Ml Of Treatment Research Articles

Effects of the rate and composition of fluid replacement on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous azosemide.

The effects of differences in the rate and composition of intravenous fluid replacement for urine loss on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of azosemide were evaluated using rabbit as the animal model. Each rabbit received a 4h constant intravenous infusion of 1 mg kg-1 azosemide with 0% replacement (treatment I, n = 4), 50% replacement (treatment II, n = 5), and 100% replacement (treatment III, n = 5) with lactated Ringer's solution, as well as with 100% replacement with 5% dextrose in water (D-5-W, treatment IV; n = 5). Renal clearance and urinary excretion rate of the drug in treatment III were considerably higher than those in treatments I, II, and IV. In spite of the similarities in kinetic properties, diuretic and/or natriuretic effects of azosemide were markedly different among the four treatments. For example, the mean 8 h urine output values were 98.2, 178, 733, and 237 mL for treatments I-IV, respectively, and the corresponding values for sodium excretion were 11.1, 19.4, 76.4, and 14.2 mmol, and for chloride 13.4, 23.8, 78.9, and 17.1 mmol. Except for treatment III, diuresis and/or natriuresis were found to be time dependent, generally decreasing with time until reaching a low plateau during the later hours of infusion. The present findings also show that (i) no fluid replacement and 100% replacement with D-5-W both produce the same degree (not significantly different) of severe acute tolerance in natriuresis, indicating the insignificance of water compensation in tolerance development; (ii) in treatment II, where neutral sodium balance was achieved, the development of acute tolerance in diuresis can mainly be attributed to negative water balance under this special condition; and (iii) at steady state the hourly diuresis and natriuresis can differ up to about 6.87- and 5.21-fold between treatments. Some implications for the bioequivalence evaluation of dosage forms of azosemide are discussed.

Effects of the Rate and Composition of Fluid Replacement on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Intravenous Bumetanide

The effects of differences in the rate and composition of intravenous (iv) fluid replacement for urine loss on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bumetanide were evaluated with rabbit as the animal model. Each rabbit received a 4‐h constant iv infusion of bumetanide at 1 mg/kg with 0% replacement (treatment I, n = 8), 50% replacement (treatment II, n = 6), and 100% replacement (treatment III, n = 7) with lactated Ringer's solution, in addition, another group of rabbits received 100% replacement with 5% dextrose in water (D‐5‐W, treatment IV, n = 4). Some pharmacokinetic parameters, such as the apparent volume of distribution at steady‐state, mean residence time, and terminal half‐life, remained relatively unchanged in all four treatments. Renal clearance and urinary excretion rate of the drug in treatments I–III were essentially the same, but were considerably higher than those in treatment IV. In spite of the similarities in kinetic properties (˜40% difference between lowest and highest values), the diuretic and/or natriuretic effects of bumetanide were markedly different among the four treatments. For example, the mean 8‐h urine output values were 189, 317, 2170, and 306 mL for treatments I–IV, respectively, the corresponding 8‐h sodium excretion values were 9.19, 16.5, 88.8, and 15.7 mmol, and the chloride excretion values were 10.8, 33.7, 77.4, and 11.7 mmol. Except for treatment III, diuresis and/or natriuresis were time dependent, generally decreasing with time until reaching a low plateau during later hours of infusion. The present findings also showed that (1no fluid replacement and 100% replacement with D‐5‐W both produced the same degree not significantly different) of severe acute tolerance in natriuresis, indicating the insignificance of water compensation in tolerance development; (2) in treatment II, where neutral sodium balance was achieved, the development of acute tolerance in diuresis can mainly be attributed to negative water balance under this special condition; and (3) at steady state, the hourly diuresis and natriuresis could differ up to ˜10 times between treatments. Some implication for the bioequivalence evaluation of dosage forms of bumetanide is discussed.s

Effect of antacid on the bioavailability of cefprozil.

