Mm In Maximum Dimension Research Articles

Microinvasive breast cancer: pathological parameters, cancer subtypes distribution, and correlation with axillary lymph nodes invasion. Results of a large single-institution series.

Microinvasive breast cancer is a rare entity in which an invasive component not exceeding 1mm is found, mostly in a ductal carcinoma in situ setting. Its diagnosis can be difficult and must rely upon immunohistochemistry markers. Many studies have analyzed pathological characteristics of this cancer to delineate its biological profile and possibly identify risk factors of axillary lymph nodes infiltration, which might be present and therefore clinically relevant. Starting from a relative large number of cases we aimed to analyze pathological data, cancer subtypes distribution, and their correlation to nodal metastasis, comparing our results to the existing recent literature. All cases of microinvasive breast cancer were retrieved from institutional database from 1992 to 2014. Pathological parameters were analyzed for entire cohort. Moreover, cases submitted to standardized sentinel node biopsy in a restricted period, 2000-2014, were selected to correlate pathology and cancer subtype to axillary lymph nodes status. 174 cases (1.4% of operated breast cancers) were evaluated in the larger period, 1992-2014. Neither specific pathological parameters were expressed nor a peculiar cancer subtype was represented. 126 cases were selected for axillary staging analysis. Eighteen cases (14.3%) had lymph nodes metastasis, 10 ITCs (7.9%), 3 micrometastases (2.4%), and 5 macrometastases (4%). An associated intraductal component of carcinoma over 20mm in maximum dimension resulted significant at multivariate analysis, but only if including ITCs, while this risk factor was not reproduced for micro- and macrometastases only. Microinvasive breast cancer does not seem to have specific pathological and biological traits. An associated intraductal component of carcinoma>20mm in size is a specific risk factor for ITCs nodal metastasis. Its clinical significance is anyway limited and therefore sentinel node biopsy should be performed case by case and not routinely.

36. Malinant pleural mesotelioma presenting with intrapulmonary lepidic growth: a case report

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is known to have unusual intraparenchymal growth patterns. Few cases of malignant mesothelioma with intrapulmonary lepidic growth have been reported in the literature. We present a case of malignant mesothelioma in a 70 year old gentleman who had presented with recurrent pleural effusions. Preoperative diagnosis of well differentiated adenocarcinoma was made on a core biopsy of lung. A pleurectomy was later performed. The macroscopic examination of the pleura showed numerous nodules up to 10 mm in maximum dimension. Microscopic examination of the pleurectomy specimen revealed an epithelial malignant mesothelioma. There was also lepidic spread of the neoplasm in the adjacent lung tissue attached to the visceral pleura. The neoplastic cells were showed positive staining for calretinin, CK 5/6, D2–40 and HMBE-1 and were negative for CEA and TTF-1 thus confirming the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Intrapulmonary lepidic growth is a rare manifestation of malignant pleural mesothelioma and could be a diagnostic pitfall when only small biopsies of lung are available for assessment.

A case report: malignant epithelioid angiomyolipoma

A 55-year-old lady presented with a history of left sided abdominal pain, fever and recent 10 kg weight loss. Radiological study showed a left renal mass. Macroscopic examination revealed a 1284 g kidney with a large solitary lower pole tumour, measuring 170 mm in maximum dimension. The tumour demonstrated a variegated solid yellow cut-surface with extensive haemorrhage and necrosis. Light microscopy showed an oncocytic epithelioid tumour. The cells were large with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and pleomorphic nuclei with prominent nucleoli. In addition, there were scattered rhabdoid-like and ganglion-like cells with numerous admixed florette-type multinucleated giant cells. Mitotic figures were sparse. There were no areas of conventional angiomyolipoma. Immunohistochemically, the tumour was positive for Melan-A, HMB-45, E-cadherin, S100 and vimentin. They were negative for CK7, CK AE1/AE3, CD117, CD10, SMA and desmin. The morphological and immunohistochemical features were that of a malignant epithelioid angiomyolipoma. Epithelioid angiomyolipoma is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm with a malignant potential. It belongs to the PEComa family and mimics a variety of oncocytic or clear cell neoplasms. It often poses diagnostic difficulties and is thus an important entity to recognise in order to optimise patient management.

