Mm For Anterior Chamber Depth Research Articles

Prospective analysis of anatomic features predisposing patients to intraoperative floppy iris syndrome.

To aid preoperative risk assessment by identifying anatomic parameters corresponding with a higher risk of intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) during cataract surgery. Prospective cohort study of 55 patients with α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist (α1-ARA) treatment and 55 controls undergoing cataract surgery. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), video pupilometer, and biometry measurements were performed preoperatively and analyzed regarding anatomic parameters that corresponded with a higher rate of IFIS. Those statistically significant parameters were evaluated with logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Pupil diameter was significantly smaller in patients who developed IFIS compared to those who did not develop IFIS (AS-OCT 3.29 ± 0.85 vs. 3.63 ± 0.68, p = 0.03; Pupilometer 3.56 ± 0,87 vs. 3.95 ± 0.67, p = 0.02). Biometric evaluation revealed shallower anterior chambers in the IFIS group (ACD 3.12 ± 0.40 vs. 3.32 ± 0.42, p = 0.02). Cutoff values for 50% IFIS probability (p = 0.5) were PD = 3.18mm for pupil diameter and ACD = 2.93mm for anterior chamber depth. ROC curves of combined parameters were calculated for α1-ARA medication with pupil diameter and anterior chamber depth, which yielded an AUC of 0.75 for all IFIS grades. The combination of biometric parameters with history of α1-ARA medication can improve assessment of risk stratification for IFIS incidence during cataract surgery.

Repeatability of a fully automated swept-source optical coherence tomography biometer and agreement with a low coherence reflectometry biometer

BackgroundTo evaluate the repeatability of a fully automated swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and its agreement with an optical low coherence reflectometry (OLCR) for several biometric parameters.MethodsIn this study, 74 eyes of 74 patients were measured using the Eyestar 900 SS-OCT and Lenstar LS 900 OLCR. Flat keratometry (K1) and steep keratometry (K2), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and axial length (AL) were measured three times with each device. The repeatability was analyzed with the intrasubject standard deviation, coefficient of variability (CoV), and coefficient of repeatability (CoR) for each instrument. The agreement between the instruments was evaluated with Bland-Altman analysis.ResultsK1, K2 and CCT CoV values were < 0.2%, < 0.4% and < 0.55%, respectively. Higher CoV values were found for ACD and LT ranging from 0.56% to 1.74%. The lowest CoV values were found for the AL measurements (0.03% and 0.06% for the Eyestar 900 and the Lenstar LS 900, respectively). AL measurements provided the highest repeatability, measured with both CoV and CoR values, and the CCT was the parameter with the lowest repeatability. The CCT and LT measurements were statistically significant between the two biometers (P < 0.001). The interval of the limits of agreement was < 0.6 D for K1 and K2, 15.78 µm for CCT, 0.21 mm for ACD, 0.34 mm for LT, and 0.08 mm for AL.ConclusionsBoth biometers provide repeatable measurements for the different parameters analyzed and can be used interchangeably.

Agreement of Anterior Segment Parameter Measurements With CASIA 2 and IOLMaster 700.

PurposeTo compare the difference and agreement in central corneal thickness (CCT), keratometry (K), anterior chamber depth (ACD), aqueous depth (AQD), and lens thickness (LT) measured with CASIA 2 and IOLMaster 700 in patients with cataract.MethodsA total of 81 patients with cataract (81 eyes) scheduled for phacoemulsification were prospectively collected from March to May, 2020 in the cataract department of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, including 43 males and 38 females with age of 61.5 ± 10.6 years. CCT, anterior Kf, anterior Ks, real Kf, real Ks, ACD, AQD, and LT were measured with CASIA 2 and IOLMaster 700. Paired t-test, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), 95% limit of agreement (95% LoA), and Bland-Altman plots were performed and used to analyze the difference and agreement between the two devices.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference in anterior K measurement with the CASIA 2 (44.3 ± 1.66 mm) and IOLMaster 700 (44.31 ± 1.67 mm, P = 0.483). Differences among the CCT, anterior Kf, real Kf, real Ks, ACD, AQD, and LT measured by the two instruments were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The ICCs of CCT, anterior Kf, anterior Ks, real Kf, real Ks, ACD, AQD, and LT measurements between the two devices were 0.892, 0.991, 0.991, 0.827, 0.817, 0.937, 0.926, and 0.997, respectively. The 95% LoA between CASIA 2 and IOLMaster 700 was −30.06 to 0.43 μm for CCT, −0.3 to 0.48 D for anterior Kf, −0.46 to −0.43 D for anterior Ks, −1.49 to −0.49 D for real Kf, −1.62 to −0.49 D for Real Ks, −0.03 to 0.24 mm for ACD, 0.04 to 0.25 mm for AQD, and −0.06 to 0.09 mm for LT.ConclusionAnterior Kf, anterior Ks, ACD, AQD, and LT have excellent agreement between the two devices. CCT, real Kf, and real Ks have moderate agreement between the two devices. It is recommended to use anterior Kf, anterior Ks, ACD, AQD, and LT interchangeably between CASIA 2 and IOLMaster 700.

