Mm Of Subcutaneous Fat Thickness Research Articles

PSXI-6 Calculating energy efficiency use for Nellore bulls divergent in residual feed intake

Abstract Retained energy (RE) and energetic efficiency index were measured in Nellore bulls from divergent classes of residual feed intake (RFI). Thirty-four Nellore bulls (15 low RFI-LRFI and 19 high RFI-HRFI) were feedlot finished and slaughtered with 385 ± 40 kg of body weight (BW) and 520 ± 26.2 days of age. At the beginning of the experiment, five LRFI and three HRFI were slaughtered and used as base line. Individual dry matter intake was recorded daily; initial and final BW were recorded after 16 h of fasting. Eight bulls, four LRFI and four HRFI, were fed at maintenance, receiving 65 g of DM/kg0.75 BW, and 18 bulls (10 LRFI and eight HRFI) were fed ad libitum. Diet had 19:81 roughage:concentrate, 88% of DM and 15% of crude protein. Ultrasound measurements on the Longissimus muscle were performed at intervals of 28 days. When two ad libitum bulls reached 4 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness, one maintenance bull was randomly chosen and slaughtered on the same day. After slaughter, the centesimal composition of the empty body and carcass was measured. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model, and RFI class was included as a fixed effect. Least-square means were used to compare the means, and significance was declared for P ≤ 0.05. The LRFI had greater protein retention than HRFI (248 vs. 142 g/d; P = 0.009), and same fat and energy retention (313 g/d and 4.12 Mcal/d, respectively). The energy efficiency indexes, heat production per metabolic energy intake (Mcal/Mcal) and gain-to-feed (kg/kg) ratio, did not differ between RFI classes. Though LRFI had the same energy efficiency index, they were leaner. These results indicated an association of RFI and maturity patterns. Further research is needed to estimate the net energy requirements of Nellore bulls classified according to RFI. Acknowledgments: FAPESP Processes 2017/06709-2, 2018/20080–2 and 2019/17714-2.

Allometric growth of ½ Dorper + ½ Santa Inês lambs slaughtered with different subcutaneous fat thicknesses

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the allometric growth, the correlation of the cuts with the half carcasses, and the muscularity index of the leg of ½ Dorper + ½ Santa Inês lambs slaughtered with 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT). Twenty-four non-castrated male lambs were used, being distributed according to their weight into three collective pens. Slaughtering occurred as the lambs reached the SFT predetermined by ultrasound. The half carcasses were weighed, dissected, and separated into five cuts: neck, shoulders, rib, loin, and leg. These cuts were dissected and weighed into muscle, subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, and bone. In the shoulders, lambs with 2.0 and 4.0 mm SFT showed early growth. In the rib, this early precocity was observed in lambs with 4.0 mm SFT. The leg showed isogonic growth in lambs with 3.0 and 4.0 mm SFT and was the cut that best correlated with the half carcass, regardless of the SFT. The slaughter of ½ Dorper + ½ Santa Inês lambs with 4.0 mm of subcutaneous fat allows obtaining a better allometric growth of the shoulder, rib, and leg cuts, as well as a better leg muscularity index.

Performance and carcass characteristics of lambs ½ Dorper + ½ Santa Inês, slaughtered with different thicknesses of subcutaneous fat

