Mm Of Total Rainfall Research Articles

Identification of Site Specific Interventions for Yarehalli Micro-watershed Using Geospatial Techniques

The 761.2 acres of the Yarehalli micro-watershed in the Channagiri taluk of the Davanagere district served as the study's site. In 2017 the rainfall recorded was 931.8 mm of total rainfall, of which kharif rainfall made up 60.2%, rabi rainfall 20.1%, and summer rainfall 19.6%. This study's goal is to pinpoint the site-specific interventions that should be made in accordance with the Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) principles. The sites are located by superimposing thematic maps of slope, runoff potential, soil permeability, and stream order created with ArcGIS. The findings indicate that 57.31% of the overall area is suitable for check dam construction, compared to 23.17% for agricultural ponds, 8.57% for percolation ponds, and 1.12% for gully plugs. Locations for the water harvesting constructions that collect water in the structures are indicated.

Remote sensing study of cloud top absolute temperature with surface rainfall over Lahore (Pakistan) during monsoon

The study attempts to build a relationship between clouds top absolute temperature and rainfall during monsoon period over Lahore during 2019. For this purpose, meteorological data was taken from Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) of few parameters (temperature and rainfall) for Lahore during monsoon period, i.e., from July to September, 2019. The study revealed interesting results for the observed three months. In July and August, the rainfall and temperature trend showed an inverse relation, whereas a decreased trend was observed for both temperature and rainfall during September, 2019. In Pakistan, most of the rainfall is a result of the depressions created over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. High temperatures cause lower pressure that becomes a reason for originating of low pressures/depressions resulting in monsoon rainfall. During September, the average temperature of the study area was lower comparatively that ultimately resulted in low rainfall, and only 54 mm of total rainfall was recorded over Lahore during September, 2019 which was quite less than in July and August. Satellite cloud top temperatures were also taken from EUMETSAT to establish a relation between cloud top absolute temperature and surface rainfall over Lahore.

Rainfall interception loss by corn crop

One factor that influences the water balance on earth is the presence of the rain factors. The Hydrological cycle is a process of water that is evaporated and if the atmosphere allows, water will fall as rain. Interception is an important factor in the hydrological cycle. With the process of interception, rain water that reaches the ground surface becomes reduced. The amount of interception is influenced by land use in a sub-watershed. This research was conducted in the Krueng Jreu sub-watershed, located in Aceh Besar District with an area of 23,189.53 Ha. Land use at this location is generally intended for plantations, wetland agriculture, protected forests, and rural settlements. Most of the citizen around the research location, work as farmers, such as farmers of rice, corn, peanuts, oil palm, and others. In comparison to all types of plants, corn is one of the dominant plants developed in this area. The purpose of this research is to find out the value of interception in maize plants. The value of interception in maize plants aged 1-3 months was analyzed by making a Mini Hydrological Watershed model to obtain a regression equation, where this equation is used to see the interception of maize intercepts on rainwater rainfall observations of 19 variants of observational data from 3 months of research. The amount of interception in maize plants obtained based on the Mini Hydrology Watershed model with logarithmatic regression is 17.62 mm from 205.950 mm of total rainfall.

Growth, phenology and yield of drought tolerant rainfed rice cultivars to staggered transplanting dates under changing climatic scenarios of central terai, Nepal