Predicted Refraction Variability Due to Reliability of Nine Optical Biometers for Intraocular Lens Power Calculation.

To assess the influence of reliability (repeatability and reproducibility) of eye parameter measurements on the prediction refraction by using the outcomes of nine optical biometers reported in the literature. A search was conducted in PubMed focused on the outcomes from original studies regarding reliability. The mean population of within-subject standard deviation (Sw) was estimated from the mean samples reported in the included studies. Repeatability coefficients (R) for the mean population were computed as 2.77 × Sw. The influence of reliability on the prediction refraction for eye biometric parameters, such as mean corneal power in diopters (D) (Km), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and axial length (AXL), were evaluated using a thick lens formula. The lens thickness (LT), central corneal thickness (CCT), and white-to-white (WTW) distance were also evaluated. The repeatability of optical biometers ranged from 0.19 to 0.42 D for Km, from 0.04 to 0.13 mm for ACD, from 0.03 to 0.22 mm for AXL, from 0.06 to 0.13 mm for LT, from 5.5 to 17.7 µm for CCT, and from 0.18 to 0.48 mm for WTW distance. Total prediction refraction due to repeatability ranged from 0.21 to 0.61 D, with Km the variable that caused the major part of total prediction refraction variability, followed by AXL and ACD. Reproducibility for the evaluated variables was generally inside the repeatability ranges. New optical biometers are equally reliable as earlier technologies. Special attention should be focused on Km and AXL, which explain the major part of prediction refraction variability. [J Refract Surg. 2022;38(2):120-127.].

Ultrasound, Dacryocystorhinography and Morphological Examination of Normal Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus of the Donkey (Equus asinus)

Simple SummaryThe role of the eye with lacrimal apparatus as a vital organ of the donkey’s body still needs to be emphasized. The lacrimal gland (LG) is anatomically located at the dorsolateral aspect of the orbit within the lacrimal fossa, and responsible for secretion of the aqueous portion of precorneal tear film. Tears are drained to the exterior through the nasolacrimal duct (NLD), which starts from two puncta lacrimalis at the medial canthus and opens into nasolacrimal sac, and ends by the nasolacrimal orifice (NLO) at the nostril of both sides. Congenital or acquired obstruction of this duct frequently occurs in horses and leads to epiphora. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the normal macromorphological and ultrasonographic features of the eye and lacrimal gland, as well as normal dacryocystorhinography of the donkey (Equus asinus) in Egypt. The results illustrated the ultrasonographic biometric values of the eye, as well as the shape and size of the lacrimal gland. In addition, dacryocystorhinography and normal dissecting anatomy of the lacrimal apparatus was illustrated. The results of this study may act as the baseline for proper management of conditions of the eye and lacrimal apparatus in the donkey in the future.The study investigated normal macromorphological and ultrasonographic features of the eye and lacrimal gland, as well as normal dacryocystorhinography of the donkey (Equus asinus) in Egypt. A total of 36 donkeys of different ages, weights, and sexes were included in the study: 21 live animals for ultrasonography and dacryocystorhinography, and 15 cadaver skulls for morphological anatomy of the lacrimal apparatus. The ultrasound biometric values of the eye were 33.7 ± 1.7 mm for axial globe length (AGL), 39.8 ± 2.1 mm for globe diameter (GD), 10.8 ± 0.7 mm for lens thickness (LT), 3.2 ± 0.7 mm for anterior chamber depth (ACD), and 19.3 ± 1.6 mm for vitreous chamber depth (VCD). The lacrimal gland was recognized as a hypoechogenic structure with an anechoic core, located at the dorsolateral aspect of the orbit, and ovoid in shape. The mean NLD length was 193.0 ± 9.8 mm by radiography and 206.0 ± 20.4 mm by gross assessment. One NL orifice (NLO) was noticed on each side, with a diameter of 3.0 ± 0.1 mm and located 12.1 ± 2.1 mm from the dorsal commissure of the nostril. These results may act as the baseline for proper management of conditions of the eye and lacrimal apparatus in the donkey in the future.

