Μm In Right Eye Research Articles

Differential profile of mirnas in aqueous humour: A new potential epigenetic mechanism for pseudoexfoliation glaucoma

Aims/Purpose: Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEG), is the most prevalent of the secondary glaucomas, characterized by the accumulation of fibrillar extracellular material in the anterior eye chamber. The miRNAs are regulators of gene expression, as epigenetic effectors. Our aim is to identify candidate miRNAs that may be involved in PEG physiopathology.Methods: A collaborative, longitudinal, prospective, case‐control study was set up in 120 participants, of both sexes, that were classified as: PEG patients (n = 60) and healthy individuals (CG n = 60). Sociodemographic and opththalmologic data were recorded. Aqueous humor was collected at the onset of glaucoma surgery, labelled and stored at. ‐80° until processing. Total ARN was obtained, and expression and quantitation of the miRNAs ‐122‐5p, ‐146a‐5p and ‐320a‐3p, were assayed by real time quantitative polimerase chain reaction (RT qPCR) in both study groups. Databases DIANA TOOLS, miRDB, TargetScanHuman 7.2 were used to connect the target genes with its biological functions. Data were processed by IBM SPSS 28.0 statistical program.Results: Mean age was 73 ± 11 years. Gender distribution was 32 % men/68 % women. Mean intraocular pressure was 17 mmHg in the right eye (RE) and 19 mmHg in the left eye (LE). Mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was 73 μm in RE and 71 μm in LE. MiRNAs ‐122‐5p (p = 0.02),146a‐5p (p = 0.02) and ‐320a‐3p (p = 0.04) showed a significantly higher expression in the aqueous humor of PEG versus CG.Conclusions: miRNAs ‐122‐5p, ‐146a‐5p and ‐320a‐3p are involved in PEG pathogenesis, epigenetically affecting the expression of target genes and protein translation, by means of their biological functions, in relation to extracellular matrix, metalloproteinases, glutamate, and the signaling pathways MAPK and RhoA/ROCK. We may suggest to investigate new biological therapies on the basis of the above miRNAs in PEG patients.

Differential profile of mirnas in aqueous humour: A new potential epigenetic mechanism for pseudoexfoliation glaucoma

Aims/Purpose: Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEG), is the most prevalent of the secondary glaucomas, characterized by the accumulation of fibrillar extracellular material in the anterior eye chamber. The miRNAs are regulators of gene expression, as epigenetic effectors. Our aim is to identify candidate miRNAs that may be involved in PEG physiopathology.Methods: A collaborative, longitudinal, prospective, case‐control study was set up in 120 participants, of both sexes, that were classified as: PEG patients (n = 60) and healthy individuals (CG n = 60). Sociodemographic and opththalmologic data were recorded. Aqueous humor was collected at the onset of glaucoma surgery, labelled and stored at. ‐80° until processing. Total ARN was obtained, and expression and quantitation of the miRNAs ‐122‐5p, ‐146a‐5p and ‐320a‐3p, were assayed by real time quantitative polimerase chain reaction (RT qPCR) in both study groups. Databases DIANA TOOLS, miRDB, TargetScanHuman 7.2 were used to connect the target genes with its biological functions. Data were processed by IBM SPSS 28.0 statistical program.Results: Mean age was 73±11 years. Gender distribution was 32 % men/68 % women. Mean intraocular pressure was 17 mmHg in the right eye (RE) and 19 mmHg in the left eye (LE). Mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was 73 μm in RE and 71 μm in LE. MiRNAs ‐122‐5p (p = 0,02),146a‐5p (p = 0,02) and ‐320a‐3p (p = 0,04) showed a significantly higher expression in the aqueous humor of PEG versus CG.Conclusions: miRNAs ‐122‐5p, ‐146a‐5p and ‐320a‐3p are involved in PEG pathogenesis, epigenetically affecting the expression of target genes and protein translation, by means of their biological functions, in relation to extracellular matrix, metalloproteinases, glutamate, and the signaling pathways MAPK and RhoA/ROCK. We may suggest to investigate new biological therapies on the basis of the above miRNAs in PEG patients.