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) on slaughter in lambs ½ Dorper + ½ Santa Inês (DSI) on performance, carcass characteristics and commercial cuts. It was used twenty-four lambs, slaughtered with 2mm, 3mm and 4mm SFT. There was an effect of SFT on performance: for days of confinement (2mm = 51.38, 3mm = 66.50, 4mm = 91.63 days), age at slaughter (2mm = 139.38, 3mm = 159.88, 4mm = 171.00 days), final body weight (2mm = 33.50, 3mm = 42.81, 4mm = 46.19 kg), total weight gain (2mm = 18.75, 3mm = 25.08, 4mm = (2mm = 0.44, 3mm = 0.39, 4mm = 0.28kg), slaughter weight (2mm = 32.76, 3mm = 39.79, 4mm = 44.88 kg), body condition score (2mm = 2.97, 3mm = 3.13, 4mm = 3.56); for carcass characteristics: warm carcass weight (2mm = 15.33, 3mm = 19.16, 4mm = 21.90 kg) and cold (2mm = 15.03, 3mm = 18.75, 4mm = 21.47), cooling losses (2mm = 0.00234; 3mm = 0.00333; 4mm = 0.00201 kg), carcass yields: in the refrigerator (2mm=46,79; 3mm=48,30; 4mm=48,79%); commercial (2mm = 45.88, 3mm = 47.25, 4mm = 47.82%) and true (2mm = 52.93, 3mm = 54.51, 4mm = 55.67%); carcass compactness index (2mm= 0,250; 3mm=0,30; 4mm=0,33 kg/cm) for cut weights; neck (2mm=0,44; 3mm=0,55; 4mm=0,56 kg); palette (2mm=1,38; 3mm=1,61; 4mm=2,14 kg), flank steak (2mm=2,16; 3mm=2,73; 4mm=3,19 kg), loin (2mm=0,93; 3mm=1,14; 4mm=1,25 kg), and leg (2mm=2,68; 3mm=3,20, 4mm=3,76 kg). For the tissue composition of only the muscular cuts of the neck (2mm = 50.24, 3mm = 51.44, 4mm = 55.34%), bone of the neck (2mm = 30.24, 3mm = 29.63, 4mm = 25.91%), of the loin (2mm=15,05; 3mm=24,63; 4mm=24,71%) and the leg (2mm=11,38; 3mm=13,33; 4mm=13,13%), they presented differences between the SFT (p> 0.05). It is recommended to slaughter lambs ½ Dorper + ½ Santa Inês with 3mm of SFT.

Effect of planting pattern of forage sorghum on forage productivity and heifer performance during finishing phase

This study aimed to assess the effect of sorghum planting patterns on forage response and performance of beef heifers at finishing phase. The experimental period lasted 84 days; treatments consisted of the combination of two interrow spacings (22 and 44 cm) and two sorghum-sowing rates (12 and 24 kg ha?1). Beef heifers, at finishing phase, with initial age of 15 months (± 2.3 months) and average body weight of 262 kg (± 37.95 kg), continuously grazed forage. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme with three repetitions per area. The different planting patterns did not affect (P > 0.05) dry matter production (5,447.78 kg DM ha?1) and accumulation rate (58.47 kg DM ha?1 day?1). Forage accumulation rate, leaf mass, forage mass, leaf supply and forage supply were influenced (P < 0.05) by time. Similar behavior was observed for stocking rate, weight gain per area unit and daily weight gain, with values of 1,172.32 kg of liveweight ha?1, 312.31 kg ha?1; 0.891 kg day?1, respectively. Animal performance had no effect (P > 0.05) from planting patterns, with nearly 4.04 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness and final weight of 330.36 kg. Animal body development showed no significant differences (P > 0.05), with values for length, heart girth and hip height of 132.01, 163.75 and 126.75 cm, respectively. The weight to average height ratio between planting patterns was 2.67 kg cm?1.

The Effects of Low-Intensity Ultrasound on Fat Reduction of Rat Model.

Nonfocused low-intensity ultrasound is generally believed to be less efficacious than High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) at body fat reduction; nevertheless, this technology has already been widely used clinically for body contouring purposes. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this new technology by applying 1 MHz nonfocused ultrasound at 3 W/cm2 to the outer-thigh region of rat models. Ultrasonography measurement demonstrated an average reduction of 0.5 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness that persisted for at least three days after treatment. Biochemical analysis quantified a significant increase in lipid levels, specifically triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. These two findings of subcutaneous fat reduction and plasma lipid increase showed a positive correlation. No evidence of adverse events or complications was observed after the treatment. This study validated nonfocused low-intensity ultrasound as an effective and safe method for body fat reduction, especially with repetitive treatment. However, the concurrent increase in plasma lipid level will require further investigation to determine this technology's long-term impact, if any, on health.

<b>Lipid composition and sensory traits of meat from Pantaneiro lambs slaughtered with different subcutaneous fat thickness

Lipid composition and sensory traits of the meat from female lambs of the Pantaneiro genetic group slaughtered with 2.00, 3.00 and 4.00 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) were evaluated by ultrasound. Twenty-four lambs weighing 16.24 ± 1.78 kg were confined in feedlots. These animals were fed with pelleted diet formulated to provide a daily weight gain of 0.30 kg. As the lambs reached the pre-set SFT in the weekly evaluation by ultrasound, they were slaughtered on the day following the measurement, regardless of their weight. The SFT did not alter the fatty acid profile of meat from Pantaneiro lambs. For the sensory analysis, the meat from the animals slaughtered with 4.00 mm SFT received the best score for variables overall acceptance and characteristic flavor as compared with the females slaughtered with 2.00 mm SFT. The treatment with 3.00 mm SFT, however, did not differ from the others. For sensory traits odor and juiciness, no effect of SFT was found. It is recommended to slaughter lambs with 3.00 mm thickness of subcutaneous fat on the loin, because covered better number of favorable attributes in sensory analysis.