Measurement of the anterior chamber depth and ocular axial length: transpalpebral B-mode ultrasound using an 18-MHz linear probe compared with the IOL Master 500.

To determine the reliability of transpalpebral ultrasound in B-mode (B-TUS) with a high-resolution linear probe (18 MHz) in estimating both the ocular anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length (AL), as well as its agreement with the IOL Master 500 optical biometer. Cross-sectional study on 82 eyes of 41 volunteers with no history of eye disease. ACD and AL were determined using B-TUS and the IOL Master 500. The agreement between the two tech-niques and the variability of B-TUS (inter- and intra-observer) were analyzed with the Bland-Altman method. To this end, the mean difference between measures±1.96 SD was calculated to determine the limits of agreement (LoA). The mean difference±1.96SD between B-TUS and the IOL Master 500 was -0.41±0.25mm for ACD (p<0.001) and -0.48±0.45 mm for AL (p<0.001). The maximum variability for B-TUS (average±1.96SD) was 0.00±0.35 mm at the inter-observer level for AL, and 0.00±0.18mm at the intra-observer level for AL. The determination of ACD and AL by B-TUS has a good re-liability and variability, in line with other sonographic techniques. However, it systematically provides smaller measurements than those obtained with the IOL Master 500, similar to the conventional ultrasound techniques. B-TUS could be useful in the assessment and follow-up of a wide range of ophthalmic diseases, in which a high accuracy in ACD and AL is not determinant.

Comparison of Anterior Ocular Biometric Measurements Using Swept-Source and Time-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

Purpose To compare central corneal thickness (CCT), aqueous depth (AQD), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) measurements using the swept-source (CASIA SS-1000, Tomey, Japan) and time-domain (Visante, Carl Zeiss Meditec, USA) anterior segment optical coherence tomographers (OCT) in normal eyes. Methods Sixty-eight eyes of 68 subjects were included. Three consecutive scans of each subject were obtained using both devices in a random order by one experienced operator. Standard deviation (Sw), coefficient of repeatability (CoR), coefficients of variation (CoV), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to evaluate the intraoperator repeatability. Agreement was assessed using the Bland–Altman plots and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Results All measurements of the swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) and time-domain OCT (TD-OCT) showed high repeatability with low CoR (CCT: 2.34 μm and 6.16 μm; AQD: 0.05 mm and 0.09 mm; ACD: 0.06 mm and 0.09 mm), low CoV (CCT: 0.16% and 0.42%; AQD: 0.61% and 0.97%; ACD: 0.53% and 0.83%), and high ICC (>0.98). The mean CCT with SS-OCT was slightly thicker than the results with TD-OCT (difference = 4.55 ± 2.62 μm, P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in AQD or ACD measurements between the two devices (0.01 ± 0.05 mm, P=0.111; 0.02 ± 0.05 mm, P=0.022, respectively). The 95% LoA between the SS-OCT and TD-OCT were −0.59 to 9.69 μm for CCT, −0.10 to 0.12 mm for AQD, and −0.09 to 0.12 mm for ACD. Conclusions High levels of repeatability and agreement were found between the two devices for all three parameters, suggesting interchangeability. SS-OCT demonstrated superior repeatability compared with TD-OCT.

