μM BAP Research Articles

In Vitro Shoot Regeneration From Nodal and Shoot Tip Explants of a Threatened Medicinal Plant - Smilax Zeylanica L.

An efficient protocol for in vitro clonal propagation of Smilax zeylanica was developed using nodal and shoot tip segments from field grown plants. Nodal explants performed better than shoot tip explants when two distinct explants were tested for shoot proliferation. The best results for shoot proliferation were achieved with MS medium supplemented with BAP and Kn alone or in combination with NAA and IBA at various concentrations. On MS medium containing 4.0 μM BAP, the greatest number of shoots were produced. In vitro proliferating shoots were transplanted to full strength MS medium fortified with IBA and NAA separately at varying concentrations (1.0 - 6.0 μM) in order to induce adventitious roots. The medium containing 2.0 μM IBA showed the best rooting reactions. Plantlets having well developed root system were transferred to soil and successfully acclimatized with 80% survival rate under ex vitro condition. J. Bio-Sci. 30(1): 69-78, 2022 (June)

Applicable Rapid Propagation Protocol Through Organogenesis of Alocasia Cuprea for Plant Development Using Micro-Bulblet Explant

Alocasia of Indonesian endemic has significant market potential. However, the scarcity of qualified seedlings hampered their commercialization. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best sterilization technique and media for in vitro propagation of Alocasia cuprea through the organogenesis pathway using microbulblet explants. Randomized complete block designs with five to ten replicates were applied in the experiments. Application of 5 and 10% clorox for 5 and 10 minutes resulted in 40.6% aseptic explants, 10% browning explants, and 90% explant growth potential. The best shoot initiation was achieved on the MS added 4.54 μM thidiazuron and 2.22 μM BAP. This medium had an 85% explant initiation, 4.2 shoots per explant, and 6.5 days initiation time. The best shoot proliferation was discovered on MS medium with 4.44 μM BAP, which produced 10.5 initial shoots with a shoot height of 1.3 cm and a clump diameter of 1.3 cm. The best plantlet regeneration was determined on ½ MS medium with 6.5 cm plantlet height, 3.5 leaves total, 3.8 cm leaf length, 2.6 cm leaf width, and 3.8 roots. This propagation method will be applicable to the propagation of qualified seedlings for commercial purposes and potentially used for other endemic Alocasia.

Micropropagation of Andrographis producta through axillary and adventitious shoot regeneration

BackgroundAndrographis producta (C. B. Clarke) Gamble is a valuable medicinal plant that yields several therapeutic compounds. In addition, this species is endemic to the Western Ghats regions of South India. Natural populations of Andrographis producta have dwindled due to the overexploitation of this species. The objective of the present study was to develop a reliable In vitro propagation protocol for this plant species. ResultsIn vitro plant regeneration protocol has been developed in Andrographis producta using nodal and shoot tip explants. The highest axillary shoots (14.60) were regenerated from nodal explants on MS medium amended with 10 μM 2-iP. Similarly, on MS media amended with 5 μM BAP, 17.50 shoots were regenerated from shoot tip explants. Optimal of 27.66 adventitious shoots were regenerated from the cut end of shoot tip explants on MS medium amended with 10 μM 2-iP. Medium amended with 10 μM 2-iP was optimum for regeneration of multiple axillary shoots from nodal explants and for the adventitious shoots regeneration from shoot tip explants. Shoot tips were ideal explants for the micropropagation of A. producta. Qarter sthrength MS media supplemented with 10 μM IBA has resulted in maximum rooting of the shoots. ConclusionsA reliable In vitro micropropagation method was developed in Andrographis producta through direct organogenesis, and this method is helpful for the multiplication, conservation, and utilization of this plant.