A case report: solid-variant angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma

A 16-year-old male presented with a left upper arm cutaneous lesion. Macroscopically, a well circumscribed subcutaneous tumour, with homogenous orange cut surface was identified, which measured 12 mm in maximum dimension. Light microscopy of the excision biopsy revealed a multinodular solid tumour within the deep dermis and subcutis. It showed a proliferation of oval to spindled cells with vesicular nuclei, with indistinct cell borders. Multinucleated and symplastic smudge cells were identified. There was marked nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic figures were readily identified. The tumour had a pseudocapsule and pericapsular cuffing with lymphoid aggregates, some with germinal centres. Immunhistochemically, the tumour cells were positive for EMA, SMA and CD99. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmed EWSR1 gene rearrangement. Overall, the clinical, histological, immunophenotypic and FISH features were in keeping with a solid-variant of angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma. Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma is a rare soft tissue tumour that is classified in the WHO as an intermediate potential mesenchymal tumour. It usually occurs on the exteremities of children and young adults. The diverse alteration in histomorphology and immunoprofile may pose some diagnostic problem, which can be resolved by performing FISH analysis.

Differentiation of BIRADS-4 small breast lesions via Multimodal Ultrasound Tomography.

To demonstrate the use of a new 3D diagnostic imaging technology, termed Multimodal Ultrasonic Tomography (MUT), for the detection of solid breast lesions < 15 mm in maximum dimension. 3D MUT imaging was performed on 71 volunteers presenting BIRADS-4 nodules, asymmetrical densities, and architectural distortions in X-ray mammograms, who subsequently underwent biopsy. MUT involved D tomographic imaging of the pendulant breast in a water bath using transmission ultrasound and constructed multimodal images corresponding to refractivity and frequency-dependent attenuation (calibrated relative to water). The multimodal images were fused into composite images and a composite index (CI) was calculated and used for diagnostic purposes. The composite images were evaluated against results of histopathology on biopsy specimens. Histopathology revealed 22 malignant and 49 benign lesions. The pixels of 22 malignant lesions exhibited high values in both refractivity and attenuation, resulting in CI values > 1. In contrast, 99.9% of benign lesions and normal tissue pixels exhibited lower values of at least one of the attributes measured, corresponding to CI values < 1. MUT imaging appears to differentiate small malignant solid breast lesions as exhibiting CI values >1, while benign lesions or normal breast tissues exhibit CI values <1. • MUT was able to detect all 22 biopsy-confirmed malignant lesions. • MUT was able to differentiate the malignant from the benign lesions. • Additional MUT detections outside the biopsy area must be evaluated prospectively.

Clinical findings in dogs with incidental adrenal gland lesions determined by ultrasonography: 151 cases (2007–2010)

To determine the prevalence of and clinical features associated with incidental adrenal gland lesions (IAGLs) discovered during abdominal ultrasonography in dogs. Retrospective case series. 151 dogs with an IAGL and 400 control dogs. Reports of ultrasonographic examinations of the abdomen of dogs performed during a 3.5-year period were reviewed. Adrenal glands were classified as having an IAGL if a nodule or mass was described or the width of either gland was ≥ 10 mm. For dogs with an IAGL, information regarding signalment, concurrent disorders, and outcome was obtained from the medical record. Findings were compared with those in a control population of 400 dogs examined during the same period. An IAGL was detected in 151 of 3,748 (4%) dogs. Dogs with an IAGL were significantly older (median age, 11.25 years) and heavier (median body weight, 21 kg [46.2 lb]) than the control population (median age, 9.5 years; median body weight, 14 kg [30.8 lb]). Malignant tumors were reported in 6 of 20 (30%) dogs that underwent adrenal glandectomy or necropsy and had a maximum IAGL dimension that ranged from 20 to 46 mm; benign lesions all had a maximum dimension < 20 mm. Various coincidental conditions were reported in dogs with an IAGL, including nonadrenal gland malignant neoplasia in 43 (28.5%) dogs. IAGLs were more likely in dogs ≥ 9 years of age. On the basis of this small data set, malignancy should be suspected for IAGLs ≥ 20 mm in maximum dimension.

Ophirite, Ca2Mg4[Zn2Mn23+(H2O)2(Fe3+W9O34)2]{middle dot}46H2O, a new mineral with a heteropolytungstate tri-lacunary Keggin anion