Validating e-norms methodology in ophthalmic biometry

ObjectiveTo validate the extrapolated norms or e-norms methodology in establishing a reference range for the biometric data used for intraocular lens power calculation..Methods and AnalysisAll measurements were performed with an...

Agreement Between Two Optical Biometers Based on Large Coherence Length SS-OCT and Scheimpflug Imaging/Partial Coherence Interferometry.

To evaluate the agreement between measurements obtained with a new optical biometer (Argos; Movu Inc) using large coherence length swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and those obtained with an optical biometer with a rotating Scheimpflug camera, combined with partial coherence interferometry (PCI) (Pentacam AXL; Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) in adults. The following measurements were examined and evaluated: axial length, central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), mean keratometry, J0 and J45 vectors, and corneal diameter. Measurements with the two biometers were conducted in triplicate per instrument in a random order by the same examiner. Paired t tests were employed to compare the difference between the two devices. The Bland-Altman method was implemented to assess their agreement. A total of 145 patients were enrolled in the study. The differences between the Scheimpflug/PCI-based biometer and the SS-OCT biometer were as follows: -0.02 ± 0.05 mm for axial length, 1.15 ± 5.79 µm for CCT, -0.04 ± 0.04 mm for ACD, -0.28 ± 0.16 diopters (D) for mean keratometry, 0.01 ± 0.11 D for J0, -0.02 ± 0.10 D for J45, and -1.03 ± 0.62 mm for corneal diameter. Bland-Altman plots showed narrow ranges in axial length, CCT, ACD, mean keratometry, and J0 and J45, which implied excellent agreement between the two biometers. Corneal diameter displayed poor agreement, with a 95% limits of agreement ranging from -2.25 to 0.19 mm. Excellent agreement was established between the measurements provided by the new optical biometer based on SS-OCT and the optical biometer using Scheimpflug imaging and PCI, except for corneal diameter. [J Refract Surg. 2020;36(7):459-465.].

New method to assess the accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation formulas according to ocular biometric parameters.

To develop a new method that makes it easy to detect accuracy deficiencies of any intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas and to test it on 9 different formulas. IOA, Madrid, Spain. Retrospective observational case series. This study's first stage included 3519 eyes from 3519 candidates for cataract surgery for which frequency distributions for the following biometric eye parameters were computed: axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), white-to-white (WTW), and mean corneal radius (Rm). The resulting data for each parameter were fifth, 25th, 75th and 95th percentiles, which allowed definition of the corresponding normality range. In a second stage, the new graphic-representation method was tested for 9 different formulas in a sample of 70 eyes undergoing cataract surgery with multifocal IOL (mIOL) implantation. Normality ranges (defined as the 25th to 75th percentile interval) were 22.84 to 24.42 mm for AL, 2.86 to 3.39 mm for ACD, 4.36 to 4.88 mm for LT, 11.64 to 12.19 mm for WTW, and 7.52 to 7.87 mm for Rm, with lower sizes in women. No significant differences were found among the 9 formulas for percentage of eyes in ±0.50 diopters (D) (P = .82) or ±1.00 D (P = .97). The graphical method showed less accuracy in ±0.50 D for ACDs from 2.46 to 2.85 mm (5th to 25th percentile) for several formulas (P < .05). Nine formulas showed nonsignificant differences in the general predictability for a sample of eyes that were candidates to mIOL implantation. Predictability in this sample decreased for short ACDs.

Progression and Longitudinal Biometric Changes in Highly Myopic Eyes.

