83.11 to 71.85 μmol TE/100 g and ferric‐reducing antioxidant power decreased from 16.28 to 10.67 μmol trolox equivalents (TE)/100 g, respectively, in GBR samples packed in LLDPE. The increase in free fatty acids and the total plate count was more rapid in samples packed in LDPE (0.24–0.46 mg KOH/100 g and 0.00–1.04 colony‐forming unit (CFU)/g, respectively), whereas the increase was effectively delayed in samples packed in LLDPE (0.24–0.37 mg KOH/100 g and 0.00–0.71 CFU/g, respectively).ConclusionIn the present study, it is concluded that the use of LLDPE as a packaging material for GBR could significantly retain its biologically active components and delay the deterioration of its quality during storage.Significance and NoveltyProper storage is crucial for maintaining the quality of rice from harvest to consumption, and the use of LDPE and LLDPE pouches as packaging materials for GBR presents a novel approach that has not been extensively explored. The results of the current study demonstrate that storage of GBR in LLDPE pouches proved to be a highly effective method for preserving the valuable biologically active components, highlighting the potential of this packaging material for extending the shelf life and maintaining the nutritional value of GBR.

Wine Polyphenol Content during the Fermentation of Vitis vinifera CS Grapes and Its Relationship with the Presence of Minerals in the Resulting Wine

The content of minerals and bioactive compounds in wine depends on various factors, among which are the origin of the grapes, their phenolic composition, and the winemaking process. This study monitored the physicochemical parameters, phenolic compound contents, and antioxidant capacity of the red grape Vitis vinifera L. “Cabernet Sauvignon” harvested in three Mexican vineyards during the first nine days of the fermentation process. The bioactive compounds and elemental composition (determined by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, ICP-OES) were correlated. The fermentation process decreased from 22 to 5 °Bx in all cases, while the acidity increased from 6.5 to 8 g of tartaric acid/L, decreasing the pH. The phenolic compounds extracted during the winemaking ranged from 1400 to 1600 gallic acid equivalent/L, while the antioxidant capacity was 9 mmol Trolox equivalent. The bioactive compounds identified by HPLC were resveratrol, piceid, catechin, and epicatechin. The presence of Na, Mg, and Fe was correlated with antioxidant capacity, while higher Mn, Pb, Zn, and Cu contents were related to the presence of resveratrol, piceid, and catechin in Cabernet Sauvignon wine. Thus, certain minerals present in the soil that were transferred to the V. vinifera grapes can influence the amount and type of bioactive compounds present in the wine. The phenolic content and, therefore, the organoleptic characteristics of the wine are related to the mineral composition of the vine-growing soil (origin).

Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potency of Aerial Parts of Salvia Tomentosa Miller

Antioxidant activity, antimicrobial potency and components of the aerial parts (leaf, stem, flower and mixture) of Salvia tomentosa Miller were determined qualitatively and quantitatively in this study. Aqueous extracts of Salvia tomentosa (ST) were prepared by using the flower, leaf and stem parts and all the above-ground parts of the plant (flower-leafstem mixture) for this purpose. The radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant/oxidant status, antimicrobial potential, phenolic substances and qualitative/quantitative analyzes of the components in the extracts were determined. ST-stem phenolic acid amount (599 ± 34 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract) was found to be close to the standard substance caffeic acid (651 ±3 1 mg GAE/g extract). Total antioxidant status of ST-mix (3.4 ± 0.1 mmol Trolox Equiv./L) and ST-stem (3.4 ± 0.1 mmol Trolox Equiv./L) and natural antioxidant Vitamin C (3.6 ± 0.1 mmol Trolox Equiv./L) were not statistically different. The extract produced by using S. tomentosa aerial parts (flower-stem-leaf) showed stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial activity than the aqueous extracts obtained separately from the flower, stem and leaf of the plant. However, it was determined that the components of the separately prepared flower, stem and leaf extracts and the extract components obtained from the aerial parts were largely similar. At the same time, it was observed that there were significant differences in the presence of these components.