In Vitro Propagation of Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson (African Mangosteen) a Woody Tree Species through the Culture of Matured Seed Segments

The in vitro propagation and ex situ conservation strategy provides new means for the conservation and mass propagation of economically and medicinally important plants. The present work aimed to observe the main characteristics of the in vitro propagation of Garcinia livingstonei from matured seed segments. Successful multiple shoots were induced on a woody plant (WP) medium supplemented with cytokinins. An average of 13.0 shoots per explant were grown from matured seed segments on a WP medium containing 15.0 µM BAP after 12 weeks of culture. The shoot elongation and multiplication were achieved using a repeated and periodic subculturing of shoot clumps in the same medium. The optimum in vitro rooting of shoots was obtained on the half-strength WP medium supplemented with IBA (5.0 µM). The regenerated plantlets were successfully transplanted to pots containing soil, sand, and farmyard manure (1:1:1) and were maintained in a greenhouse with a survival frequency was 80%.

Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities of Conventionally Propagated Nodal Segment and In Vitro-Induced Callus of Bougainvillea glabra Choisy Using Different Solvents

Bougainvillea, popularly known as ‘Bunga kertas’ in Malaysia, is thoroughly explored for nutritional and medicinal purposes. Bougainvillea has been shown to possess alkaloids and flavonoids which are widely used in folk medicine to treat different illnesses such as inflammatory, diarrheal, ulcer, and diabetic. Despite its major conventional therapeutic importance, only limited attempts have been made to investigate this species’ chemical and pharmacological properties in relation to its medicinal uses. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of in vitro-induced callus under different light conditions and plant growth regulators on phytochemical and antioxidant activities using different extraction solvents. Based on the results, the maximum days (17.67) to callus initiation were recorded when nodal was cultured on woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 7.5 µM 2,4-D + 0.5 µM BAP under light condition. On the contrary, the minimum days (7) to callus initiation were obtained when nodal was treated with 2.5 and 5 µM 2,4-D + 1 and 1.5 µM BAP under dark conditions. However, higher fresh and dry weight of callus was obtained when nodal was cultured on woody plant medium fortified with 7.5 µM 2,4-D + 1.5 µM BAP under dark and light conditions. In the analysis of the phenolics content and antioxidant activities, aqueous extract of conventionally propagated nodal part exhibited the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activities. However, the highest iron (II) chelating activity was produced from the aqueous extract of the calli induced under a dark condition. Hence, it can be concluded that the callus culture of Bougainvillea produced plant secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities comparable to the mother plants.

From induction to embryo proliferation: improved somatic embryogenesis protocol in grapevine for Italian cultivars and hybrid Vitis rootstocks

Somatic embryogenesis is the most common regeneration method for the application of new genomic techniques like cisgenesis/intragenesis, genome editing, and RNAi. However, some local important genotypes show recalcitrance to this morphogenetic strategy, which represents an obstacle for the application of genetic engineering techniques. Whole flowers, stamens, and pistils of three different Italian Vitis vinifera L. cultivars (Ancellotta, Glera, and Lambrusco Salamino), and four hybrid rootstocks (110 Richter, 17.37, SO4, Star 50) have been tested in several culture media with changing basal salts (NN and MS), different combinations of growth regulators (BAP, 2,4-D, NOA, PIC, and NAA), and gelling agents, to initiate somatic embryogenesis. The formation of embryogenic calli was observed mainly from whole flowers cultured on PIV medium (NN salts, B5 vitamins, 3 g L−1 gelrite, 60 g L−1 sucrose, 8.9 µM BAP, and 4.5 µM 2,4-D), and stamens on MS1 medium (MS salts and vitamins, 7 g L−1 plant agar, 20 g L−1 sucrose, 4.5 µM BAP, and 5 µM 2,4-D), in the cv. Ancellotta, Lambrusco Salamino, and all the rootstocks, except for Star 50, which showed the best embryogenetic response from pistils placed on MS1. In a recalcitrant cv. as Glera, pistils placed on MS medium supplemented with 1 µM BAP, 5 µM 2,4-D, and gelrite as gelling agent, showed the highest percentage of embryogenesis. In addition, a two-step protocol was efficiently optimized for further induction of secondary embryo production for the above-listed grapevine genotypes, which guaranteed the long-term maintenance of embryogenic cultures from clusters or single somatic embryos.