Ophirite, Ca 2 Mg 4 [Zn 2 Mn 2 3+ (H 2 O) 2 (Fe 3+ W 9 O 34 ) 2 ]·46H 2 O, is a new mineral species from the Ophir Hill Consolidated mine, Ophir district, Oquirrh Mountains, Tooele County, Utah, U.S.A. Crystals of ophirite are orange-brown tablets on {001} with irregular {100} and {110} bounding forms; individual crystals are up to about 1 mm in maximum dimension and possess a pale orange streak. The mineral is transparent, with a vitreous luster; it does not fluoresce in short- or long-wave ultraviolet radiation. Ophirite has a Mohs hardness of approximately 2 and brittle tenacity. No cleavage or parting was observed in the mineral. The fracture is irregular. The density calculated from the empirical formula using the single-crystal cell data is 4.060 g/cm 3 . Ophirite is biaxial (+) with a 2V angle of 43(2)°. Indices of refraction for ophirite are α = 1.730(3), β = 1.735(3), γ = 1.770(3)°. The optic orientation (incompletely determined) is Y ∠ b ≈ 9° and one optic axis is approximately perpendicular to {001}. Dispersion r &gt; v, strong; pleochroism is X = light orange brown, Y = light orange brown, Z = orange brown; X &lt; Y &lt;&lt; Z. Chemical analyses of ophirite were obtained by electron probe microanalysis; optimization of that analysis using the results of the crystal-structure analysis yielded the formula (Ca 1.46 Mg 0.50 Zn 0.04 ) Σ2.00 (Mg 3.96 Mn 3+ 0.04 ) Σ4.00 [(Zn 1.16 Fe 3+ 0.68 Ca 0.14 Sb 5+ 0.02 ) Σ2.00 (Mn 3+ 1.42 Sb 5+ 0.32 Fe 3+ 0.24 W 0.02 ) Σ2.00 {(H 2 O) 2 [(Fe 3+ 0.80 Sb 5+ 0.11 Ca 0.07 Mg 0.02 ) Σ1.00 (W 8.71 Mn 3+ 0.29 ) Σ1.00 ] 2 }]·46H 2 O; the simplified formula of ophirite is Ca 2 Mg 4 [Zn 2 Mn 2 3+ (H 2 O) 2 (Fe 3+ W 9 O 34 ) 2 ]·46H 2 O. Ophirite is triclinic, P1, with a = 11.9860(2), b = 13.2073(2), c = 17.689(1) Å, α = 69.690(5), β = 85.364(6), γ = 64.875(5)°, V = 2370.35(18) Å 3 , and Z = 1. The strongest four lines in the diffraction pattern are [d in Å (I)(hkl)]: 10.169(100)(100,110), 11.33(91)(011,010), 2.992(75)(334,341,1̄ 1̄ 5), and 2.760(55)(412,006,1̄ 3 5). The atomic arrangement of ophirite was solved and refined to R 1 = 0.0298 for 9230 independent reflections. The structural unit, ideally { [6] Zn 2 [6] Mn 2 3+ (H 2 O) 2 ( [4] Fe 3+[6] W 9 6+ O 34 ) 2 } 12- , consists of a [Zn 2 Mn 2 3+ (H 2 O) 2 ] octahedral layer sandwiched between opposing heteropolytungstate tri-lacunary ( [4] Fe 3+[6] W 9 6+ O 34 ) Keggin anions. Similar structures with an octahedral layer between two tri-lacunary Keggin anions are known in synthetic phases. Charge balance in the ophirite structure is maintained by the {[Mg(H 2 O) 6 ] 4 [Ca (H 2 O) 6 ] 2 ·10H 2 O} 12+ interstitial unit. The interstitial unit in the structure of ophirite is formed of two distinct Mg(H 2 O) 6 octahedra and a Ca(H 2 O) 6 O 1 polyhedron, as well as five isolated water molecules. The linkage between the structural unit and the interstitial unit results principally from hydrogen bonding between oxygen atoms of the structural unit with hydrogen atoms of the interstitial unit. Ophirite is the first known mineral to contain a lacunary defect derivative of the Keggin anion, a heteropolyanion that is well known in synthetic phases. The new mineral is named ophirite to recognize its discovery at the Ophir Hill Consolidated mine, Ophir District, Oquirrh Mountains, Tooele County, Utah, U.S.A.

KOKINOSITE, Na2Ca2(V10O28)*24H2O, A NEW DECAVANADATE MINERAL SPECIES FROM THE ST. JUDE MINE, COLORADO: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY

Kokinosite, Na2Ca2(V 10O28)•24H2O, is a new mineral species from the St. Jude mine, Slick Rock district, San Miguel County, Colorado, USA. Kokinosite typically occurs as tablets or blades up to 0.05 mm thick, with stepped faces, and 1 mm in maximum dimension. Crystals are yellow orange, although sometimes they are tinted orange brown; the streak of the phase is yellow. The luster of kokinosite is subadamantine, and the mineral is transparent; it does not fluoresce in short- or long-wave radiation. The Mohs hardness is ca . 1½. Kokinosite possesses a brittle tenacity, and displays one good cleavage on {01 ![Formula][1] }. No parting was observed, and fracture is irregular. Density (calc.) = 2.353 g cm−3 on the basis of the empirical formula and the single-crystal cell data. Kokinosite is biaxial (−), with α 1.725(3), β 1.770(5), and γ 1.785(3). The 2 V was measured as 56.6(3)° from extinction data, and 2 V calc = 58.7°. Dispersion is r , with a 8.74899(19), b 10.9746(3), c 12.8216(9)A, α 114.492(8), β 105.093(7), γ 91.111(6)°, V 1070.25(11) A3, and Z = 1. The strongest four lines in the diffraction pattern are [ d in A(I)( hkl )]: 9.88(100)(010,0 ![Formula][3] 1), 7.92(36)( ![Formula][4] 01), 8.42(33)(100), and 6.01(31)(1 ![Formula][5] 1,110). The atomic arrangement of kokinosite was solved and refined to R 1 = 0.0379 for 3806 F o > 4σ F reflections. The structural unit is a decavanadate polyanion, (V10O28)6−; charge balance in the structure is maintained by the [Na2Ca2(H2O)24]6+ interstitial unit that exists as Na(H2O)6 octahedra and Ca(H2O)8 polyhedra that link into chains by edge- and corner-sharing. The linkage between the structural unit and the interstitial unit occurs solely by hydrogen bonding. The new mineral is named in honor of Michael Kokinos (b. 1927) of Shingle Springs, California, a well-known mineral collector and member of the Micromounters’ Hall of Fame. [1]: /embed/mml-math-1.gif [2]: /embed/mml-math-2.gif [3]: /embed/mml-math-3.gif [4]: /embed/mml-math-4.gif [5]: /embed/mml-math-5.gif

Pulmonary paraganglioma: A case report

Extra-adrenal paragangliomas are uncommon tumors arising from neuroectodermal-derived paraganglion tissue. These tumors are usually located in the carotid body, the jugulotympanic body or the mediastinum. A limited number of primary pulmonary paragangliomas have been reported previously. We present a case of a 63-year-old lady with a 12-pack-year smoking history and shortness of breath. Radiological investigations revealed a single right middle lobe pulmonary mass with homogenous density and lobulated borders on CT scan. The mass showed high fluorodeoxyglucose avidity on PET scan. A right middle lobectomy of the lung was performed. Macroscopic examination showed a well-defined yellow to cream mass measuring 28mm in maximum dimension. Histologically, the mass was composed of alveolar pattern of spindle cells with granular cytoplasm. No lymph node metastasis was identified. Immunohistochemical stains performed showed that the tumour is positive for chromogranin, synaptophysin, TTF-1, but negative for CK7. S-100 stained the sustentacular cells in the tumour. While approximately 20% of carcinoid tumours are reported to be negative for keratins, the overall histological and radiological features are those of a paraganglioma. The case report describes the radiological and histopathological characteristics of this exceedingly rare tumour, thereby improving its understanding and helping in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary tumours.

The prognostic significance of sentinel node tumour burden in melanoma patients: An international, multicenter study of 1539 sentinel node-positive melanoma patients

IntroductionSentinel node (SN) biopsy (SNB) and completion lymph node dissection (CLND) when SN-positive have become standard of care in most cancer centres for melanoma. Various SN tumour burden parameters are assessed to determine the heterogeneity of SN-positivity. The aim of the present study was to validate the prognostic significance of various SN tumour burden micromorphometric features and classification schemes in a large cohort of SN-positive melanoma patients. MethodsIn 1539 SN-positive patients treated between 1993 and 2008 at 11 melanoma treatment centres in Europe and Australia, indices of SN tumour burden (intranodal location, tumour penetrative depth (TPD) and maximum size of SN tumour deposits) were evaluated. ResultsNon-subcapsular location, increasing TPD and increasing maximum size were all predictive factors for non-SN (NSN) status and were independently associated with poorer melanoma-specific survival (MSS). Patients with subcapsular micrometastases <0.1mm in maximum dimension had the lowest frequency of NSN metastasis (5.5%). Despite differences in SN biopsy protocols and clinicopathologic features of the patient cohorts (between centres), most SN parameters remained predictive in individual centre populations. Maximum SN tumour size>1mm was the most reliable and consistent parameter independently associated with higher non-SN-positivity, poorer disease-free survival (DFS) and poorer MSS. ConclusionsIn this large retrospective, multicenter cohort study, several parameters of SN tumour burden including intranodal location, TPD and maximum size provided prognostic information, but their prognostic significance varied considerably between the different centres. This could be due to sample size limitations or to differences in SN detection, removal and examination techniques.