Interocular Symmetry in Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Children: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study.

The aim of this work is to determine the interocular differences in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (p-RNFL) thickness and its associations among school children in Hong Kong. We conducted a population-based study including 4034 children aged 6-8years from the Hong Kong Children Eye Study (HKCES). All participants received comprehensive ocular examinations where p-RNFL thickness was measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The degree of symmetry between both eyes was analyzed and represented by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to investigate the associations between ocular and systemic factors with p-RNFL thickness difference. The study included 4034 children with a mean age of 7.61 ± 0.98years. The mean global p-RNFL thickness was 106.60 ± 9.41μm in right eyes and 105.99 ± 9.30μm in left eyes. The ICC for global p-RNFL difference was 0.866 (95% CI 0.858-0.873, p < 0.001). The symmetry displayed the largest values in nasal inferior quadrant with the ICC value of 0.736 (95% CI 0.721-0.749); and the smallest degree of symmetry was found to be in the superior temporal quadrant with the ICC value of 0.567 (95% CI 0.546-0.588). Axial length (AL) difference was found to have more pronounced correlation to interocular symmetry in p-RNFL thickness with the coefficient of 0.514 (p < 0.001). Normal variation in interocular symmetry exists in children. Our results can contribute to the establishment of a standard reference for interocular differences in OCT parameters in children. The interocular differences in AL should be considered in the interpretation of RNFL symmetry, in terms of identifying children at risk of developing glaucoma or other ocular disorders.

Structural Features of Patients with Drusen-like Deposits and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Background: The relevance of drusen-like deposits (DLD) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is to a large extent uncertain. Their genesis is proposed to be correlated to immune-complex and complement depositions in the framework of SLE. The intention of this study was to determine potential morphological differences in the choroid and retina as well as potential microvascular changes comparing two cohorts of SLE patients divergent in the presence or absence of DLD using multimodal imaging. Methods: Both eyes of 16 SLE patients with DLD were compared to an age- and sex-matched control-group consisting of 16 SLE patients without detectable DLD. Both cohorts were treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and did not differ in the treatment duration or dosage. Using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) choroidal volume measures, choroidal vascularity indices (CVI) and retinal layer segmentation was performed and compared. In addition, by the exploitation of optical coherence tomography angiography vascular density, perfusion density of superficial and deep retinal capillary plexuses and the choriocapillaris were analyzed. For the choroidal OCT-scans, a subset of 51 healthy individuals served as a reference-group. Results: CVI measures revealed a significant reduction in eyes with DLD compared to healthy controls (0.56 (0.54–0.59) versus 0.58 (0.57–0.59) (p = 0.018) and 0.56 (0.54–0.58) versus 0.58 (0.57–0.60) (p < 0.001)). The photoreceptor cell layer presented significant thinning in both eyes of subjects with DLD compared to control subjects without DLD (68.8 ± 7.7 µm vs. 77.1 ± 7.3 µm for right eyes, p = 0.008, and 66.5 ± 10.5 µm vs. 76.1 ± 6.3 µm for left eyes, p = 0.011). OCTA scans revealed no significant changes, yet there could be observed numerically lower values in the capillary plexuses of the retina in eyes with DLD than in eyes without DLD. Conclusions: Our results illustrated significant alterations in the choroidal and retinal analyzes, suggesting a correlation between DLD and the progression of inflammatory processes in the course of SLE leading to retinal degeneration. For this reason, DLD could serve as a biomarker for a more active state of disease.