PurposeTo examine 2-year progression rate and associated biometric changes in highly myopic eyes.MethodsThis is a longitudinal, observational cohort study that included 657 participants aged 7 to 70 years with bilateral high myopia (≤−6.00 diopters [D]) and followed for 2 years. All participants underwent ocular biometry and cycloplegic refraction examinations. Main outcome measures were changes in spherical equivalent refraction (SE) and ocular biometry in the right eyes.ResultsMean age of participants was 21.6 ± 12.2 years. At baseline, mean SE was −9.82 ± 3.28 D and ocular biometric measurements were 27.40 ± 1.56 mm for axial length, 3.16 ± 0.27 mm for anterior chamber depth, 3.60 ± 0.35 mm for lens thickness, and 20.09 ± 1.50 mm for vitreous chamber depth. After 2 years of follow-up, there was a trend toward more myopia and greater axial elongation in all age groups. Younger participants (≤20 years) had significantly (P < 0.001) greater rates of myopic shift and axial elongation compared with older participants (>20 years). However, highly myopic adults aged 40 to 70 years continued to demonstrate refractive progression, particularly if they had extremely high myopia (≤−10.00 D). In the multiple regression analysis, each additional diopter of myopia at baseline was associated with a 11% higher risk of a >1.00-D/y myopic shift (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.18; P = 0.002).ConclusionsLongitudinal data from this large Chinese cohort suggest that highly myopic eyes continue to progress in SE throughout life, with the greatest rates of progression observed in younger participants. Axial elongation rates appeared to stabilize after 20 years of age and were predominantly due to an increase in the vitreous chamber depth. Other risk factors for a myopic shift included a higher degree of myopic refraction at baseline.

Application of the swept-source coherence tomography biometer in measurement for cataractous eyes with high myopia

Objective To evaluate measurement acquisition, operability, and measurement agreement of the OA-2000 in cataract eyes with high myopia. Methods A diagnosis test examined 1 030 eyes of 780 high-myopia cataract patients at the Wuhan Aier Eye Hospital from October 2017 to October 2018.The eyes were examined using the OA-2000, the IOLMaster 500 and the Lenstar-LS900 preoperatively.Measurement acquisition was recorded.The total ophthalmic exam, the duration of patient data entry, the actual measurement process, and the time from intraocular lens power calculation to printout were calculated.Ocular biometric parameters, including anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length (AL), keratometry for the flattest meridian (Kf), and keratometry for the steepest meridian (Ks) were compared among the devices.This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wuhan Aier Eye Hospital (No.2017IRBKY07). Results The OA-2000 was capable of obtaining an AL measurement in 94.95% of the eyes, which was significantly higher than the 83.98% and 83.01% measured by the IOLMaster 500 and Lenstar-LS900, respectively (χ2=38.171, 46.208; both at P<0.001). The total ophthalmic exam with the OA-2000 took a significantly shorter time than the Lenstar-LS900 ([109.34±2.22]s vs. [135.64±5.55]s) (P<0.05). Excellent correlations were found for the AL, ACD, Kf, and Ks measurements between the OA-2000 and the IOLMaster 500 (r=0.999, 0.937, 0.996, 0.996; all at P<0.001). Good correlations were also found between the OA-2000 and the Lenstar-LS900 (r=0.999, 0.965, 0.995, 0.996; all at P<0.001). The respective 95% limits of agreement of the OA-2000 and IOLMaster 500, and the OA-2000 and Lenstar-LS900 were -0.19 to 0.20 mm and -0.13 to 0.17 mm for AL; -0.23 to 0.23 mm and -0.18 to 0.16 mm for ACD; -0.48 to 0.47 D and -0.64 to 0.65 D for Kf; -0.49 to 0.47 D and -0.60 to 0.61 D for Ks. Conclusions In terms of AL, ACD, Kf and Ks in cataractous eyes with high myopia, the OA-2000, IOLMaster 500, and Lenstar-LS900 show excellent correlation and agreement.The OA-2000, a new swept-source OCT-based biometer, outperforms both the IOLMaster 500 and the Lenstar-LS900 in terms of AL measurement acquisition and operability. Key words: High myopia; Cataract; Biometry

An Evaluation of the IOLMaster 700.

To evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of the Carl Zeiss Meditec IOLMaster 700, which uses swept-source optical coherence tomography technology, along with its agreement with the IOLMaster 500 and Lenstar LS 900. In a clinical practice, complete measurements were taken on one eye of 100 subjects: 51 with cataracts and 49 with clear lenses. Three sets of measurements were taken by 3 operators with three different IOLMaster 700 units, and one operator took 3 measurements with the IOLMaster 500 and the Lenstar. A random-effects model of analysis of variance was used to estimate the repeatability and reproducibility. The 95% limits of agreement (95% LoA) were calculated for all comparisons. Comparing the IOLMaster 700 and IOLMaster 500 in cataract patients, 95% LoA were -0.01 to +0.06 mm for axial length, -0.44 to +0.27 D for corneal power, and -0.18 to +0.17 mm for anterior chamber depth. Comparing the IOLMaster 700 and Lenstar for corneal thickness and lens thickness yielded 95% LoA of -4 to +13 μm and -0.26 to +0.41 mm, respectively. The repeatability and reproducibility limits for the IOLMaster 700 were ±0.014 and ±0.023 mm for axial length; ±0.26 and ±0.27 D for corneal power; ±7 and ±11 μm for corneal thickness; ±0.02 and ±0.02 mm for anterior chamber depth; and ±0.02 and ±0.05 mm for lens thickness, respectively. There was good agreement between the IOLMaster 700 and comparator instruments and superior or equivalent precision. Some differences were noted, but not considered clinically meaningful.

Anterior segment parameters in normal dogs using the Pentacam® HR Scheimpflug system.

To describe and compare normative anterior segment parameters between canine age groups using the Pentacam® HR Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam). Thirty-six sedated dogs (60 eyes) of varying ages and breeds were imaged with the Pentacam; only nondiseased anterior segments were included. Dogs were divided into three age groups: Group 1 (1-5years), Group 2 (6-10years), and Group 3 (11-15years). Values assessed included central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior and posterior corneal elevation (ACE/PCE), anterior and posterior corneal curvature metrics, corneal volume (CV), anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism (AA/PA), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), and anterior chamber angle (ACA). Tukey-adjusted pairwise comparisons were performed. Overall CCT (mean±SD) was 631.07±59.91µm. Central corneal thickness was 608.60±48.63µm for Group 1, 648.57±51.06µm for Group 2, and 635.37±73.71µm for Group 3. Anterior corneal elevation (ACE) measured 9.08±0.58mm, PCE measured 8.04±0.50mm, and CV was 58.13±5.39mm3 . Astigmatism values were 1.34±0.94D for AA and 0.46±0.44D for PA. Anterior chamber values were 3.76±0.56mm for ACD, 383.68±66.24mm3 for ACV, and 23.62±29.33˚ for ACA. Significant differences were found between Groups 1 and 2 for CV (55.08±4.08mm3 and 60.32±4.19mm3 , respectively), (P=0.02). Corneal volume significantly increased between Group 1 and Group 2. Central corneal thickness increased from Group 1 to Group 3, but was not significant with the current sample size. There were no other differences between age groups.

Significant Axial Elongation with Minimal Change in Refraction in 3- to 6-Year-Old Chinese Preschoolers: The Shenzhen Kindergarten Eye Study

To document the distribution of ocular biometry and to evaluate its associations with refraction in a group of Chinese preschoolers. Population-based cross-sectional study. A total of 1133 preschoolers 3 to 6 years of age from 8 representative kindergartens. Biometric measurements including axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and corneal radius of curvature (CR) were obtained from partial-coherence laser interferometry (IOL Master; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen, Germany) before cycloplegia. Lens power (LP) and AL-to-CR ratio were calculated. Cycloplegic refraction (3 drops of 1% cyclopentolate) was measured using an autorefractor (KR8800; Topcon Corp., Tokyo, Japan), and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) was calculated. Biometric and refractive parameters were assessed as a function of age and gender. Multiple regression analysis was performed to explore the associations between refraction and ocular biometry. Ocular biometric distributions and their relationships to refraction. Among the 1127 children (99.5%) with successful cycloplegic refraction, mean SER was 1.37±0.63 diopters (D). Prevalence of myopia increased from 0% at 3 years of age to 3.7% (95% confidence interval, 1.0%-6.5%) at 6 years of age. Biometric parameters followed Gaussian distributions with means of 22.39±0.68 mm for AL, 7.79±0.25 mm for CR, and 24.61±1.42 D for calculated LP; and non-Gaussian distributions with means of 3.34±0.24 mm for ACD and 2.88±0.06 for AL-to-CR ratio. Axial length, ACD, and AL-to-CR ratio increased from 3 to 6 years of age, CR remained stable, whereas LP declined. Overall, SER declined slightly. For the SER variance, AL explained 18.6% and AL-to-CR ratio explained 39.8%, whereas AL, CR, and LP accounted for 80.0% after adjusting for age and gender. Young Chinese children are predominantly mildly hyperopic, with a low prevalence of myopia by the age of 6 years. An increase of 1 mm in AL was associated with only 0.45 D of myopic change. Decreases in LP reduce the myopic shifts that normally would be associated with increases in AL, and thus play a key role in refractive development in this age group.