Assessment of somaclonal variation occurrence in micropropagated Mansonia altissimia (A. Chev.) A. Chev. using molecular marker

Plant tissue culture that offers limited space and short time for clonal propagation of plant species can sometimes be discouraging if true to type clones are not generated. This study investigated direct shoot induction and genetic stability of Mansonia altissimia using molecular markers in order to ascertain that the in vitro propagated plantlets were true to type. Nodal cutting was used as explant, and Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was supplemented with 6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP) (µM) + naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (µM), BAP (µM) + Gibberellic acid (GA3) (µM), Kinetin (KIN) (µM) + NAA (µM), KIN (µM) + GA3 (µM), thidiazuron (TDZ) (µM) + NAA (µM), TDZ (µM) + GA3 (µM), for direct micropropagation. PCR amplification of wild plant and direct micropropagation of Mansonia altissimia were done using 15 RAPD and 6 ISSR primers. The highest shoot height (4.77 cm) and number of leaves (5.33) were obtained from 2.5 µM BAP + 3.0 µM GA3. Moreover, the polymerase chain reaction amplification results showed 100% monomorphic and 1.0 level of similarity coefficients, which indicates that there is no occurrence of somaclonal variation.

Initiation of somatic embryogenesis in Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis using mature female gametophytes as explants

Due to the difficulties of harvesting immature cones in genetic breeding orchards, such as high costs and the considerable time required, this study aimed to evaluate the somatic embryogenesis (SE) initiation of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis using the mature female gametophyte as the initial explant. The basic medium for embryogenesis initiation was composed of QL (Quoirin and Lepoivre, 1977) nutrients, sucrose, myo-inositol, glutamine, casein hydrolisate, thiamine, 2,4-D, BAP and agar. This medium was compared with DCR (Gupta and Durzan, 1985) and WV5 (Coke, 1996) media, supplemented or not with 0.1 g L−1 folic acid (FA). Afterwards, three concentrations of 2,4-D (10, 20 and 30 μM) combined or not with BAP (2, 4 and 8 μM) were tested. After 90 days the percentages of explants with embryogenic tissue (ET), embryo-like structures and oxidation were evaluated. We observed somatic tissue initiation` on mature female gametophytes. On QL medium supplemented with FA, the initiation was observed on up to 42% of female gametophytes. The combination of 10 μM 2,4-D and 4 μM BAP resulted in the highest initiation rate. The formation of ET was confirmed in all treatments by a histochemical test. Embryo-like structures developed on QL medium supplemented with FA, were first transferred to basic medium supplemented with 1.5 g L−1 AC for 30 days and finally to the same medium supplemented with 10% polyethylene glycol 3350 and 120 µM abscisic acid. The expression of SERK-1 and GER-1 genes was analyzed. SERK-1 was expressed only in the ET, while GER-1 was expressed in both the embryogenic and non-embryogenic tissues (non-ET). However, the somatic embryos studied through morphological and histochemical tests proved to be abnormal and did not develop further.

In Vitro Cultures and Volatile Organic Compound Production in Chiliadenus montanus (Vhal.) Brullo.

Callus and microshoot cultures were established for Chiliadenus montanus (Vhal.) Brullo. (Asteraceae), a medicinal plant known for producing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Callus induction was achieved successfully by culturing leaf explants on full-strength Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 2.2 µM 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 6.9 µM kinetin (Kin). Successful direct shoot regeneration was achieved using nodal explants cultured onto half-strength MS media supplemented with 1.4 μM Gibberellic Acid (GA3) and 4.4 μM 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP). Indirect microshoots were successfully regenerated using callus cultured on MS media supplemented with 8.8 μM BAP, 2.2 μM Zeatin, and 1.4 μM GA3 followed by culturing on MS media supplemented with 8.8 μM BAP and 0.5 μM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Using wild plant aerial parts, callus and microshoots samples, VOCs were extracted successfully using Headspace Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In wild plant extracts, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were found to be predominant with the following principal components: Alloaromadendrene (11.92%), trans-Cadina-1(6),4-diene (7.54%), and α-caryophyllene (6.77%). The analysis of in vitro microshoots revealed high levels of oxygenated monoterpenes with cis-Myrtanol (16.62%), and β-Cyclocitral (14.3%) as the main components. Callus extract was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons and the main compounds identified were (Z)-β-Ocimene (22.27%), p-Cymene (15.13%), and α-pinene (13.78%). In conclusion, an efficient in vitro production system of VOCs in C. montanus was established that can be used in the future for boosting their production without endangering wild plants.

Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Callus of Handeuleum (Graptophillum pictum L. Griff) Kalimantan and Papua Accession

Handeuleum (Graptophyllum pictum L.Griff) is a medicinal plant that is widely used as a traditional medicine for its healing properties, hence it should be developed as one of the leading Indonesian medicinal plants. The combination of tissue culture and gamma irradiation are two common methods to improve vegetatively-propagated cultivars. This experiment aims to determine the effect of gamma irradiation dose-rate on the callus culture of the two handeuleum accessions. Callus generated from proliferation were irradiated with gamma rays (0 Gy, 15 Gy, 25 Gy, and 35 Gy) and then grown on regeneration medium containing BAP (4.44 μM and 8.88 μM) and TDZ (4.44 μM and 8.88 μM). The result of the experiment shows that RD50 was at19.25 Gy. The interaction among the Papua accession, gamma irradiation dose-rate of 15 Gy, and regeneration media 4.44 μM BAP produced the highest weight of callus subculture 1 and 2. Irradiation dose-rate of 25 Gy on Kalimantan accession resulted in the highest relative fresh weight growth of irradiated callus. The treatment with a 25 Gy dose-rate produced brownish-white callus and produced the highest value of variability in the relative growth rate of irradiated callus. 
 Keywords: accession, irradiation dose-rate, purple leaves, variability

Biotechnology of the Tree Fern Cyathea smithii (J.D. Hooker; Soft Tree Fern, Katote) II Cell Suspension Culture: Focusing on Structure and Physiology in the Presence of 2,4-D and BAP.

The aim of our research was to describe the structure and growth potential of a cell suspension of the tree fern Cyathea smithii. Experiments were performed on an established cell suspension with ½ MS medium supplemented with 9.05 µM 2,4-D + 0.88 µM BAP. In the experiments, attention was paid to the microscopic description of cell suspension, evaluation of cell growth dependent on the initial mass of cells and organic carbon source in the medium, the length of the passage, the content of one selected flavonoid in the post-culture medium, nuclear DNA content, ethylene production, and the antimicrobial value of the extract. For a better understanding of the cell changes that occurred during the culture of the suspension, the following structures of the cell were observed: nucleus, lipid bodies, tannin deposits, starch grains, cell walls, primary lamina, and the filaments of metabolites released into the medium. The nuclear DNA content (acriflavine-Feulgen staining) of cell aggregates distinctly indicated a lack of changes in the sporophytic origin of the cultured cell suspension. The physiological activity of the suspension was found to be high because of kinetics, intensive production of ethylene, and quercetin production. The microbiological studies suggested that the cell suspension possessed a bactericidal character against microaerobic Gram-positive bacteria. A sample of the cell suspension showed bacteriostatic activity against aerobic bacteria.

Enraizamiento in vitro y la influencia de cuatro tipos de sustrato en la aclimatación de Queñoa Polylepis rugulosa Bitter

Queñoa is a forest species of great importance and its propagation in a conventional way is a limitation when it is desired to produce it on a large scale, for which the micropropagation technique was used, with the objective of evaluating the effect of the combination of auxin and cytokinin in the rooting of Polylepis rugulosa Bitter buds, establishing 12 treatments with different concentrations of IBA and BAP, likewise during acclimatization, the influence of four types of substrates based on ground, peat and cow manure in different proportions was tested, where seedlings were transplanted rooted, which were subjected to greenhouse conditions. The best response in the rooting percentage was 98%, this result was obtained with the concentration of 0.5 µM AIB + 0.05 µM BAP, which presented 1.9 roots and an average root length of 7 mm. A survival percentage of 87.5% was reached during acclimatization; cow manure-based treatments showed higher values ​​regarding the variable’s seedling height, number of leaves and root length. Therefore, the result will make it possible to mass produce plants and initiate conservation and recovery programs.