Study of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness by Optical Coherence Tomography in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma, Glaucoma Suspect and Normal Nepalese Population

The measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness can help significantly in the early diagnosis of glaucoma and monitoring of its progression. The objective of this study was to compare the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness by optical coherence tomography in primary open angle glaucoma, glaucoma suspects and normal Nepalese population. This was a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted in the Ophthalmology Out Patient Department of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara. Total 100 numbers of subjects (40 primary open angle glaucoma, 30 glaucoma suspects and 30 normal people) were evaluated. Complete ophthalmological examinations including tonometry, gonioscopy, optical coherence tomography, perimetry were performed. Statistical analysis was carried out using Epi-info 7. The result showed that the average retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was 70.22±12.07μm in right eye and 69.42±11.53μm in left eye in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), 88.87±10.39μm in right eye and 88.73±9.59μm in left eye in glaucoma suspects (GS) and 94.40±9.21μm in right eye and 94.73±6.76μm in left eye in normal group respectively. The mean RNFL thickness was statistically significant in all three comparison groups except in nasal quadrant. The mean RNFL thickness was statistically significant in two comparison groups except in GS-Normal (nasal and temporal quadrant), GS-POAG (left nasal quadrant) and Normal-POAG (left nasal quadrant). The study concluded that the RNFL thickness is lower in POAG as compared to glaucoma suspects and normal group in the Nepalese population.

Early Cone Photoreceptor Outer Segment Length Shortening in RPGR X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa

Introduction: Introduction of retinal gene therapy requires established outcome measures along with thorough understanding of the pathophysiology. Evidence of early, thinned outer segments in RPGR X-linked retinitis pigmentosa could help understand how the level of cone photoreceptor involvement translates to visual potential. Objective: Analysis of foveal photoreceptor outer segment length in a young cohort of RPGR patients to help clarify the reason for absent maximal visual acuity seen. Methods: Case-control study of RPGR patients. Quantitative measurement of photoreceptor outer segment by OCT. Results: Eighteen male RPGR patients and 30 normal subjects were included. Outer segment thickness differed significantly between the RPGR and normal eyes (p < 0.0005). Mean outer segment values were 35.6 ± 2.3 µm and 35.4 ± 2.6 µm for RPGR right and left eyes, respectively. In normal eyes, the mean outer segment thickness was 61.4 ± 0.7 µm for right eyes and 62.4 ± 0.7 µm for left eyes. Conclusions: Patients with RPGR X-linked retinitis pigmentosa show thinning of the foveal photoreceptor outer segment thickness early in the disease course, which could be an explanation for the lower maximum visual acuity seen. These findings must be taken into consideration when assessing efficacy outcome measures in retinal gene therapy trials.

Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Children: The Gobi Desert Children Eye Study.

Because there is a paucity of population-based data on retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) for children, we measured the RNFLT and its associations in schoolchildren. The population-based Gobi Desert Children Eye Study included all schoolchildren aged 6 to 21 years living in Ejina, Inner Mongolia. The children underwent a comprehensive ocular examination with cycloplegic refractometry and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of the optic nerve head. The peripapillary RNFLT was measured on the optical coherence tomography images of a circular scan with a diameter of 3.4 mm. Out of 1565 participants, RNFLT data were available for 1440 (92.5%) children. The mean global RNFLT was 101.3 ± 9.2 μm in right eyes. The RNFLT was thickest in the temporal inferior sector (157.3 μm), followed by the temporal superior sector (143.8 μm), the nasal inferior sector (109.7 μm), the nasal superior sector (106.9 μm), temporal sector (85.2 μm), and the nasal sector (61.7 μm). In multivariate analysis, the RNFLT decreased with higher myopic refractive error (P < 0.001), male sex (P = 0.001), higher intraocular pressure (P = 0.002), and lower birth weight (P = 0.03). It was not significantly associated with age (P = 0.19), body mass index (P = 0.57), mean arterial blood pressure (P = 0.33), pulse rate (P = 0.28), and subfoveal choroidal thickness (P = 0.11). The RNFLT in children showed a regional distribution, with the thickest part in the temporal inferior sector and the thinnest part located in the nasal sector. The overall RNLFT significantly decreased with higher myopic refractive error and male sex. In schoolchildren, in contrast to adults, the RNFLT did not decrease with older age. These findings may be considered when interpreting RNFLT data in children.