A field experiment entitled “growth, phenology and yield of drought tolerant rainfed rice cultivars to staggered transplanting dates under changing climatic scenarios of central terai, Nepal” was conducted at farmer’s field in Dhobadi VDC, Nawalparasi (27°40'N, 84°05'E and 235 masl) during June to November, 2012. The experimental soil was determined silt loam with slightly acidic reaction (pH-5.67). About 1960.40 mm of total rainfall was recorded at the experimental site during crop growing period which was 17.56% lower than average of the past 15 years (2378 mm). The experiment consisted sixteen treatment combinations arranged in split-plot design i.e. four transplanting dates in main-plot and four cultivars in sub-plot with three replications. The statistical result on grain yield revealed significant differences among dates of transplanting, however, varietal differences were found to be non-significant. The maximum (2.46 t ha-1) and minimum (0.30 t ha-1) grain yield were recorded for first transplanting date (July 15) and last transplanting date (August 14), respectively. Grain yield, number of grains panicle-1, filled grains panicle-1 and test weight recorded under July 15, July 25 and August 4 transplanted condition were statistically at par but was significantly superior over August 14 transplanting. The reduction in grain yield due to successive delay of 10 days from July 15 upto August 4 was to the extent of 12.6 and 28.6 percent, respectively. GDD received by rice cultivars was found significantly higher (2830 °C) for July 15 transplanted rice at maturity stage, whereas, August 14 transplanted rice received significantly lower GDD (2689 °C) for maintaining maturity stage. Cultivar Sukkha Dhan-2 was found relatively more stable in using heat for all transplanting dates (86.31%) followed by Sukkha Dhan-3 (86.66 %), Sukkha Dhan-1 (88.31%) and Radha-4 (88.37 %). Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science.Vol. 33-34, 2015, page: 157-164

Physical Responses of Convective Heavy Rainfall to Future Warming Condition: Case Study of the Hiroshima Event

An extreme precipitation event happened at Hiroshima in 2014. Over 200 mm of total rainfall was observed on the night of August 19th, which caused floods and many landslides. The rainfall event was estimated to be a rare event happening once in approximately 30 years. The physical response of this event to the change of the future atmospheric condition, which includes a temperature increase on average and convective stability change, is investigated in the present study using a 27-member ensemble experiment and pseudo global warming downscaling method. The experiment is integrated using the Japan Meteorological Research Institute non-hydrostatic regional climate model. A very high-resolution horizontal grid, 500 m, is used to reproduce dense cumulonimbus cloud formation causing heavy rainfall in the model. The future climate condition determined by a higher greenhouse gas concentration is prescribed to the model, in which the surface air temperature globally averaged is 4 K warmer than that in the preindustrial era. The total amounts of precipitation around the Hiroshima area in the future experiments are closer to or slightly lower than in the current experiments in spite of the increase in water vapor due to theatmospheric warming. The effect of the water vapor increase on extreme precipitation is found to be canceled out by the suppression of convection due to the thermal stability enhancement. The fact that future extreme precipitation like the Hiroshima event is not intensified is in contrast to the well-known result that extreme rainfall tends to be intensified in the future. The results in the present study imply that the response of extreme precipitation to global warming differs for each rainfall phenomenon.

Impact of consecutive extreme rainstorm events on particle transport: Case study in a Sonoran Desert range, western USA

Quantifying erosion rates in different landscape settings provides insight into how landforms change under different climatic, tectonic and anthropogenic influences. Sediment traps designed to capture grus detached from granitic hill crests of an arid Sonoran Desert mountain range were placed prior to every precipitation event over a three-year period, just above rills that drain areas between 18 and 68m2. The slopes are underlain by moderately to strongly weathered granitic rocks to a depth of about a meter. Within this 3-year window, a 1000-year precipitation event followed 27days later by a 500-year event detached granitic grus in amounts far greater than previous storms, capturing between 22× and 63× the average amount transported in the previous 59 rain events — indicating the non-linear nature of the response of grus detachment to precipitation intensity. Considering every precipitation event over a 3-year period, no detachment occurred from events with less than 2mm of total rainfall, and only minimal erosion occurred from rainfall events with totals between 2 and 10mm with durations typically less than 30min. Detachment increased greatly with rain intensities of 36mm/h or more. Grus detachment from these arid crests increases with drainage area, a higher percentage of exposed soil, and steeper slopes. 87Sr/86Sr ratios reveal that suspended sediment transported from hill crest to trap derives from recycled dust and not the local granite bedrock.