Flow cytometry and start codon targeted (SCoT) genetic fidelity assessment of regenerated plantlets in Tylophora indica (Burm.f.) Merrill.

Tylophora indica (Burm.f.) Merrill. is a pharmacologically important plant, popular for alkaloidal and non-alkaloidal richness. Large scale propagation of T. indica is difficult in the wild as the seeds are small and the frequency of germination is very poor. In the present study, the genome size estimation of in vitro regenerated (indirect, direct and somatic embryo mediated) T. indica was made by flow cytometric method. Clonal fidelity of the regenerants was assessed using a start codon targeted (SCoT) molecular marker. Initially, the explants were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with various concentrations of plant growth regulators like 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), Kinetin, 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) and 1-naphthalene acetic acid either singly or in combinations. The highest callus induction frequency (87.75%) was obtained in 6.7 µM 2,4-D added MS medium which metamorphosed into progressive stages (globular, heart, torpedo, and cotyledonary) of embryos. Mature and healthy somatic embryos efficiently germinated into plantlets on 8.8 µM BAP + 1.4 µM GA3 enriched MS medium. Histological and scanning electron microscopic study confirmed the above developing stages. The regenerated shoots were rooted best in 2.45 µM Indole-3-butyric acid supplemented solid MS medium. The plants were hardened and acclimatized with 90% survivability. The flow cytometric 2C DNA content of indirect, direct and somatic embryo derived plants was 1.896 pg, 1.940 pg and 1.926 pg respectively, very similar to the mother plant (1.928 pg). SCoT marker generated a high percentage of monomorphic bands (94%) revealing similarity with the mother plant, thus ensuring genetic fidelity. To the best of our knowledge, this is perhaps the first ever report of 2C DNA content estimation and SCoT marker based genetic homogeneity study in T. indica.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11240-022-02254-z.

In vitro Regeneration of Japanese Burdock (Arctium lappa L.) from Cotyledon and Leaf Derived Explants

Considering the vegetable and medicinal values, a micropropagation protocol has been established for Japanese Burdock (Arctium lappa L.) by culturing the explants of cotyledon and leaf obtained from in vitro grown seedlings. Direct shoot regeneration was achieved from cotyledon and leaf explants on MS fortified with 4.0 μM BAP and 2.0 μM IBA or NAA after 5 weeks of culture. In addition, both the explants also formed callus from their cut margins within 6 weeks of cultivation on medium complemented with 6.0 μM BAP and 4.0 μM IBA or NAA. Adventitious shoots were also redeveloped through indirect organogenesis from the cotyledon and leaf-derived callus within 10 weeks of culture on MS containing 4.0 μM BAP and 2.0 μM IBA or NAA. The highest rate of shoot reproduction was attained at the third subculture, and more than 12.6 shoots were formed per callus clump. Within 4 weeks of transfer to the rooting medium on MS containing 6.0 μM IBA, the cultured micro-shoots produced highest 5.3 roots per cultured shoot. Rooted plantlets were successfully established on a soil-composed-sand mixture under natural condition with 93.3% survival rate Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 31(2): 123-134, 2021 (December)

Efficient Plant Regeneration from Explants of Compact Oregano (<i>Origanum compactum</i> Bentham)