The effect of antacid on the bioavailability of cefprozil was investigated in a two-way crossover study. Eight healthy male subjects received a single 500-mg oral dose of cefprozil with and without coadministration of 30 ml of an antacid suspension containing magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide (Maalox). Cefprozil consists of cis and trans isomers in an approximate 90:10 ratio. When cefprozil was administered alone (treatment A), the mean maximum concentrations (Cmax) of the cis and trans isomers were 9.2 and 1.2 micrograms/ml, respectively. When cefprozil was coadministered with Maalox (treatment B), the Cmax values of the cis and trans isomers were 8.7 and 1.3 micrograms/ml, respectively. The mean values of the area under the curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-infinity) were 27.7 and 3.5 micrograms.h/ml for treatment A and 27.5 and 3.5 micrograms.h/ml for treatment B for the cis and trans isomers, respectively. The other pharmacokinetic parameters, time to Cmax, elimination half-life, mean residence time, renal clearance, and percent urinary excretion, were essentially the same for the two isomers. The respective values of the elimination half-life for the cis and trans isomers were 1.36 and 1.32 h for treatment A and 1.36 and 1.42 h for treatment B. Mean urinary excretion was 63 and 60% for treatment A and 58 and 56% for treatment B for the cis and trans isomers, respectively. No significant differences between the two treatments were found for any of the pharmacokinetic parameters for either isomer. For the cis isomer, bioavailability point estimates (90% confidence intervals) of the mean Cmax and AUG0-infinity values for the Maalox treatment relative to those for the reference treatment were 95% (87%, 103%) and 99% (95%, 104%), respectively. For the trans isomer, the value were 109% (92%, 126%) for Cmax and 97% (88%, 106%) for AUC0-infinity. On the basis of the results of this study, it is concluded that the bioavailability of cefprozil is not affected by the coadministration of Maalox.

Effect of Dietary Protein and Light Restriction on Body Weight and Semen Production of Breeder Male Turkeys

The relationships of dietary protein, body weight gain, prebreeder light restriction, age at the start of semen production, and semen volume were studied. Large White breeder male turkeys were fed corn-soybean meal diets containing the following percentages of protein at different age intervals: Treatment A, 26% (8 to 12 weeks), 19% (13 to 18 weeks), 15% (19 to 52 weeks); Treatment B, 26% (8 to 12 weeks), 19% (13 to 18 weeks), 8% (19 to 52 weeks); Treatment C, 17% (8 to 28 weeks), 8% (29 to 52 weeks); Treatment D, 17% (8 to 18 weeks), 8% (19 to 52 weeks). Body weights at 18, 28, and 52 weeks of age were: Treatment A, 11.8, 20.8, and 21.7 kg; Treatment B, 11.4, 15.1, and 17.8 kg; Treatment C, 9.2, 20.0, and 20.7 kg; Treatment D, 9.1, 11.8, and 15.0 kg. The effects of 6 hr light: 18 hr dark (restricted light) were compared with 12 hr light: 12 hr dark (full light) during the prebreeder period (18 to 28 weeks of age). All turkeys received 14 hr light: 10 hr dark from 29 to 52 weeks of age. With full light, 50% of the turkeys were producing semen at 29 weeks and 100% at 32 weeks. With restricted light, 50% of the turkeys were producing semen at 32 weeks and 100% at 34 weeks. Turkeys fed Treatments A, B, C, and D reached 50% production at 28, 30, 29, and 32 weeks, respectively, and all turkeys were producing semen at 35 weeks. The average semen volume per ejaculate for weeks 34 to 52 were: .35, .34, .34, and .25 ml for Treatments A, B, C, and D, respectively; and .34 and .31 ml for full and restricted light, respectively. Treatments B and D reduced body weight gain after 18 weeks of age. However, Treatment B had better semen production than Treatment D. There was no advantage to restricted light during the prebreeder period.