Effects of an extremely dry winter on net ecosystem carbon exchange and tree phenology at a cork oak woodland

In seasonally dry climates, such as the Mediterranean, lack of rainfall in the usually wet winter may originate severe droughts which are a main cause of inter-annual variation in carbon sequestration. Leaf phenology variability may alter the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic uptake, which in turn is determined by leaf gas exchange limitations. The current study is based on the monitoring of an extremely dry winter in an evergreen cork oak woodland under the Mediterranean climate of central Portugal. Results are focused on net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), phenology and tree growth measurements during two contrasting years: 2011, a wet year with a typical summer drought pattern and 2012, with an extremely unusual dry winter (only 10mm of total rainfall) that exacerbated the following summer drought effects. Main aims of this study were to assess the effects of an extreme dry winter in (1) annual and seasonal net ecosystem CO2 exchange, and in (2) cork oak phenology. The dry year 2012 was marked by a 45% lower carbon sequestration (−214 vs. −388gCm−2year−1) and a 63% lower annual tree diameter growth but only a 9% lower leaf area index compared to the wet year 2011. A significant reduction of 15% in yearly carbon sequestration was associated with leaf phenological events of canopy renewal in the early spring. In contrast to male flower production, fruit setting was severely depressed by water stress with a 54% decrease during the dry year. Our results suggest that leaf growth and leaf area maintenance are resilient ecophysiological processes under winter drought and are a priority carbon sink for photoassimilates in contrast to tree diameter growth. Thus, carbon sequestration reductions under low water availabilities in cork oak woodland should be ascribed to stomatal regulation or photosynthetic limitations and to a lesser extent to leaf area reductions.

Drenagem interna e lixiviação de nitrato em um latossolo sob sucessão milho-braquiária-milho, com diferentes doses de nitrogênio

A adubação nitrogenada ideal deve ser definida para satisfazer a necessidade da cultura, mas com o mínimo de risco ao ambiente. Para isso, é necessário que a recomendação da adubação nitrogenada seja a mais exata possível. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em um solo de textura areno-argilosa, com o objetivo de avaliar a drenagem interna e a lixiviação de NO3- à profundidade de 0,80 m com o tempo, em uma sucessão de culturas sob plantio direto, utilizando-se sulfato de amônio marcado com o isótopo estável 15N, em diferentes doses. As avaliações foram feitas em dois cultivos de milho safrinha, o primeiro no ano agrícola de 2006 e o segundo em 2007, e em um de braquiária na entressafra. Os tratamentos consistiram de doses de N de 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1, na forma de sulfato de amônio marcado (15N), e um tratamento testemunha, sem aplicação de N. O adubo marcado foi aplicado em subparcelas previamente definidas, apenas no primeiro cultivo do milho (safra 2006). A drenagem interna foi obtida a partir da densidade de fluxo de água calculada pela equação de Darcy-Buckingham, na qual a condutividade hidráulica e o gradiente de potencial total foram estimados a partir de leituras diárias de tensiômetros de mercúrio, instalados nas profundidades de 0,70, 0,80 e 0,90 m. A condutividade hidráulica em função do potencial mátrico na profundidade de 0,80 m foi determinada, no campo, pelo método do perfil instantâneo, usando tensiômetros e curvas de retenção. A densidade de fluxo de água foi também usada, juntamente com a concentração de NO3- e a porcentagem de átomos de 15N da solução no solo, para estimar a lixiviação do NO3-total e daquele derivado do fertilizante. A solução no solo foi coletada por meio de extratores com cápsula porosa, instalados na profundidade de 0,80 m. A drenagem interna diminuiu com o aumento das doses de N aplicadas para a sucessão de culturas estudada, variando de 31,5 a 73,4 % da precipitação pluvial total (97 mm) durante o primeiro cultivo de milho, de 26,1 a 58,1 % da precipitação pluvial total (695 mm) no cultivo da braquiária e pousio e de 56,6 a 87,4 % do total de 419 mm de precipitação pluvial no segundo cultivo de milho. A lixiviação de NO3-total (do fertilizante e outras fontes) foi muito baixa no primeiro cultivo de milho em todas as doses de N e significativa para as doses de 120 e 180 kg ha-1 nos períodos da cultura de braquiária mais pousio (26,16 kg ha-1 para a dose de 120 e 39,8 kg ha-1 para a de 180 kg ha-1) e da segunda cultura de milho (aproximadamente 23 kg ha-1 para ambas as doses). A lixiviação de NO3-proveniente do fertilizante foi praticamente nula no primeiro cultivo de milho e, em geral, baixa durante o cultivo de braquiária e o segundo cultivo de milho.