Origanum compactum Benth., a species endemic to Morocco characterized by its biological activities, is overexploited because of its commercial value and threatened with extinction. Accordingly, measures for its conservation are needed. Micropropagation serves as a solution for the protection and the domestication of this species. In this investigation, we established a protocol for vegetative multiplication in vitro of Origanum compactum by the axillary bud technique. Six culture media (SH, SD, N30K, MS, MSm, B5) were tested to determine the most suitable mineral medium for growth and development of explants. Four cytokinins: Kinetin, Zeatin, BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine), 2ip (2-Isopentenyladenine) and three compounds with cytokinin activity: Adénine, 1,3-Diphenylurea (DPU) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) at five concentrations (0.44, 1.33, 2.22, 3.11, 4.44 μM) were tested on budding, growth, hyperhydria and rooting. Then three auxins, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole butyric acid (IBA) at four concentrations (1.14, 2.85, 4.56, 6.27 μM) in presence of 2.22 μM BAP were evaluated. The combination of Gibberellic acid (0.29, 1.5, 2.60, 2.89 μM GA3) and three polyamines (Putrescine, Spermidine, Spermine) at five concentrations (1.134, 3.402, 5.67, 7.938, 11.34 μM) with cytokinins and auxins were considered. Our results show that Margara medium is the most efficient and BAP at 2.22 μM is the best cytokinin for development of the aerial parts, with a regeneration rate of 88, 90%; rhizogenesis is successful with the combination of 6.27 μM IAA and 2.22 μM BAP. Moreover, the integration of 2.89 μM GA3 with 2.22 μM BAP and 6.27 μM IAA promotes vitroplant growth, bud and shoot multiplication and elongation of the aerial part. The addition of polyamines with 2.22 μM BAP and 6.27 μM IAA does not improve the root part, but Spermine at 5.67 μM promotes bud and shoot multiplication with a high percentage of regeneration, and spermidine at the same concentration gives long explants. Finally, plantlets with good root development were successfully acclimatized to natural conditions and served as a source to establish in vitro culture again.

Germination and in vitro development of mature zygotic embryos and protein profile of seedlings of wild and cultivated Hevea brasiliensis.

The main factors governing Hevea brasiliensis germination and seedling establishment remains unclear. We examined the effect of growth regulators Indole 3-Acetic Acid (IAA) and 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), and their interactions on germination and the development of mature zygotic embryos (MZE) and protein profile of Hevea brasiliensis seedlings from wild and cultivated (clone PB 250) genotypes. Embryonic axes excised from seeds (wild and clone PB 250) were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog medium (control) and supplemented with IAA (3 µM) and BAP (6 µM) individually and their combination (3 µM IAA + 6 µM BAP). For both genotypes, the mature embryos displayed a high percentage of germination and establishment, and the seedlings were characterized by protein bands ranging from 7 to 30 kDa. Notably, the wild genotype showed proteins in the 14 kDa range, which may be associated with one of the major rubber elongation factors (REF). The wild and clone genotypes presented different behavior and strategies in relation to the protein profile in the presence of different growth regulators. Although the latex biosynthetic pathway and its mechanisms of regulation still remain largely unknown, our results aid in our understanding of the dynamics of proteins in different rubber tree clones in vitro.

Effects of Taurine against benzo[α]pyrene-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest and Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Apoptosis via Reduction of Mitochondrial Stress in A549 Cells

Taurine is a free amino acid that prevents reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. ROS production is associated with oxidative stress, cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and DNA alterations in benzo[α]pyrene (BaP)-induced lung cells. Here, we assessed the effect of adding of 25 mM taurine on human pulmonary alveolar epithelial A549 cells treated with different concentrations of BaP. After culturing for 24 h, the cells were tested for biomarkers including cell viability, cellular morphology, Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide, cell cycle regulation, ROS accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and expression of related signaling genes and proteins. BaP induced cell cycle arrest and decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, 50 μM BaP induced a 52.2% increase in ROS levels and inhibited MMP by up to 80%; however, taurine decreased BaP-induced ROS production by 19.5% and restored MMP. The expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) homologous antagonist killer (Bak), BCL-2-associated X protein (Bax), and cytochrome c at both the mRNA and protein levels were increased, and the expression of BCL-2 and BCL-x1 was decreased by BaP treatment. Furthermore, BaP activated caspase-3/7 expression by up to 25%. However, taurine decreased the expression of NF-κB, Bak, Bax and cytochrome c levels, reduced caspase-3/7 activities, and increased the expression of BCL-2 and BCL-x1. Hence, taurine attenuates BaP-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting the NF-κB-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway in A549 cells. Taurine can be considered as a preventive molecule to prevent lung damage.

6-Benzylaminopurine Alleviates the Impact of Cu2+ Toxicity on Photosynthetic Performance of Ricinus communis L. Seedlings.