WERNERBAURITE, , AND SCHINDLERITE, , THE FIRST HYDRONIUM-BEARING DECAVANADATE MINERALS

WERNERBAURITE, , AND SCHINDLERITE, , THE FIRST HYDRONIUM-BEARING DECAVANADATE MINERALS

Prewittite, KPb1.5Cu6Zn(SeO3)2O2Cl10, a new mineral from Tolbachik fumaroles, Kamchatka peninsula, Russia: Description and crystal structure

Prewittite, ideally KPb1.5Cu6Zn(SeO3)2O2Cl10, was found in the fumarole field of the second cinder cone of the North Breach of the Great fissure Tolbachik eruption (1975–1976, Kamchatka peninsula, Russia). It occurs as separate olive-green tabular crystals up to 0.2 mm in maximum dimension. It has vitreous luster and brownish-green streak. Prewittite is orthorhombic, space group Pnnm, a = 9.132(2), b = 19.415(4), c = 13.213(3) A, V = 2342.6(9) A 3 , Z = 4, Dcalc = 3.89 g/cm 3 , Dmeas = 3.90(2) g/cm 3 . The eight strongest lines of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern are {I [d(A)] hkl}: 70 (8.26) 110; 60 (7.53) 101; 90 (4.111) 220, 132, 141; 100 (3.660) 212, 123; 40 (2.996) 223; 50 (2.887) 062; 40 (2.642) 322, 214; 40 (2.336) 073, 180, 244. Prewittite is biaxial (–). The optical orientation is X = a, Y = c, Z = b. The mineral has clear pleochroism: X, Y – olive green, Z – red-brown. The mineral is very brittle with the perfect cleavage on (010) and (101). The most developed crystal forms are {010}, {001}, and {101}. The chemical composition determined by the electron-microprobe is (wt%): K2O 1.76, PbO 21.18, CuO 33.24, ZnO 8.00, SeO2 15.74, Cl 26.06, O=Cl –5.88, total 100.10. The empirical formula derived on the basis of O+Cl = 18 and sum of positive charges of cations equal to 26 is K0.53Pb1.33Cu5.87Zn1.38Se1.99O7.67Cl10.33. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods and refined to an agreement index R1 = 0.034 on the basis of 1522 independent reflections with I ≥ 2σI. It is based upon metal oxide selenite chloride layers parallel to (010) and linked through K-Cl and Pb-Cl bonds to the K and Pb atoms located in the interlayer. The mineral name honors Charles T. Prewitt (b. 1933) in recognition of his important contributions to crystal chemistry of minerals and planetary materials.

Ultrasound Guided Thrombin Injection – A Safe and Efficacious Treatment for Iatrogenic Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysms Despite Concomitant Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Therapy

Background: Ultrasound guided thrombin injection (UGTI) is an effective but non-universally adopted primary treatment option for iatrogenic femoral artery pseudoaneurysms (IFAP) following diagnostic and interventional procedures. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted in 121 consecutive cardiac patients who underwent UGTI as primary therapy for IFAP following diagnostic, coronary interventional or electrophysiological procedures between 1999 and 2011 at a tertiary cardiac referral centre. The mean patient age was 70.5 years (range 38–90 years) and 63% were male. At the time of injection, 89% were on an antiplatelet or therapeutic anticoagulation. Forty-eight were on dual antiplatelets and 9% were on combination antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy. Pseudoaneurysms ranged from 10 to 122mm in maximum dimension and 25% were multilobular. UGTI was performed by an interv o

Oxidation state of Fe in olivine in andesitic scoria from Kasayama volcano, Hagi, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan

The oxidation state of an olivine phenocryst separate from clinopyroxene-olivine andesitic black scoria with red-brown tint from Kasayama volcano, Hagi, Yamaguchi Prefecture, was determined using 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, to examine the effect of high temperature oxidation on the oxidation state of Fe. The olivine phenocrysts examined were euhedral to subhedral in form, typically fractured, and about 0.2-1 mm in maximum dimension. Small amounts of Fe-bearing precipitate minerals often occur on the rims of olivine phenocrysts in the black scoria with red-brown tint, and near subhedral Cr-rich magnetite with about 5 μm in diameter. Olivine phenocrysts lacking such precipitates and inclusions were separated from a sample using an isodynamic separator and handpicking under a binocular microscope. Examination by optical microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission microscopy proved no precipitates in the separated olivine phenocrysts. Average Fo value and Fe content of the olivines were 81 mol% and 0.36 atoms per formula unit (apfu), respectively. The 57Fe Mössbauer spectrum of the olivine separate consisted of three doublets assigned to Fe2+ at the M1, Fe2+ at the M2 and Fe3+ at the octahedral sites. The Fe2+:Fe3+-ratio is 95(3):5(1). By applying this value to the average Fe content, Fe2+ and Fe3+ are calculated to be 0.34(1) and 0.018(4) apfu, respectively. Since the Fe3+ within olivine detected in this study is not due to any Fe3+-bearing impurity, Fe3+ could be located at the octahedral site within the olivine structure. The quadrupole splitting value of the Fe3+-Mössbauer doublet [0.53(5) mm/s] in Kasayama olivine is significantly lower than published data for Fe3+ at the M2 site in olivine, and in laihunite. This suggests possible distribution of Fe3+ at the M1 site. Fe3+ within olivine in the black scoria with red-brown tint is considered to have been generated at high temperatures (perhaps above 800 °C).

