Mm In Standard Length Research Articles

가다랑어 (Katsuwonus pelamis) 자어의 국내 출현

Three specimens of larvae (5.2~7.8 mm in standard length (SL)), of the family Scombridae, were collected from the southeastern waters off Jeju Island in August, 2014. These specimens were identified to Katsuwonus pelamis have melanophores distributed on the 1st dorsal-fin spines and post ventral margin on caudal peduncle. An analysis of the cytochrome oxidase submit I (COI) sequences (652 base pairs) of mitochondrial DNA showed that our specimens must be K. pelamis, because their sequences were concordant with those of the adult K. pelamis (genetic distance

Epigonus draco, a New Species of Deepwater Cardinalfish (Perciformes: Epigonidae) from the Western Pacific

A new epigonid fish, Epigonus draco n. sp., is described on the basis of six specimens (88.8–160.1 mm in standard length: SL) collected from the Philippines, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu in the Western Pacific. This species belongs to a subgroup of Epigonus, known as the “Epigonus constanciae group,” whose members have a pungent opercular spine, more than 40 pored lateral-line scales (47–49 to the end of the hypural+3–4 on the caudal fin), and VII-I, 10 dorsal-fin rays. The new species is distinguished from other congeners of the group in having the following combination of characters: absence of a maxillary mustache-like process, absence of ribs on the last abdominal vertebra, total gill rakers 22–23; pyloric caeca 7–9; pectoral-fin rays 19–20; scales below lateral line 9; vertebrae 10+15; uppermost margin of pectoral-fin base lower than horizontal line through center of eye; proximal radial of first anal-fin pterygiophore slender; and mouth cavity black. In addition, Epigonus chilensis Okamoto, 2012 is rediagnosed based on specimens from near its type locality.

First Japanese Record of the Haemulid Fish Pomadasys kaakan (Perciformes), from Kagoshima Prefecture, Southern Japan

A single adult specimen of Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830 ), 483.0 mm in standard length, was collected at a depth of 36 m off the Satsuma Peninsula, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Because previous records of the species from Japan had been based on mis-identifications of P. argenteus ( Forsskal, 1775 ), the Kagoshima specimen represents the first reliable record of P. kaakan from Japan supported by a voucher specimen.

New Record of the Birdbeak Burrfish Cyclichthys orbicularis (Pisces: Diodontidae), in Korea

A total of six specimens (57.03-100.72 mm in standard length) belonging to the family Diodontidae were collected around Jeju Island, Korea between July and August 2013. On the Basis of morphological and molecular analyses, we identified the specimens as Cyclichthys orbicularis (Bloch, 1785), a new record to the Korean fish fauna. Morphologically, the species is characterized by nine caudal fin rays, immovable spines on the head and body except the caudal peduncle, and small black spots dorsally. Some morphometric characters changed disproportionately with growth, which was a new finding. Caudal peduncle length, body width and preanus length to standard length tend to grow at a rate different from that of overall growth. When the 601 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences of our specimens were compared with those of other diodontid fishes, our specimens clustered tightly around C. orbicularis (d = 0.000-0.002) in an NJ tree, with a high bootstrap value (99%). We herein describe the morphological and molecular traits of the specimens, and propose a new Korean name, “gud-ga-si-bok-sok” for the genus Cyclichthys, and “dung-geun-gud-ga-si-bok” for C. orbicularis.

A record of anopthalmia in Mystus tengara (Hamilton, 1822) from Assam

An abnormal case of anopthalmia in a striped catfish Mystus tengara (66.8 mm in standard length) from Assam is reported in this communication. Thirty eight morphological characters of the abnormal specimen were also studied and compared with normal specimens to observe variation in the morpho-meristic traits, if any. In the abnormal specimen, the proportionate height of the dorsal fin (31.1 mm) and nasal barbel length (75.9 mm) was found to be higher compared to that of the normal specimens (21.6 – 26.5 mm and 47.9 – 72.5 mm, respectively). While the body depth of anus was higher in case of normal specimens (19.1 – 29.2 mm) compared to abnormal specimen (14.5 mm). However, no marked variation was observed in meristic characters. This anomaly does not seem to have affected morphological aspects. Factors like weed infestation, pesticide and herbicide application adversely affecting the habitat is believed to be the cause of such deformity. The abnormality does not seem to have affected the overall growth of the fish.