14 - Towards Reducing Operative Morbidity and Mortality

Intrathecal morphine is used for post-cesarean analgesia, but pruritus is a common side effect. Ondansetron would be an attractive treatment because it prevents nausea, is non-sedative or has no anti-analgesic effect. We undertook a study to assess the efficacy of ondansetron for treatment or prophylaxis of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus.Healthy paturients undergoing cesarean delivery with intrathecal morphine 250 μg and fentanyl 25 μg were randomized to receive: prophylaxis (ondansetron 8 mg at cord clamping, normal saline 4 mL for treatment of pruritus in the post-anaesthesia care unit); treatment (normal saline 4 mL at cord clamping, ondansetron 8 mg as required in the post-anesthesia care unit) or control (normal saline 4 mL in both). Visual analogue scale scores for pruritus, nausea and pain were recorded preoperatively, on arrival to, at 30, 60, and 120 min and on discharge from the post-anesthesia care unit. The primary outcome was the peak pruritus score. ANOVA with Bonferroni correction or Fisher’s exact test were used to analyze data; P < 0.05 was considered significant.The study was terminated early when interim analysis indicated no effect. Eighty-two of the intended 180 paturients completed the protocol (26 in control group, 32 in treatment group and 24 in prophylaxis). There were no differences in the rate or severity of pruritus at any assessment point, or the request for treatment. Pruritus was reduced after administration of treatment syringe.Prophylactic ondansetron did not reduce pruritus when compared with placebo. The use of ondansetron as a treatment did not decrease the severity of pruritus when compared with placebo.

Plasma Urea Nitrogen Levels in Beef Steers Grazing Nitrogen-Fertilized Bermudagrass and Orchardgrass-Ladino Pastures

SUMMARY Blood samples were collected by jugular puncture, initially and at four times during one grazing season, from steers grazing Midland bermudagrass pastures (1) not fertilized with nitrogen (N), or fertilized in three equal installments with either (2) 112, (3) 224, or (4) 448 kg N/ha/year or grazing (5) common bermudagrass (112 kg N/ha/year) and (6) orchardgrassladino clover pastures. The blood plasma was analyzed for urea nitrogen (PUN). Each increment in N fertilization of Midland resulted in an increase in PUN levels of steers grazing these pastures. The data were reduced to polynomials describing the regression of crude protein (CP) and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) content of consumed forage and average daily gain (ADG) on PUN. PUN levels estimated from a regression equation which are necessary to sustain gains of .5 kg/day were 15, 10, 15, 25, 15 and 8 rag/100 ml for treatments 1 through 6, respectively. Animals grazing all pastures consumed enough CP to attain or exceed these levels at the beginning of the grazing season. However, PUN levels of the steers grazing the bermudagrass treatments fell below these levels 48, 75, 75, 48 and 48 days after the beginning of the grazing season, respectively. Animals grazing orchardgrassladino maintained a high enough PUN level throughout the grazing season to sustain an ADG of .5 kg/head/day.

Culture of rotifer &lt;i&gt;Brachionus angularis&lt;/i&gt; Hauer feeding with dried &lt;i&gt;Chlorella&lt;/i&gt;

A study was carried out to know the performance of powdered dried Chlorella for culture of rotifer Brachionus angularis. B. angularis was fed with powdered dried Chlorella in treatment 1, live or fresh cultured Chlorella in treatment 2 and baker’s yeast in treatment 3. The rage of physicochemical parameters during culture of rotifer such as water temperature, air temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were within the suitable ranges for B. angularis culture and more or less similar in all the treatments. The highest population densities of B. angularis recorded in treatment 1, treatment 2 and treatment 3 were 50, 60 and 30 ind/ml, respectively. The mean population densities were 30.1±12.2, 37.4±14.6 and 21.1±6.1 ind./ml in treatment 1, treatment 2 and treatment 3, respectively. The results revealed that the powdered dried Chlorella had significant effect on the population density of B. angularis and was better than that of baker’s yeast. So, when live Chlorella will not be available, powdered dried Chlorella can be successfully used as feed for B. angularis culture. &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Rotifer, Chlorella, yeast, culture medium &#x0D; &#x0D; Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 26, 2007. pp. 73-76