Lead-tellurium oxysalts from Otto Mountain near Baker, California: VII. Chromschieffelinite, Pb10Te6O20(OH)14(CrO4)(H2O)5, the chromate analog of schieffelinite

Chromschieffelinite, Pb-(10)Te_6O_(20)(OH)_(14)(CrO_4)(H_2O)_5, is a new tellurate from Otto Mountain near Baker, California, named as the chromate analog of schieffelinite, Pb_(10)Te_6O_(20)(OH)_(14)(SO_4)(H_2O)_5. The new mineral occurs in a single 1 mm vug in a quartz vein. Associated mineral species include: chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, galena, goethite, hematite, khinite, pyrite, and wulfenite. Chromschieffelinite is orthorhombic, space group C222_1, a = 9.6646(3), b = 19.4962(8), c = 10.5101(7) A, V = 1980.33(17) A3, and Z = 2. Crystals are blocky to tabular on {010} with striations parallel to [001]. The forms observed are {010}, {210}, {120}, {150}, {180}, {212}, and {101}, and crystals reach 0.2 mm in maximum dimension. The color and streak are pale yellow and the luster is adamantine. The Mohs hardness is estimated at 2. The new mineral is brittle with irregular fracture and one perfect cleavage on {010}. The calculated density based on the ideal formula is 5.892 g/cm^3. Chromschieffelinite is biaxial (−) with indices of refraction α = 1.930(5), β = 1.960(5), and γ = 1.975(5), measured in white light. The measured 2V is 68(2)°, the dispersion is strong, r < v, and the optical orientation is X = b, Y = c, Z = a. No pleochroism was observed. Electron microprobe analysis provided: PbO 59.42, TeO_3 29.08, CrO_3 1.86, H_2O 6.63 (structure), total 96.99 wt%; the empirical formula (based on 6 Te) is Pb_(9.65)Te_6O_(19.96)(OH)_(14.04)(CrO_4)_(0.67)(H_2O)_(6.32). The strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [d_(obs) in A (hkl) I]: 9.814 (020) 100, 3.575 (042,202) 41, 3.347 (222) 44, 3.262 (241,060,113) 53, 3.052 (311) 45, 2.9455 (152,133) 55, 2.0396 (115,353) 33, and 1.6500 (multiple) 33. The crystal structures of schieffelinite (R_1 = 0.0282) and chromschieffelinite (R_1 = 0.0277) contain isolated Te^(6+)O_6 octahedra and Te_2^(6+)O_(11) corner-sharing dimers, which are linked into a three-dimensional framework via bonds to Pb2+ atoms. The framework has large channels along c, which contain disordered SO_4 or CrO_4 groups and H_2O. The lone-electron pair of each Pb^(2+) is stereochemically active, resulting in one-sided Pb-O coordination arrangements. The short Pb-O bonds of the Pb^(2+) coordinations are all to Te^(6+)O_6 octahedra, resulting in strongly bonded layers parallel to {010}, which accounts for the perfect {010} cleavage.

An interesting case of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

<h3>Introduction</h3> Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary liver malignancy. It is classifiable into mass forming, periductal infiltrating and intraductal growth types grossly. Recognition of these patterns is important as they can be related to different prognosis. Until recently, the staging system for hepatocellular carcinomas was also applied to these tumours, however, important changes have been made on the basis of retrospective analysis of data in a multi-institutional analysis, and a new separate staging system for ICC has been introduced in the 7^th edition of AJCC classification and staging. <h3>Case report</h3> An 83-year-old man who presented with malaise, weight loss and abnormal liver test, was found to have an ill-defined mass in his liver by imaging. Excisional biopsy showed a stellate pink solid mass 47mm in maximum dimension with some infiltrative linear thickening at the periphery. Microscopically, the lesion was confirmed to be a moderate to poorly differentiated ICC with mixed mass forming and periductal pattern. Foci of vascular and perineural invasion were noted. The tumour was staged pT4 in view of the periductal pattern. <h3>Conclusion</h3> According to the 7th edition of TNM staging, having features of periductal pattern takes the tumour into stage pT4. In contrast to hepatocellular carcinoma staging, size is not considered relevant for prognostication and has therefore been excluded from staging criteria of ICC in the recent AJCC classification, 7th edition.