The stemflow of trees in a Bornean lowland tropical forest

AbstractStemflow volume generation in lowland tropical forests was measured over a 1‐year period in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. The stemflow volume generated by 66 free‐standing trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) over 1 cm and a tree height over 1 m were measured daily in a representative 10 m × 10 m plot of the forest. Throughfall in the plot was also measured using 20 gauges in a fixed position. Of the 2292 mm of total rainfall observed during the year‐long period, stemflow accounted for 3·5%, throughfall for 82% and there was an interception loss of 14·5%. Understory trees (DBH < 10 cm) played an important role in stemflow generation, producing 77% of the overall stemflow volume and 90% during storms with less than 20 mm of rainfall. Also, owing to their efficiency at funneling rainfall or throughfall water received by their crowns, some understory trees noticeably reduced the catches of the throughfall gauges situated under the reach of their crown areas. During storms producing greater than 20 mm of rainfall, 80% of the total stemflow occurred; trees with a large DBH or height and for which the ratio between crown's diameter and depth is less than 1, tended to generate more stemflow volume in these storms. Mean areal stemflow as a fraction of rainfall in this lowland tropical forest was 3·4%, but may range from 1–10% depending upon the proportion of trees that are high or poor stemflow yielders. Trees with DBH greater than 10 cm were likely to contribute less than 1% of the 3·4% mean areal stemflow in the forest. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sustaining productivity of a Vertosol at Warra, Queensland, with fertilisers, no-tillage or legumes. 7. Yield, nitrogen and disease-break benefits from lucerne in a two-year lucerne - wheat rotation

Continuous cultivation and cereal cropping of southern Queensland soils previously supporting native vegetation have resulted in reduced soil nitrogen supply, and consequently decreased cereal grain yields and low grain protein. To enhance yields and protein concentrations of wheat, management practices involving N fertiliser application, with no-tillage and stubble retention, grain legumes, and legume leys were evaluated from 1987 to 1998 on a fertility-depleted Vertosol at Warra, southern Queensland. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of lucerne in a 2-year lucerne–wheat rotation for its nitrogen and disease-break benefits to subsequent grain yield and protein content of wheat as compared with continuous wheat cropping.Dry matter production and nitrogen yields of lucerne were closely correlated with the total rainfall for October–September as well as March–September rainfall. Each 100 mm of total rainfall resulted in 0.97 t/ha of dry matter and 26 kg/ha of nitrogen yield. For the March–September rainfall, the corresponding values were 1.26 t/ha of dry matter and 36 kg/ha of nitrogen yield. The latter values were 10% lower than those produced by annual medics during a similar period. Compared with wheat–wheat cropping, significant increases in total soil nitrogen were observed only in 1990, 1992 and 1994 but increases in soil mineralisable nitrogen were observed in most years following lucerne. Similarly, pre-plant nitrate nitrogen in the soil profile following lucerne was higher by 74 kg/ha (9–167 kg N/ha) than that of wheat–wheat without N fertiliser in all years except 1996. Consequently, higher wheat grain protein (7 out of 9 seasons) and grain yield (4 out of 9 seasons) were produced compared with continuous wheat. There was significant depression in grain yield in 2 (1993 and 1995) out of 9 seasons attributed to soil moisture depletion and/or low growing season rainfall. Consequently, the overall responses in yield were lower than those of 50 kg/ha of fertiliser nitrogen applied to wheat–wheat crops, 2-year medic–wheat or chickpea–wheat rotation, although grain protein concentrations were higher following lucerne.The incidence and severity of the soilborne disease, common root rot of wheat caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, was generally higher in lucerne–wheat than in continuous wheat with no nitrogen fertiliser applications, since its severity was significantly correlated with plant available water at sowing. No significant incidence of crown rot or root lesion nematode was observed. Thus, productivity, which was mainly due to nitrogen accretion in this experiment, can be maintained where short duration lucerne leys are grown in rotations with wheat.