Copper (Cu) is an essential element involved in various metabolic processes in plants, but at concentrations above the threshold level, it becomes a potential stress factor. The effects of two different cytokinins, kinetin (KIN) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), on chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, stomatal responses and antioxidation mechanisms in castor (Ricinus communis L.) under Cu2+ toxicity was investigated. Ricinus communis plants were exposed to 80 and 160 μM CuSO4 added to the growth medium. Foliar spraying of 15 μM KIN and BAP was carried out on these seedlings. The application of these cytokinins enhanced the tissue water status, chlorophyll contents, stomatal opening and photosynthetic efficiency in the castor plants subjected to Cu2+ stress. The fluorescence parameters, such as Fm, Fv/Fo, Sm, photochemical and non-photochemical quantum yields, energy absorbed, energy trapped and electron transport per cross-sections, were more efficiently modulated by BAP application than KIN under Cu2+ toxicity. There was also effective alleviation of reactive oxygen species by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidation systems, reducing the membrane lipid peroxidation, which brought about a relative enhancement in the membrane stability index. Of the various treatments, 80 µM CuSO4 + BAP recorded the highest increase in photosynthetic efficiency compared to other cytokinin treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that BAP could effectively alleviate the detrimental effects of Cu2+toxicity in cotyledonary leaves of R. communis by effectively modulating stomatal responses and antioxidation mechanisms, thereby enhancing the photosynthetic apparatus’ functioning.

Organogenesis on apical buds in common fig (Ficus carica) var. Black Jack

Plant tissue culture involves the use of explants obtained from plants to induce organogenesis with the help of plant growth regulators (PGRs). Micropropagation techniques provide a faster and economical solution to the limitations associated with traditional methods of plant cultivation. The present study focuses on the multiple shoot induction and proliferation of Ficus carica var. Black Jack. Factors that influence the growth of in vitro multiple shoots on the apical buds, which include growth media and PGRs, were investigated in this study. Different concentrations of cytokinins like 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), Thidiazuron (TDZ), and Kinetin (Kin) were used on woody plant medium (WPM) for the optimization of media for multiple shoot induction and proliferation. Apical buds of Ficus carica var. Black Jack growing in WPM supplemented with BAP produced the healthiest plantlets, with the highest number of multiple shoots. The most efficient medium composition which produced the highest number of multiple shoots (37.8) per growing explant was WPM supplemented with 20 µM BAP. Proliferated multiple shoots were efficiently rooted using WPM + 20 µM BAP + 8 µM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). This optimized medium composition significantly enhanced the production of multiple, disease-free plantlets using single apical bud explants of Ficus carica var. Black Jack. In the present study the observations indicate that WPM supplemented with 20 µM BAP is the best-suited medium for organogenesis and multiple shoot culture of Ficus carica var. Black Jack, and this technique can be potentially applied for commercialization of the plant. How to cite: Parab AR, Chew BL, Yeow LC, et al. Organogenesis on apical buds in common fig ( Ficus carica ) var. Black Jack. Electron J Biotechnol 2021;54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.01.010

Pengaruh BAP dan NAA terhadap Waktu Pertumbuhan Tanaman Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) secara In Vitro

Eichhornia crassipes (a carnivorous plant) is an endemic carnivorous plant of Mount Tangkuban Perahu, which is listed the convention on international trade of endangered species (CITES). One potential posses Eichhornia crassipes the Biological control of insects and plants medicine. The objectives of this study were to know concentration BAP and NAA optimal and know the time appear the emergence of shoots, roots and leaves. This research has been carried out experimentally. That stage of growth in bring up shoots, roots and leaves use a Completely Randomised Design on a two factors factorial pattern was used. The first factor was BAP concentrations with 4 levels 0 µM, 5 µM, 10 µM, and 15 µM. The second factor was NAA concentration with 4 levels 0 µM, 0,5 µM, 1 µM, and 1,5 µM. The research results showed germination of seeds in plants Eichhornia crassipes using media vacin and went (VW) with the addition of substance of a substance controller of growing BAP 4 µM produce quite a lot germination and treatment 10 µM BAP and 0,5 µM NAA is the fastest in time to occur , appear leaves and appear roots.