GUNTERITE, Na4(H2O)16(H2V10O28){middle dot}6H2O, A NEW MINERAL SPECIES WITH A DOUBLY-PROTONATED DECAVANADATE POLYANION: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY

Gunterite, Na 4 (H 2 O) 16 (H 2 V 10 O 28 )·6H 2 O, is a new mineral species from the West Sunday mine, Slick Rock district, San Miguel County, Colorado, U.S.A. Crystals of gunterite are tabular on {001} and generally stacked into elongate curved multiple crystals up to 0.5 mm in maximum dimension; the crystals are orange-yellow, with a yellow streak. The mineral displays a subadamantine luster, and is transparent; it does not fluoresce in short- or long-range ultraviolet radiation. Gunterite has a hardness of about 1, a brittle tenacity, and an irregular fracture; no cleavage or parting was observed. The density calculated from the empirical formula using the single-crystal cell data is 2.398 g cm −3 . Gunterite is biaxial (+), with α 1.735(5), β 1.770(5) and γ 1.825(5); 2 V is equal to 78° (white light). The dispersion v is strong and parallel. Optical orientation; X = b , Y ≈ c ; pleochroism: X yellow, Y orange, Z yellow; Y > X > Z . Gunterite is soluble in water at room temperature. Electronprobe microanalysis and the crystal-structure solution provided the empirical formula (V + Al = 10 apfu ): (Na 3.20 K 0.02 Ca 0.87 ) ∑4.09 [H 1.06 (V 9.99 Al 0.01 ) ∑10 O 28 ]·22H 2 O. The simplified formula of gunterite is Na 4 (H 2 O) 16 (H 2 V 10 O 28 )·6H 2 O. There is extensive substitution of Ca for Na in gunterite, yielding a structural formula of (Na 4− x Ca x ) ∑4.00 (H 2 O) 16 (H 2− x V 10 O 28 )·6H 2 O; the average value of x from the chemical analyses is 0.85. Gunterite is monoclinic, C 2/ m , with a 19.848(2), b 10.1889(11), c 13.1184(15) A, β 130.187(9)°, V 2026.6(4) A 3 , and Z = 2. The strongest four lines in the diffraction pattern [ d in A(I) hkl ] are: 10.01(100)201,001, 8.44(72)110, 8.09(46)111, and 2.997(29)331,401. The atomic arrangement of gunterite was refined to R 1 = 0.0632. The structural unit is a doubly-protonated decavanadate polyanion, {H 2 [V 10 O 28 ]}. The interstitial units linking the structural units contain two Na polyhedra; the Na2 polyhedron is split into two partially occupied sites that are 0.76 A apart, and significant Ca occupies that site. Several of the H 2 O molecules in the interstitial complex are disordered. The mineral is named in honor of Mickey E. Gunter, Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Idaho.

RAKOVANITE, Na3 {middle dot}15H2O, A NEW MEMBER OF THE PASCOITE FAMILY WITH A PROTONATED DECAVANADATE POLYANION

Rakovanite, Na 3 {H 3 [V 10 O 28 ]}·15H 2 O, is a new mineral species from the Sunday and the West Sunday mines, Slick Rock district, San Miguel County, Colorado, USA; the mineral is the natural analog of the previously synthesized phase. Rakovanite is orange, with an orange-yellow streak. Crystals of rakovanite are up to 1 mm in maximum dimension and vary in habit from blocky to prismatic on [100]. The mineral is transparent, with a subadamantine luster; it does not fluoresce in long- or short-wave ultraviolet radiation. Rakovanite displays brittle tenacity, and has a Mohs hardness of 1. No cleavage or parting was observed, and the mineral displays a conchoidal fracture. The density calculated from the ideal formula and the single-crystal cell data is 2.407 g cm −3 . Rakovanite is biaxial (+), with α 589nm = 1.776(5), β 589nm = 1.803(5), γ 589nm = 1.910(6). The measured values of 2 V are: 2 Vz 540nm = 58(1); 2 Vz 589nm = 56(1); 2 Vz 650nm = 53(1)°. Dispersion is r v , strong, parallel; orientation: X = b ; Z c = 8 ° in obtuse β. The pleochroic scheme in rakovanite is: X light yellow, Y orangish yellow, Z yellowish orange, Z > Y > X . Its chemical composition was obtained by electron-probe microanalysis and the crystal-structure refinement; the empirical formula (V = 10 apfu ) is (Na 2.90 K 0.07 Ca 0.01 Al 0.01 ) ∑2.99 {H 2.98 [V 10 O 28 ]}·15H 2 O, and the simplified formula is Na 3 {H 3 [V 10 O 28 ]}·15H 2 O. Rakovanite is monoclinic, space group P 2 1 / n , with a 12.0248(17), b 17.121(3), c 18.140(3) A, β 106.242(8)°, and Z = 4; the strongest four lines in the powder-diffraction pattern [ d in A(I)( hkl )] are: 11.270(100)(101), 7.696(81)(021), 8.709(78)(002), and 6.892(63)(120). The atomic arrangement of rakovanite has been refined to R 1 = 0.0383; the structural unit in the phase is formed of a triply-protonated decavanadate polyanion, {H 3 [V 10 O 28 ]}. The structural units are linked by the interstitial complexes, the (Na 3 ·15H 2 O) contents of which balance the +3 charges of the decavanadate polyanion with a NaO 4 (H 2 O) 2 group, a Na 2 (H 2 O) 10 dimer, and three H 2 O molecules that do not bond to the interstitial cations.