Quantitative Analysis of Retinal Structure Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in RPGR-Associated Retinopathy

PurposeTo quantify retinal structure and progression using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) associated with retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator gene (RPGR) mutations.DesignRetrospective observational case series.MethodsSetting: Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom. Subjects: Both eyes of 32 patients. SDOCT follow-up period of >1 year (3.1 ± 1.4 years). Main Outcome Measures: Ellipsoid zone (EZ) width (EZW) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) and inner retinal layer (IRL) thickness measurements. Progression rates, interocular symmetry, and association with age and genotype were investigated.ResultsSignificant differences were observed between baseline and final measurements of EZW and ONL thickness, but not for IRL thickness. Baseline and final EZWs were 2438 ± 1646 μm and 1901 ± 1423 μm for right eyes (P < .0001); 2420 ± 1758 μm and 1922 ± 1482 μm for left eyes (P < .0001). EZW constriction rates were 176.6 ± 130.1 μm/year and 173.1 ± 146.8 μm/year for right and left eyes. ONL thinning rates were 2.58 ± 2.85 μm/year and 2.52 ± 3.54 μm/year for right and left eyes. Interocular differences in EZW and ONL progression were not significant (P = .8609 and P = .6735, respectively). Strong correlations were found between EZW constriction rates of right and left eyes (rs = 0.627, P = .0002) and between EZW constriction and baseline EZW (rs = 0.714, P < .0001). There was moderate negative correlation between EZW constriction and age (rs = −0.532, P < .0001). Correlation between ONL thinning and age was not significant, as were differences between EZW and ONL progression rates with respect to genotype.ConclusionsThis study provides SDOCT progression rates for RPGR-associated RP. There is overall interocular symmetry with implications for future treatment trials where 1 eye could serve as a control.

Corneal Thickness Profile and Associations in Chinese Children Aged 7 to 15 Years Old.

Corneal thickness (CT) maps of the central (2-mm diameter), para-central (2 to 5-mm diameter), peripheral (5 to 6-mm diameter), and minimum (5-mm diameter) cornea were measured in normal Chinese school children aged 7 to 15 years old using Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. Multiple regression analyses were performed to explore the effect of associated factors [age, gender, refraction, axial length and corneal curvature radius (CCR)] on CT and the relationship between central corneal thickness (CCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP). A total of 1228 eyes from 614 children were analyzed. The average CCT was 532.96 ± 28.33 μm for right eyes and 532.70 ±28.45 μm for left eyes. With a 10 μm increase in CCT, the IOP was elevated by 0.37 mm Hg, as measured by noncontact tonometry. The CT increased gradually from the center to the periphery. The superior and superior nasal regions had the thickest CTs, while the thinnest points were primarily located in the inferior temporal cornea. The CCT was associated with CCR (p = 0.008) but not with gender (p = 0.075), age (p = 0.286), axial length (p = 0.405), or refraction (p = 0.985). In the para-central region and the peripheral cornea, increased CT was associated with younger age, male gender, and a flatter cornea.

An Inquisitive Case of Transient Corneal Oedema.

An Inquisitive Case of Transient Corneal Oedema.