Hydrological flow paths controlling stream chemistry in Japanese forested watersheds

Water sources and flow paths contributing to stream chemistry were evaluated in four Japanese forested watersheds with steep topography (slopes ≥30°). Stream chemistry during periods without rainfall and during events with less than 100 mm of precipitation was similar to seepage water chemistry, but markedly different from that of soil water which had higher concentrations of NO−3 and Ca2+ and lower concentrations of Na+ and HCO−3. Also, stream Cl− concentrations in a Cl−-treated watershed did not increase either during events with less than 100 mm of total rainfall or at baseflow conditions, even three years after the Cl− treatment. These results suggest that groundwater within bedrock fissures of Paleozoic strata had a long residence time and was a major contributor to steam water under baseflow conditions and even during small precipitation events (≤100 mm). In contrast, for large precipitation events (≥100 mm), stream chemistry became more similar to soil water chemistry, especially within the steepest watershed. Also, for large precipitation events, stream Cl− concentrations in the Cl−-treated watershed increased markedly. These results suggest that soil water was a major contributor to stream waters only during these large events. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Root Zone Water Balances of Three Low‐Input Millet Fields in Niger, West Africa

AbstractIt is often assumed that pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Schum.] production is limited by water supply despite the fact that little published data exist on water balances of low‐input millet fields. The objectives of this study were to: (i) quantify components of the field water balance of three sites, each in a different rainfall zone, and (ii) determine whether water supply was the primary limiting constraint to production at each site. The study was conducted on sandy soils in Niger, West Africa, during the 1985 growing season. Fields were near the villages of Chikal, N'Dounga and Kala Paté, which received 223, 344 and 428 mm of total rainfall, respectively. Soils were classified as Ustic Torripsamment at Chikal, Psammentic Paleustalf at N'Dounga, and Alfic Ustipsamment at Kala Paté Water balances were calculated to the depth of maximum root penetration, which was determined at harvest by digging pits. Measurements were made using a field calibrated neutron probe and nonrecording rain gauges. Results indicate that depth of maximum root penetration was not correlated with rainfall received after planting. Seasonal crop water supply was greatest at N'Dounga, where root development was greatest. Drainage below the zone of maximum root penetration was significant at Kala Paté at 43 d after sowing, when cumulative rainfall was only 143 mm, but negligible at the other sites. Drainage could not be separated from evapotranspiration at Kala Paté 67 d after sowing and thereafter. Total evapotranspiration was 272 mm at N'Dounga and 201 mm at Chikal. Cumulative change in water storage in the zone of maximum root penetration was 0 mm at Chikal, 39 mm at N'Dounga, and 46 mm at Kala Paté. Based on the amount of water held above − 1500 kPa in the zone of maximum root penetration and profile water distribution, we conclude that water was the primary limiting constraint only at Chikal in 1985. Water supply did not appear to be the primary limiting constraint at N'Dounga and Kala Paté. Similar conclusions were obtained using the amount of root zone water held above − 100 kPa. The study suggests that water supply may not be assumed a priori to be the primary production constraint to low input millet fields such as those studied here.