Development of the axial skeleton in the bay snook Petenia splendida Günther, 1862 (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

We report the first description of the ontogenic development of the axial skeleton and unpaired fins of hatchery reared bay snook (Petenia splendida, Perciformes: Cichlidae) from hatching (5.3–5.5 mm in standard length, SL) to the juvenile stage (16.1–17.5 mm SL) by means of alcian blue-alizarin red staining. The study of axial skeleton development was complemented by digital analysis of its level of ossification (number of red pixels) in order to identify major changes in vertebral column and caudal fin complex development. The main events of the skeletogenesis of the vertebral column and unpaired fins in P. splendida larvae were comprised between the onset of notochord segmentation and completion of the caudal fin complex at 6 (171 degree days post hatch, ddph; 6.4–6.5 mm SL) and 24 days post hatching (dph) (684 ddph, 8.9–9.4 mm SL), respectively; whereas the anal and dorsal fins completed morphogenesis at older ages (36 dph, 1026 ddph, 11.0–11.8 mm SL). In this sense, the development of a subcarangiform swimming mode in early juveniles was achieved with complete ossification of vertebral bodies and caudal lepidotrichia, as well as partial ossification of the caudal-fin complex elements (hypurals, epurals, uroneural and parahypural). This information can be considered as a reference for other studies evaluating the quality of larvae and the influence of rearing biotic and abiotic factors in the skeletogenesis of this cichlid species and the occurrence of skeletal deformities.

A new miniature killifish of the genus Melanorivulus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the Xingu river drainage, Brazilian Amazon

Melanorivulus rubroreticulatus, new species, is described on the basis of material collected in the lower section of the Xingu river drainage, Brazilian Amazon. It is a member of a group endemic to the region encompassing the southern Amazonas river tributaries and the Parnaíba river basin. The new species is distinguished from other congeners of this group by the presence of broad red bars on the caudal fin in males, bars often interconnected to form reticulations, and short red bars contrasting with intense light blue ground colour on the anal-fin base. It represents the northern-most record for the group, besides being the only species occurring in the Amazon rain forest and possibly is also the smallest one, barely surpassing 25 mm of standard length.

Co-evolution of offspring antipredator competence and parental brood defense in convict cichlids

Convict cichlids are Neotropical freshwater fish with biparental brood defense of their free-swimming young. In this study, we correlate ontogenetic changes in swimming performance measured by maximum velocity and burst speeds with skeletal ossification of larvae and consider how these data provide insights into the proximate mechanisms for the evolution of parental care. In lab tests, swimming velocity and acceleration of the young increased nonlinearly with body length with a rapid improvement at 7 mm in standard length (SL). The timing of abrupt improvement in swimming velocity and acceleration coincided with the timing of skeletal ossification from cartilage to bone. Radii of defended broods in the field reflected the interaction of parental defense competence and offspring antipredator competence. In the Rio Cabuyo, Costa Rica, brood radii increased steadily until the young were 6.45 mm SL, and then plateaued. Taken together, these data indicate interdependent and co-evolved traits that encompass larval ontogenetic development, antipredator performance, habitat-specific predation regime, and parental care.

Desarrollo larvario de algunas especies del género <i>Bregmaceros</i> (Pisces: Bregmacerotidae) del sureste del Golfo de México

We redescribe the larval development of Bregmaceros cantori based on 925 specimens ranging from 1.1 to 20.2 mm in standard length (SL), and describe the larvae of B. atlanticus (27 larvae, 1.7-7.5 mm), B. houdei (six, 1.5-1.9 mm) and B. macclellandi (three, 2.4, 3.4 and 5.4 mm). All specimens were collected in the southern Gulf of Mexico from November 27 through December 6, 1998. Larvae were identified to species, and descriptions were made based on pigmentation, and morphometric and meristic characteristics. We defined five development stages: preflexion, flexion, postflexion, transformation and juvenile. In the preflexion stage B. cantori displayed a greater growth in mouth size and head length relative to SL (positive allometry); there was negative allometry from the flexion to juvenile stage. B. cantori have the shortest body height and head length, thus being the thinnest; whereas B. macclellandi larvae are the most robust ones. From the four species reported from the southern Gulf of Mexico, B. atlanticus larvae are the most pigmented in both head and body, with an homogeneous pattern; B. macclellandi presents a different pigmentation pattern consisting in large melanophore groups with a body arrangement that changes from one stage to the next; additionally, from the preflexion stage it develops both the occipital radius and pelvic fins. B. houdei larvae measuring 1.5 to 1.9 mm have melano- phores at the tip of the lower jaw and the head, as well as at the pectoral fin base. Larval development was more pronounced in this B. cantori and B. atlanticus than in specimens from higher latitudes