Late ocular changes after closantel (Flukiver) poisoning

PurposeTo describe late ocular changes in 5 women after harmful use of donated closantel (Flukiver).MethodsThe study included 5 women from the report published by Hoen and Hodgkin in The Lancet journal in 1993 about 11 cases of donated veterinary drug closantel use in Lithuania. We analysed medical records from 1993 to 2015 and performed eye examination of 5 suffered patients 22 years after the event.The study was conducted at the Centre of Eye Diseases,Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos,it adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.Eye examination included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), perimetry, colour vision(CV), tonometry, slit lamp evaluation, fundus photography and optical coherent tomography.ResultsIn 2015 the mean age of the patients was 49.4 years In 1993 BCVA varied from 0.08 to 1.0.Right eye (RE)in average‐ 0.66, left eye(LE) – 0.68. In 2015 BCVA varied from 0.1 to 1.0.RE in average – 0.7 and LE – 0.6.22 years after the event average visual field defect in the right eye was 24.13 dB and in the left eye ‐ 23.85 dB.CV Ishihara test showed decreased green color perception in 3 patients and 2 were not able to perform it, because of the visual field defects.The average central macular thickness 216.0 ± 36.1 µm in RE and 196.0 ± 42.0 µm in LE, retinal nerve fiber layer respectively 86.0 ± 11.0 µm and 93.2 ± 5.4 µm. Ophthalmoscopy showed atrophy of the optic nerve and changes of the retina reminding those in retinitis pigmentosa.ConclusionsClosantel is veterinary drug causing decades lasting damage of the optic nerve and retina in humans. Visual functions don't correlate with central macular and retinal fiber layer thickness.Fundus photography and perimetry reveal changes similar to retinitis pigmentosa. To our knowledge this is the first report about the late outcomes of closantel toxicity in humans.

Age-Related Thinning of Bowman's Layer in the Human Cornea In Vivo

To determine the thickness of Bowman's layer (BL) in vivo in a healthy population and to determine its variation with age. Eighty-two subjects aged 15 to 88 years with clear, healthy corneas were examined bilaterally with laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). Bowman's layer thickness was determined from IVCM images of anterior and posterior BL boundaries. For a given eye, BL thickness was averaged across four central locations by two independent observers. In addition, central corneal thickness was measured by time-domain optical coherence tomography. A significant negative correlation of BL thickness with age was found in right eyes (Pearson r = -0.579, P < 0.0001) and in left eyes (r = -0.558, P < 0.0001). Linear regression analysis yielded a decline in BL thickness of 0.06 μm per year. In 41 older subjects (mean age, 64.4 years), BL thickness was significantly thinner (mean ± SD, 8.6 ± 1.7 μm in right eyes) than that in 41 younger subjects (mean age, 31.6 years) (mean ± SD, 10.7 ± 1.6 μm in right eyes) (P < 0.001). No correlation of corneal thickness with age or of BL thickness with corneal thickness was observed. Strong intereye correlations in BL thickness (r = 0.771, P < 0.0001) and corneal thickness (r = 0.969, P < 0.001) were found. Bowman's layer thins with age in the normal cornea, losing one-third of its thickness between the ages of 20 and 80 years. In vivo measurement of BL thickness by IVCM could aid in clinical assessment and planned treatments of the anterior cornea.

Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in full-term children assessed with Heidelberg retinal tomography and optical coherence tomography: normal values and interocular asymmetry

This study aimed to investigate normal values and interocular differences in retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness, using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT), in 5-16-year-old children born at full-term with normal birthweights. Fifty-six children with normal visual acuity and refraction were examined with Stratus OCT and HRT. Three examinations were performed in each eye. One eye in each child was randomized for analyses of normal values. Findings in 54 eyes were evaluated. Mean values of RNFL thickness were calculated. Coefficients of variance and intraclass correlations were calculated. The correlation between right and left eyes and the limits of difference were determined for both methods. Mean RNFL thickness was 98.4 μm (standard deviation [SD] 7.88 μm) assessed with OCT and 213.0 μm (SD 54.0 μm) assessed with HRT. No correlations between age or gender and RNFL thickness were found. The coefficients of variance were 2.9% and 5.6% for OCT and HRT, respectively, and intraclass correlations were 0.85 and 0.88, respectively. The limits of difference between the two eyes ranged from -9 μm to 9 μm with OCT and from -109 μm to 87 μm with HRT. Both OCT and HRT can be used in children aged 5-16 years, but OCT provides less variability in determinations of RNFL thickness, both in repeated examinations of the same eye and in comparisons between the two eyes. The present study provides values for normal RNFL thickness in healthy children which can be used to make comparisons with values in children with optic nerve diseases.