Características quantitativas da carcaça de cordeiros Santa Inês, abatidos com diferentes espessuras de gordura subcutânea

ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar as características quantitativas das carcaças de cordeiros da raça Santa Inês em confinamento, abatidos com três espessuras de gordura subcutâneas (EGS) diferentes. Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros, machos não castrados da raça Santa Inês, com aproximadamente 100 dias de idade e peso vivo de 22,7±3,75kg, divididos aleatoriamente em três tratamentos: abates com espessura de gordura subcutânea de 2,0; 3,0 e 4,0mm. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e oito repetições por tratamento. Para as análises estatísticas utilizou-se o softwareSAEG Os cordeiros abatidos com 2,0mm apresentaram maiores rendimentos do fígado (2,12%), baço (0,32%), cabeça (6,69%) e patas (3,08%), havendo um declínio nos rendimentos com o aumento da EGS. Os rendimentos de carcaça na origem, no frigorifico, comercial e verdadeiro, sofreram interferência das EGS (p<0,05), seguindo o mesmo comportamento dos pesos corporais e pesos das carcaças, em que os cordeiros abatidos com 4,00 mm de EGS apresentaram resultados superiores aos abatidos com 2,00 mm. Com o aumento da EGS foi observado no lombo que as proporções dos tecidos apresentaram o seguinte comportamento, aumento da gordura, diminuição do osso e não alteração do músculo. Recomenda-se o abate de cordeiros Santa Inês com 3,0 mm de EGS, pois foram os que proporcionaram melhores resultados para as características quantitativas da carcaça.

Physicochemical and sensory traits of meat from Santa Inês lambs slaughtered with different subcutaneous fat thicknesses

Physical (pH, color, tenderness, and cooking weight loss), chemical (moisture, crude protein, ash, and lipids) and sensory (odor, flavor, juiciness, and overall acceptance) characteristics of meat from Santa Ines lambs slaughtered with 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) were evaluated. Samples of the longissimus dorsi muscles were removed from 24 male uncastrated lambs distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and eight replicates. Weightings and ultrasound evaluations were performed every 14 days. No significant differences were observed for pH0h, which averaged 6.24. Lambs slaughtered with 4.0 mm SFT differed from the treatments with 2.0 and 3.0 mm as to the pH24h values. The meat from lambs slaughtered with 3.0 and 4.0 mm SFT showed a greater lightness (L*) value. Meat tenderness (2.21 kgf/cm2), cooking weight loss (13.90%), moisture (74.39%), and crude protein (22.10%) contents were not affected by the SFT. For the total lipid contents of the meat, significant differences were observed between the lambs slaughtered with 2.0 mm and those with 3.0 and 4.0 mm SFT. The sensory traits were not affected by the SFT with which the lambs were slaughtered. Lambs slaughtered with 4.0 mm SFT remained 33 days longer in feedlot and showed similar live weights at slaughter to those with 3.00 mm. It is recommended to slaughter Santa Ines lambs with a subcutaneous fat thickness of 3.00 mm.

<b>Allometry in carcasses of lambs of the Pantaneiro genetic group slaughtered with different subcutaneous fat thickness

Twenty-four female lambs of the Pantaneiro genetic group, with approximately 100 days of age, average body of 16.24 ± 1.78 kg, were slaughtered with 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness, measured by ultrasound in the Longissimus, to evaluate the allometric growth. Lambs fed a complete pelleted diet calculated to ensure a daily weight gain of 0.30 kg. Slaughtering was performed as the female lambs reached the pre-established fat thickness. After 24 hours in a cold chamber at 4oC, chilled carcasses were cut in half and weighed. The right side was separated into five sections to determine the allometry of carcasses and cuts. Neck and rib showed isogonic growth in all treatments. Loin has remained late growth to 2.0 and 3.0 mm. Shoulder and leg were isogonic growth in the treatments 3.0 and 4.0 mm. The leg in relation to half carcass showed the greatest correlation. The cuts exhibited differentiated development in the growth rates of tissues. It is recommended to slaughter female lambs when they reach 3.0 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness, since the carcass has already reached physiological maturity. Shoulder and leg cuts are best suited for dissection for presenting the highest correlation with the carcass in females of the Pantaneiro group.

Growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics of lambs produced from Dorper sheep crossed with Santa Inês or Brazilian Somali sheep

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth performance and carcass characteristics of crossbred lambs of Dorper sheep crossed with Santa Inês or Brazilian Somali sheep and raised under an intensive production system in the northeastern region of Brazil. A total of ten non-castrated male lambs of each genetic group were used in this trial under a fully randomized design. The lambs were housed and creep fed until weaning at 60 days of age. After weaning, they were sent to a feedlot for finishing with a high energetic diet until slaughter, which occurred when they reached 3mm of subcutaneous fat thickness. The crossbred Santa Inês lambs exhibited a higher daily gain (0.3kg/day) than the Brazilian Somali crossbred lambs, which were more precocious in reaching the slaughter fat thickness (118 days). Significant differences were observed between the genetic groups for the hot carcass weight, carcass shrink, and measurements of the rib eye area, the carcass and leg compactness indexes and the weight of the carcass joints. However, no significant differences were found for the amount of lean meat per cold carcass weight unity and the yield of retail cuts. The crossbred Brazilian Somali lambs presented a higher amount of fat per cold carcass weight unity (26mm/100kg) than the Santa Inês lambs. According to the results obtained and under the described experimental conditions, it may be concluded that at the same maturity level, the growth performance, the age at slaughter and the main carcass characteristics vary with the genetic group, making possible the use of local sheep breeds to meet efficiently the needs of different markets.

Feedlot performance, feed efficiency and carcass traits in Nellore cattle selected for postweaning weight

The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlated responses to selection for growth in feed efficiency and carcass traits of Nellore animals. A total of 121 animals of the Nellore control (NeC) and selection herds were subjected to performance testing and classified regarding residual feed intake (RFI). Sixty-seven of these animals were selected and finished until reaching 4 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness between the 12th and 13th ribs. The animals were slaughtered at a mean age of 541 days and mean live weight of 423 kg for NeS and of 363 kg for NeC, and carcass traits were measured. Animals in NeS presented higher initial and slaughter weights, dry matter intake, hot and cold carcass weight, weight of retail cuts, and carcass yield than NeC animals for the same slaughter age and feedlot time. No significant differences in RFI were observed between herds, showing that the weight gain from selection for growth did not cause changes in the energy efficiency of the animals.

Desempenho produtivo de bovinos de diferentes grupos raciais, castrados e não-castrados, em fase de terminação

Utilizaram-se 86 bovinos, castrados e não-castrados, com peso médio de 329kg e 20 meses de idade, sendo 12 Gir, 20 Guzerá, 20 Nelore e 20 Caracu - todos selecionados para peso aos 378 dias de idade (P378) - e 14 Nelore controle-selecionados com base no diferencial de seleção nulo para P378. A dieta, usada na relação volumoso:concentrado de 60:40 na matéria seca (MS), continha 14,8% de proteína bruta na MS e silagem de milho. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (grupos genético e classe sexual). Os ganhos médios diários de 1,51kg para Nelore seleção e 1,53kg para Guzerá foram semelhantes e maiores que os dos demais grupos genéticos, os quais não diferiram entre si. Não houve diferenças de ganho entre animais castrados e não-castrados. O consumo de MS em kg/dia foi maior para Nelore, Guzerá e Caracu selecionados (10,30; 10,04 e 10,71kg/dia, respectivamente), e os valores para os demais foram semelhantes entre si. A eficiência bionutricional foi pior para a raça Caracu (2,13) e melhor para Nelore controle (1,58). Os animais Caracu precisaram de maior tempo em confinamento (133 dias) para atingir 4mm de espessura de gordura subcutânea, sendo os valores para as demais raças próximos entre si.