Laser peripheral iridotomy changes anterior chamber architecture.

The pressure gradient between anterior and posterior chamber in acute angle closure (AAC) and primary angle closure suspects is balanced by a sufficient laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI). The anterior chamber changes induced by LPI in patients with unilateral AAC were examined and compared to healthy eyes to define threshold values, which may help to discriminate between healthy and diseased eyes. Using Scheimpflug photography, anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber angle (ACA), and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured before and after LPI in both eyes of unilateral AAC cases. These measurements were compared to a group of healthy control eyes to determine threshold values for ACD, ACV, and ACA. The ACD, ACV, and ACA increased significantly in the 25 AAC eyes after LPI. The ACD, ACV, ACA, and CCT values in the AAC eyes obtained before LPI were compared to a control group of 59 healthy eyes with wide open chamber angles. The cutoff values revealed by receiver operating characteristic analysis were 2.1 mm for ACD, 90.5 mm2 for ACV, and 27.25° for ACA. Our results confirm the significant changes of the anterior segments architecture induced by LPI in AAC eyes. The found threshold values for ACD, ACV, and ACA may help in daily clinical routine to discriminate between healthy eyes and those in need for a prophylactic LPI.

Biometry measurements using a new large-coherence–length swept-source optical coherence tomographer

To evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of the measurements obtained with the Argos, a new biometer with swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT), and to compare them with the results obtained with the IOLMaster 500 (partial-coherence interferometry [PCI]) and the Lenstar LS 900 (optical low-coherence reflectometry [OLCR]) biometers. Private practice, Lynwood, California, USA. Prospective observational study. All measurements were performed with the SS-OCT tomographer, the PCI biometer, and the OLCR biometer. Eyes (n = 107) were measured to evaluate the axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), aqueous depth, anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness, pupil size, corneal diameter, and anterior corneal radius of curvature (RAV). Repeatability and reproducibility of the SS-OCT measurements showed comparable values and a low variation rate, with an interset mean difference of 0.01 mm for AL, 0.01 mm for CCT, 0.01 mm for aqueous depth and ACD, 0.03 mm for lens thickness, 0.10 mm for pupil size, 0.14 mm for corneal diameter, and 0.02 mm for RAV. The SS-OCT device correctly measured the AL in 96% of the cases compared with 79% for the OLCR device and 77% for the PCI device. Comparisons between the PCI device and SS-OCT device were -0.01 ± 0.05 mm for AL, -0.17 ± 0.20 mm for ACD, and -0.01 ± 0.05 mm for RAV. Comparison between the OLCR device and the SS-OCT device was 0.01 ± 0.06 mm for AL, 0.08 ± 0.15 mm for ACD, 0.00 ± 0.05 mm for RAV, 0.00 ± 0.01 mm for CCT, 0.07 ± 0.14 mm for aqueous depth, -0.23 ± 0.22 mm for lens thickness, -0.29 ± 0.53 mm for pupil size, and -0.34 ± 0.76 mm for corneal diameter. Axial length measurements with the new SS-OCT biometer were comparable to the PCI and OLCR measurements with a higher AL acquisition rate. Dr. Shammas is a consultant to Movu, Inc. Drs. Ortiz, Kim, and Chong have proprietary interest in the new technology.