Annual ovarian cycle and other reproductive traits of female Red River Pupfish (Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis) in the Red River drainage of Texas

We examine variation in ovarian traits over a 24-month period in Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis, an inhabitant of highly variable stream environments in the southern Great Plains of western Texas and Oklahoma. The smallest females bearing clutches are ca. 20 mm in standard length. Ovarian traits indicate that maximum reproduction occurred from March into July, but some degree of reproduction was potentially possible throughout the year. Most ovaries had atretic oocytes as early as September when the gonadosomatic index and the percentage of females with clutches were declining, but a small proportion had mature eggs in all fall and winter months (0–2%, average 0.8%, October–January, across all years) except, possibly due to sampling error, in October. Detailed analysis of females from April and July indicate greater reproduction in 2002 than in 2003 and greater in spring than in mid-summer. There was marginal evidence from estimates of dry weight of oocytes that females invest more energy in individual offspring in spring than in mid-summer.

Acropoma profundum, a New Species of Lanternbelly (Teleostei: Perciformes: Acropomatidae) from the Solomon Islands

A new species of acropomatid fish, Acropoma profundum, is described based on a single specimen, 40.1 mm in standard length, from the Solomon Islands (depth 1169–1203 m). It is distinguished from congeneric species by its unique long, U-shaped luminous gland, which extends from the throat to just in front of the anal-fin origin. The new species is further distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: anus situated nearer to the pelvic-fin base origin than to that of the anal fin, proximal radial of first anal-fin pterygiophore with a trough-like recess, body depth 29.1% SL, and pectoral-fin rays 15. Acropoma profundum is the deepest-living species of its genus, and the smallest in size at sexual maturity.

Microdistribution and feeding dynamics of Coilia nasus (Engraulidae) larvae and juveniles in relation to the estuarine turbidity maximum of the macrotidal Chikugo River estuary, Ariake Sea, Japan

AbstractTo evaluate the nursery value of the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) for the anadromous engraulid fish Coilia nasus, physical and biological samples were collected along the macrotidal Chikugo River estuary, southwestern Japan, from June 2005 to January 2006. Generally, eggs were distributed upstream of the ETM, whereas larvae were distributed in the ETM. The first cohort was washed out of the estuary by a large flood in early July. The second cohort appeared after the flood, gradually extending its distributional area through the estuary and growing to 100 mm in standard length (SL) by December. Larvae and juveniles (20–100 mm SL) fed selectively on copepods, specifically large calanoid species, whereas more developed juveniles fed on mysids. Prey organisms in guts were significantly more abundant and present in greater weights in the ETM (salinity <10) than in the lower estuary (salinity >10). The better feeding conditions were primarily attributable to consistently high densities of two large calanoid species, Sinocalanus sinensis and Pseudodiaptomus inopinus, in the ETM. In contrast, the poor feeding conditions in the lower estuary were likely due to a seasonal decrease in copepod density and the dominance of small copepods such as Oithona spp. Given that better feeding conditions contribute positively to the growth and survival of larvae and juveniles, we conclude that the ETM has a significantly higher nursery value for C. nasus compared with other habitats in the Chikugo River estuary.