Composição corporal e exigências nutricionais de macrominerais de bovinos Caracu selecionados e Nelore selecionados ou não para peso ao sobreano

Avaliaram-se a composição corporal e as exigências líquidas e dietéticas de macrominerais (Ca, P, Mg, Na e K) de bovinos Caracu selecionados (CaS) e Nelore selecionados (NeS) ou não (NeC) para peso ao sobreano (378 dias de idade). Foram utilizados 56 tourinhos com média de 18 meses de idade. Doze animais foram abatidos após o período de adaptação para servirem como referência e os 44 restantes (16 NeS, 16 CaS e 12 NeC, com peso vivo inicial de 392±15,7; 421±14,4 e 337±18,5 kg, respectivamente) foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2: grupo genético (NeS, CaS e NeC) x sistema de alimentação (restrito e ad libitum). A dieta, com relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50, continha silagem de milho como volumoso. Os conteúdos dos macrominerais retidos no corpo dos animais foram estimados por meio de equações de regressão do logaritmo do conteúdo corporal de Ca, P, Mg, Na e K, em função do logaritmo do peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ). As exigências líquidas para ganho de 1 kg de PCVZ foram obtidas pela derivação das equações de predição dos conteúdos corporais dos macrominerais, em função do logaritmo do PCVZ. Houve efeito do grupo genético sobre o conteúdo corporal dos macroelementos. As concentrações corporais e as exigências de todos os macrominerais aumentaram conforme a elevação no PCVZ dos animais.

Estudo da carcaça e da carne de bubalinos Mediterrâneo terminados em confinamento com diferentes fontes de volumoso

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as características de carcaça e da carne de bubalinos Mediterrâneo terminados em confinamento por 112 dias e alimentados com dietas isoprotéicas (12% de proteína bruta) contendo, na matéria seca, 33% de concentrado e 67% de cana-de-açúcar ou silagem de milho. Foram utilizados doze novilhos bubalinos, com idade de 20 meses. O peso de fazenda, peso de carcaça quente e peso de carcaça fria foram similares entre os tratamentos, sendo, respectivamente, 363,7; 181,8; e 179,9 kg, para os animais alimentados com cana-de-açúcar, e 361,3; 186,8; e 184,2 kg, citados na mesma ordem, para os bubalinos alimentados com silagem de milho, sendo que estes apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça fria que os animais alimentados com cana-de-açúcar (51,7 contra 49,9%). Não houve diferença na porcentagem dos cortes comerciais da carcaça, assim como nas medidas de desenvolvimento da carcaça entre os animais dos dois tratamentos. O tratamento não afetou a conformação de carcaça, área de longissimus dorsi, assim como as porcentagens de músculo e osso na carcaça, sendo que, na média dos dois tratamentos, essas características apresentaram valores de 9,0 pontos; 52,1 cm², 62,8 e 16,5%. Na média, os bubalinos apresentaram porcentagem de gordura de 20,8% e 2,96 mm de espessura de gordura subcutânea. Não houve diferença significativa nas características cor, textura, marmoreio, força de cizalhamento, maciez e quebra na cocção da carne, mas a quebra ao descongelamento foi maior e a palatabilidade e suculência da carne, superiores nos animais alimentados com cana-de-açúcar.

Características da Carcaça de Novilhos Red Angus Superprecoces Abatidos com Diferentes Pesos

Foram avaliadas as características quantitativas da carcaça de novilhos Red Angus com idade média inicial de 8 meses e 189 kg, confinados durante 114, 144, 173 e 213 dias até os respectivos pesos de abate (PA) de 340, 370, 400 ou 430 kg, com idade de 12, 13, 14 e 15 meses. A dieta alimentar continha uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 56:44, contendo 13,13% de proteína bruta e 2,7 Mcal de energia digestível/kg MS. O corte serrote, embora tenha aumentado linearmente em peso (91,73; 103,26; 106,20 e 116,66 kg) frente ao aumento do peso de abate, decresceu linearmente quando expresso em relação ao peso de carcaça fria (50,55; 50,79; 50,16; e 48,86%). A porcentagem do corte costilhar foi a que sofreu maior incremento (23,36; 25,40; 28,50; e 35%) com o aumento do peso de abate, acompanhando o aumento na deposição de gordura de cobertura (3,91; 6,16; 6,16; e 9,58 mm). A área do músculo Longissimus dorsi (ALD) aumentou linearmente frente ao aumento do peso de abate (ALD = 27,48 + 0,083PA), enquanto a ALD/100 kg de carcaça fria decresceu linearmente (ALD/100 kg carcaça = 45,14 - 0,0425PA). Foi estimado, por intermédio da equação de regressão, que a espessura de gordura mínima exigida pelos frigoríficos (3 mm) teria sido alcançada com 327 kg de peso. Considerando o peso de carcaça mínimo de 180 kg, este seria atingido com um peso de abate de 337 kg. Utilizando novilhos da raça Red Angus para produção do superprecoce, o peso de abate não deve ser superior a 400 kg, para não exceder os 6 mm de gordura de cobertura, evitando o recorte do excesso.