Comparison between a New Optical Biometry Device and an Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomographer for Measuring Central Corneal Thickness and Anterior Chamber Depth

Purpose. To compare between a new optical biometer (AL-Scan, Nidek Co., Aichi, Japan) and an anterior segment optical coherence tomographer (Visante AS-OCT, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, USA) for measuring central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and aqueous depth (AD). Methods. Sixty-three eyes of 63 normal subjects were examined with AL-Scan and Visante AS-OCT in this prospective study. One eye per subject was measured three times with both devices to record their CCT, ACD, and AD. All procedures were performed by the same operator. Agreement between the two devices was assessed using paired t-tests, Bland-Altman plots, and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Results. The mean CCT, ACD, and AD measured by AL-Scan were 538.59 ± 27.37 μm, 3.70 ± 0.30 mm, and 3.16 ± 0.30 mm, respectively. The mean values obtained by the Visante OCT were 536.14 ± 26.61 μm for CCT, 3.71 ± 0.29 mm for ACD, and 3.17 ± 0.29 mm for AD. The mean CCT by the AL-Scan was higher than that obtained by the Visante AS-OCT (difference = 2.45 ± 6.07 μm, P < 0.05). The differences in ACD and AD measurements were not statistically significant. The 95% LoA of CCT, ACD, and AD were between −9.44 and 14.35 μm, −0.15 and 0.12 mm, and −0.15 and 0.12 mm, respectively. Conclusions. Since these two devices were comparable for measuring CCT, ACD, and AD, their results can be interchangeably used in the clinic.

Anterior segment changes after femtosecond cataract surgery measured with optical coherence tomography and scheimpflug imaging technology

PurposeTo determine changes in anterior chamber depth (ACD), iridocorneal angle size (IAS) and central corneal thickness (CCT) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Scheimpflug imaging technology (SIT) in subjects implanted with multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) after femtosecond cataract surgery.MethodsProspective study of 36 healthy eyes (68.8 ± 7.9 years) undergoing femtosecond laser assisted‐cataract surgery and AcrySof REsTOR SN6AD1 IOL implantation. The anterior segment parameters were measured preoperatively and 1 month after surgery with the Visante‐OCT (Zeiss) and the Oculyzer™ II (WaveLight® AG) systems. Analysis of agreement and interchangeability of the preoperative 2 systems measurements was performed by the Bland‐Altman method.ResultsAfter femtosecond cataract surgery, the ACD and IAS measured with Oculyzer™ II showed a significant mean increase of 1.54 ± 0.28 mm and 10.2 ± 4.23 respectively. Also, using the Visante‐OCT there was a significant mean increase: 1.27 ± 0.34 mm for ACD and 9.38 ± 6.52 (Temporal) and 8.29 ± 7.13 (nasal) for IAS. CCT showed no significant changes. The range of agreement indicated that the 2 techniques cannot be used interchangeably for preoperative measurement of ACD and IAS.ConclusionsAfter cataract surgery with femtosecond laser, ACD and IAS increased significantly when measured using OCT and SIT. Visante‐OCT and Oculyzer™ II systems can be used interchangeably for CCT evaluation but not for ACD and IAS.

Objective measurement of accommodative biometric changes using ultrasound biomicroscopy

To demonstrate that ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) can be used for objective quantitative measurements of anterior segment accommodative changes. College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Prospective cross-sectional study. Anterior segment biometric changes in response to 0 to 6.0 diopters (D) of accommodative stimuli in 1.0 D steps were measured in eyes of human subjects aged 21 to 36 years. Imaging was performed in the left eye using a 35 MHz UBM (Vumax) and an A-scan ultrasound (A-5500) while the right eye viewed the accommodative stimuli. An automated Matlab image-analysis program was developed to measure the biometry parameters from the UBM images. The UBM-measured accommodative changes in anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness, anterior lens radius of curvature, posterior lens radius of curvature, and anterior segment length were statistically significantly linearly correlated with accommodative stimulus demands. Standard deviations of the UBM-measured parameters were independent of the accommodative stimulus demands (ACD: 0.0176 mm; lens thickness: 0.0294 mm; anterior lens radius of curvature: 0.3350 mm; posterior lens radius of curvature: 0.1580 mm; and anterior segment length: 0.0340 mm). The mean difference between the A-scan and UBM measurements was -0.070 mm for ACD and 0.166 mm for lens thickness. Accommodating phakic eyes imaged using UBM allowed visualization of the accommodative response, and automated image analysis of the UBM images allowed reliable, objective, quantitative measurements of the accommodative intraocular biometric changes. Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.