Zigrasite, MgZr(PO4)2(H2O)4, a new phosphate mineral from the Dunton Quarry, Newry, Oxford County, Maine, USA

AbstractZigrasite, ideally MgZr(PO4)2(H2O)4, is a new secondary phosphate mineral from the giant 1972 gem tourmaline-bearing pocket at the Dunton Quarry, Newry, Oxford County, Maine, USA. It occurs as subhedral blocky grains sometimes exceeding 1 mm in maximum dimension and perched on tourmaline. These grains are complex aggregates ofthree distinct phases, zigrasite and two unnamed phases: the Ca analogue of zigrasite, CaZr(PO4)2(H2O)4, and Zr(PO3OH)2(H2O)4. Zigrasite is associated with tourmaline, microcline, quartz, albite, beryl, amblygonite-montebrasite, childreniteeosphorite and apatite, and crystallized as one of the latest minerals during pocket formation. It is offwhite to pale yellow or light tan, translucent with a white streak and a vitreous lustre, and shows light blue to pale yellow cathodoluminescence. Mohs hardness is 3 and the measured and calculated densities are 2.76(4) and 2.66 g/cm3. The mineral has imperfect cleavage in two directions, parallel to (010) and (001), shows no parting, is brittle and has a hackly fracture. In transmitted light, it is colourless and non-pleochroic, biaxial negative with α 1.597(1), β 1.622 (1), γ 1.635 (1), with 2V(meas) = 65.5(4)º and 2V(calc.) = 71º. Zigrasite is triclinic, P , a 5.3049(2) Å, b 9.3372(4) Å, c 9.6282(5) Å, α 97.348(1)º, β 91.534(1)º, γ 90.512(4)º, V 472.79(5) Å3, Z = 2. The seven strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are as follows: d (Ê), I, (hkl): 9.550, 100, (001); 4.108, 70, ; 4.008, 50, (111); 4.589, 40, (110); 3.177, 40, (112); 3.569, 30, (0 2), 2.660, 30, (200),(11),(130); 3.273, 20, (12). Chemical analysis by electron microprobe gave P2O5 37.59, ZrO2 32.27, HfO2 0.34, FeO 0.20, MgO 10.37, ZnO 0.17, F 0.13, LOI 18.60, less O:F 0.05 = total 99.62 wt.%. The resulting empirical formula is (–)Σ=0.99(Zr0.99Hf0.01)Σ=1.00 P2.00O8(H2O)4 on the basis of12 O atoms with H2O = 4 per formula unit from crystal-structure analysis, and the end-member formula is MgZr(PO4)2(H2O)4.

Recent Developments on the Significance and Pathogenesis of Lymph Node Involvement in Ovarian Serous Tumors of Low Malignant Potential (Borderline Tumors)

In approximately 27% of patients that were surgically staged for ovarian serous borderline tumors (ovarian serous tumors of low malignant potential), regional lymph nodes, most commonly the pelvic and paraaortic groups, display morphologically similar epithelial clusters. Lymph nodes above the diaphragm may also be involved. Lymph node involvement does not adversely impact the overall survival of patients with ovarian serous borderline tumors, but there is controversy as to whether this finding is associated with a decrease in recurrence-free survival. Nodular aggregates of epithelium greater than 1 mm in maximum dimension, as compared with all other patterns of nodal involvement, have been associated with reduced recurrence-free survival. The lymph nodes may also be the site of recurrence and/or progression to carcinoma of an ovarian serous borderline tumor. Recent molecular and morphologic data suggest that although most nodal implants are indeed metastatic from their synchronous ovarian neoplasms, a small subset arise de novo from nodal endosalpingiosis. The precise mechanistic basis for how these noninvasive neoplasms achieve nodal metastases is unclear. However, because most patients with nodal metastases also have peritoneal implants, tumors that are ovary-confined and without ovarian surface involvement are rarely associated with nodal involvement, microinvasive borderline tumors frequently display lymphatic vessel involvement yet show a remarkably low frequency of nodal involvement, in conjunction with the recent finding that node-positive and node-negative tumors display no significant differences in lymphatic vessel density, suggest that the route of spread to lymph nodes in most cases is via the peritoneal and not tumoral lymphatics.