Una nueva especie de <i>Hyphessobrycon</i> (Characiformes: Characidae) de la cuenca del río Telembí, vertiente sur del Pacífico, Colombia

The genus Hyphessobrycon is included within the subfamily Tetragonopterinae. The species are generally small, do not exceed 70mm of standard length, are economically important as ornamental fish, with 128 valid species distributed from Southern Mexico to Rio La Plata in Argentina. The collections of fish were made with seines, in a single biotope, along shore in backwaters and working downstream. Measurements of the specimens were taken point to point with digital calipers. Observations of bone and cartilage structures were made on cleared and stained (C&S) specimens. The morphometric relationships between species were explored using a principal component analysis (PCA)using 21 variables. We described a new species, Hyphessobrycon chocoensis, from the Telembi River drainage of the Pacific versant of Colombia. The new species, Hyphessobrycon chocoensis, is distinguished from congeners not of the "flammeus" species group by: having a diffuse humeral spot, in lacking a dark spot on the dorsal fin and caudal peduncle. It is distinguished from members its species group by the number of rays in the dorsal fin (ii, 8, i), by the number of branched anal-fin rays (25-26) and by having a diffuse humeral spot. It differs from H. tortuguerae in the number of teeth on the maxilla (1-2), by the number of predorsal scales and the high number of scales between the lateral line and the anal fin (6-7). Hyphessobrycon chocoensis can be distinguished from the other known species of Hyphessobrycon from the Pacific Coast of Colombia in having: a high number of pored lateral-line scales, by the snout to dorsal-fin length, by caudal-peduncle depth and by eye diameter. In addition, it differs from H. columbianus by the distance from the dorsal fin to the anal fin, by the length of the upper jaw, and by snout length. It differs from H. condotensis in having a high number of scales between the lateral line and the dorsal fin, and by the number of simple rays in the anal fin. H. chocoensis is distinguished from H. sebastiani by the number of transverse scales and the number of scales between the lateral line and the dorsal fin. A taxonomic key is provided to aid with the identification of the species of Hyphessobrycon from the Pacific Coast of Colombia.

Validity of Crenidens macracanthus Günther 1874 (Pisces: Sparidae) from Chennai (Madras), India, with taxonomic statuses of the congeners

The sparid species Crenidens macracanthus Gunther 1874 was described on the basis of a single specimen (originally one of the syntypes of Crenidens indicus Day 1873 from Chennai, India), but the true taxonomic identity of the species was not clear. A new examination of the holotype (BMNH 1868.10.27.28, 126 mm in standard length) justified it as a valid species in the genus Crenidens. Crenidens macracanthus can be distinguished from Crenidens crenidens (Forsskal 1775) and Crenidens indicus Day 1873 by having an exceptionally large second anal-fin spine (2AS), 1.34–1.41 times longer than the third anal-fin spine (3AS) (vs. 2AS subequal to or slightly larger than 3AS, 2AS 0.92–1.19 in 3AS in C. crenidens and C. indicus), dorsal-fin rays XII, 10 (vs. usually XI, 11 in C. crenidens and C. indicus but rarely XII, 10 in the latter), lower counts of pored lateral-line scales 47–48 (vs. 49–53 in C. crenidens and C. indicus), and incisor-like teeth with five points, all points subequal in size, well pointed initially but often worn out to form a flat cutting edge (vs. incisor-like teeth with five points, three middle points large in size, but two outside points much smaller and often worn out). Additionally, C. crenidens clearly differs from C. indicus by having 4½ scale rows between the 10th dorsal-fin spine base and the lateral line (vs. 5½–6½ scale rows in C. indicus). The two were raised to a species level from a subspecies level and Crenidens forskalii Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1830 was justified as a junior synonym of Crenidens crenidens.

A new species of Timorichthys (Ophidiiformes: Bythitidae) from the East China Sea

A new bythitid fish, Timorichthys angustus, is described on the basis of a single specimen (52 mm in standard length, SL) collected from the East China Sea, Japan. The genus Timorichthys Nielsen and Schwarzhans 2011 was only known from the holotype of the type species Timorichthys disjunctus Nielsen and Schwarzhans 2011 caught in the Timor Sea. The new species differs from T. disjunctus in several characters, such as the pectoral fin peduncle being much longer than its width (vs. equal in T. disjunctus), precaudal vertebrae 22 (vs. 16), total vertebrae 62 (vs. 52), long rakers on the first gill arch 14 (vs. 6), horizontal eye diameter 3.1 % SL (vs. 1.3 % SL), interorbital width 0.8 % SL (vs. 3.3 % SL), posterior mandibular pore absent (vs. present), anterior infraorbital pores 1 (vs. 3), opercular spine not covered by skin (vs. covered by skin), otolith height to thickness 2.5 (vs. 1.8), and head and body light brown in alcohol (vs. dark brown).

First record of a rare sand whiting, Sillago caudicula (Perciformes: Sillaginidae), from Madagascar

Seven specimens (106–180 mm in standard length) of the sand whiting Sillago caudicula Kaga, Imamura & Nakaya, 2010 previously known only from the type specimens from Oman, were collected from the southeast coast of Madagascar. These new specimens represent the first record of the species from Madagascar and the southern hemisphere. Comparisons in meristic and morphometric characters with the four type specimens from Oman, as well as with the five other species in the subgenus Sillago, allowed their clear identification using the following combination of characters: small head (28.6–30.1% SL), 35–36 total vertebrae, fused or narrowly separated first and second hypurals, fused third and fourth hypurals, and 9–11 dusky spots on midline of body.

Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan

Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov. is described based on 10 specimens, 143.9-196.8 mm in standard length, collected from Mi-nami Daito Island and Ogasawara Islands, which are oceanic islands of Japan. Pempheris ufuagari is characterized by a distinct black spot on the pectoral fin base, a bright yellow dorsal and caudal fin, and a blackish band on the outer margin of the anal fin. Pempheris oualensis also has a large body and a distinct black spot on the pectoral fin base, and forms mixed schools with P. ufuagari, but can be distinguished by the different fin coloration (dorsal and caudal fin brown or pale; no blackish band on anal fin margin), and the presence of a villiform tooth band extending outside the lips. Although P. otaitensis, which is found in French Polynesia and Samoa, has similar coloration as P. ufuagari, the latter has lower scale counts than those of the former species: pored lateral-line scales 62-71 (vs. 70-79); scale rows above lateral line 6 1/2-7 1/2 (vs. 8 1/2); predorsal scales 37-43 (vs. 44-48).

Centromochlus meridionalis, a new catfish species from the southern Amazonian limits, Mato Grosso State, Brazil (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae)

Centromochlus actually comprises eleven species, being the most problematic genus among the Centromochlinae, including morphologically heterogeneous taxa. The Centromochlus species have a wide distributional area on northern South America. Centromochlus meridionalis, new species, is described from headwaters of rio Teles Pires, contributor of rio Tapajós, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, and represents one of the southernmost records of a centromochlin catfish for Meridional Amazon rivers. Centromochlus meridionalis is promptly distinguished from its congeners by the small orbital diameter (relative to head length), and also by the combination of absence of first nuchal plate, anterior margin of dorsal-fin spine smooth, six branched rays in anal fin, seven pairs of ribs and 34 vertebrae. They are small sized catfishes with adults between 33 to 61 mm in standard length. The modified male anal fin is conspicuous, with the third unbranched ray enlarged, about twice the width of first unbranched ray. The new species inhabits a region strongly endangered by environmental changes due to expansion of agropecuary activities on Brazilian Amazon, which include this species in an uncertain situation regarding the conservation status of its natural population.

Reproductive Aspects of Yellow Fish Girardinichthys Multiradiatus (Meek, 1904) (Pisces: Goodeidae) in the Huapango Reservoir, State of Mexico, Mexico

The sexual maturity, age at first maturation and fecundity in females of the yellow fish Girardinichthys multiradiatus were analyzed in the Huapango reservoir located in the State of Mexico, Mexico. From July 2007 to May 2008 bimonthly samplings were carried out and, using a bait well net, 407 individuals were collected (245 females and 162 males). Overall, the sex ratio between females/males was 1.51:1 (P <0.05). The age of first maturation in the females was 33 mm of standard length. The spawning period occurred in July and accounted for the highest values in the gonadosomatic index. For the fertility model only fertilized eggs and embryos were considered, and those were adjusted to the potential model F=1E-08L5.6144 (P <0.05). This study contributes to the understanding of the reproductive biology of the yellow fish, which takes place in the reservoirs of the State of Mexico.

Harttia absaberi, a new species of loricariid catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Loricariinae) from the upper rio Paraná basin, Brazil

A new species of Harttia, tribe Harttiini, is described from tributaries of upper portions of rio Paraná drainage. The new species, the smallest known species of the genus, attaining up to 74.0 mm of standard length, can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: abdomen completely covered by plates, a single preanal plate, plates of the gular area in broad contact with the canal plate. Harttia absaberi is the second species of the genus known from the upper portion of rio Paraná drainage.