Ml Of Seawater Research Articles

Marine Metabolomics: a Method for Nontargeted Measurement of Metabolites in Seawater by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Microbial communities exchange molecules with their environment, which plays a major role in regulating global biogeochemical cycles and climate. While extracellular metabolites are commonly measured in terrestrial and limnic ecosystems, the presence of salt in marine habitats limits the nontargeted analyses of the ocean exometabolome using mass spectrometry (MS). Current methods require salt removal prior to sample measurements, which can alter the molecular composition of the metabolome and limit the types of compounds detected by MS. To overcome these limitations, we developed a gas chromatography MS (GC-MS) method that avoids sample altering during salt removal and that detects metabolites down to nanomolar concentrations from less than 1 ml of seawater. We applied our method (SeaMet) to explore marine metabolomes in vitro and in vivo First, we measured the production and consumption of metabolites during the culture of a heterotrophic bacterium, Marinobacter adhaerens Our approach revealed successional uptake of amino acids, while sugars were not consumed. These results show that exocellular metabolomics provides insights into nutrient uptake and energy conservation in marine microorganisms. We also applied SeaMet to explore the in situ metabolome of coral reef and mangrove sediment porewaters. Despite the fact that these ecosystems occur in nutrient-poor waters, we uncovered high concentrations of sugars and fatty acids, compounds predicted to play a key role for the abundant and diverse microbial communities in coral reef and mangrove sediments. Our data demonstrate that SeaMet advances marine metabolomics by enabling a nontargeted and quantitative analysis of marine metabolites, thus providing new insights into nutrient cycles in the oceans.IMPORTANCE Nontargeted approaches using metabolomics to analyze metabolites that occur in the oceans is less developed than those for terrestrial and limnic ecosystems. One of the challenges in marine metabolomics is that salt limits metabolite analysis in seawater to methods requiring salt removal. Building on previous sample preparation methods for metabolomics, we developed SeaMet, which overcomes the limitations of salt on metabolite detection. Considering that the oceans contain the largest dissolved organic matter pool on Earth, describing the marine metabolome using nontargeted approaches is critical for understanding the drivers behind element cycles, biotic interactions, ecosystem function, and atmospheric CO2 storage. Our method complements both targeted marine metabolomic investigations as well as other "omics" (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) approaches by providing an avenue for studying the chemical interaction between marine microbes and their habitats.

Studi Eksperimental Pengaruh Kemiringan Sudut Terhadap Alat Destilasi Air Laut Memanfaatkan Energi Matahari

Indonesia is one country that is in a tropical climate that promises sunshine of all time. The abundant potential of solar radiation can be utilized in a distillation device to convert sea water into fresh water. This research aims to build a distillation device as a provider of clean water. Test equipment is designed and built with black fiber material with a size of 1.25 m x 0.8 m with a 3 mm thick glass cover with a capacity of 3600 ml of sea water. To find out the effectiveness of the distillation apparatus, it was tested with three variations of slope angles namely 30 0 , 40 0 , and 50 0 . Tests carried out in the city of Medan. The testing method is done by evaporating seawater, evaporation occurs because of the absorption of heat from the sun through a solar collector's plate. The result obtained an effective slope angle is 30 0 with a production of 650 ml of fresh water. In addition to fresh water production, it is also known that the maximum sea water temperature is 73 0 C at 12:20 WIB, the radiation heat transfer rate is 92.86 Watt

High Precision 14C Analysis in Small Seawater Samples

ABSTRACTA new method to extract CO2 in seawater samples for the determination of F14C has been developed in the Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics at ETH Zurich. The setup consists of an automated sampler designed to extract dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from 7 samples in a row, by flushing the seawater with He gas to extract CO2. The fully automated method is controlled via a LabVIEW program that runs through all consecutive steps: catalyst preconditioning, CO2 extraction, CO2 trapping, thermal CO2 release from the trap into the reactor and finally the graphitization reaction which is performed simultaneously in the 7 reactors. The method was optimized by introducing a Cu-Ag furnace that was placed between the water and zeolite traps, which resulted in a better and faster graphitization performance (<2 hr) compared to previously used techniques. The method showed to be reproducible with an unprecedented precision of 1.7‰ even though consuming only 50–60 mL of seawater. The high throughput of 21 samples per day allows for coverage of future oceanographic transects with high spatial resolution, thus fostering the use of radiocarbon (14C) as water mass tracer.

The autonomous clean environmental (ACE) sampler: A trace‐metal clean seawater sampler suitable for open‐ocean time‐series applications

AbstractThe fundamental role of the micronutrient Fe in controlling phytoplankton growth in large parts of Earth's oceans and a lack of information on seasonal transitions in remote regions motivated us to create an autonomous water sampler capable of collecting uncontaminated open‐ocean seawater samples with monthly resolution over a full annual cycle. Phytoplankton are at the base of the food chain, which take up carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. Assessing Fe availability is essential to understanding both ocean productivity and our climate. This need is particularly important in the Southern Ocean, where Fe limitation is wide spread and access is difficult especially in winter. To address this need, we have developed an autonomous system capable of observing iron concentrations over a full seasonal cycle, at the subnanomolar concentrations that are important in the open ocean. The automated clean environmental sampler has been developed initially for 1‐yr deployments on oceanographic moorings. Twelve samples per unit can be programmed to collect 65 mL of seawater through a noncontaminating, primarily Teflon sample path. The system is vaned to maintain its intake tubes in upstream water and has been tested to 100 m depth. The system was deployed during a GEOTRACES section (SR3 line, GS01) in 2018 alongside an industry standard, trace metal clean rosette, and no significant difference was found in Fe concentrations in the 50 pmol L–1 range, proving its capability at collecting uncontaminated seawater samples in the open ocean at temperatures above 0°C.

Gamete quality and management for in vitro fertilisation in meagre (Argyrosomus regius)

The aquaculture of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) requires methods for the control of reproduction that enable the production of families from specific individuals for selective breeding programs. We experimentally determined the parameters required for an in vitro fertilisation protocol. A total of 14 females and 5 males (mean ± S.D. weights of 20.45 ± 6.22 and 15.94 ± 2.75 kg, respectively) were used. Selected females had vitellogenic oocytes >550 μm in diameter and males had fluid sperm upon application of abdominal pressure. Both sexes were treated with an injection of 15 μg kg−1 of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) to induce oocyte maturation/ovulation and enhance sperm production. To determine the timing of ovulation and window of high egg viability, females were stripped serially every 2.5 h beginning 35 h after GnRHa treatment. Sperm was obtained 24 h after GnRHa treatment and was diluted 1/4 in modified Leibovitz for storage at 4 °C until use. Sperm quality parameters such as percentage initial spermatozoa motility, duration of motility, velocity and density were determined using computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA). In vitro inseminations were made in duplicate or triplicate batches of eggs from each spawn by mixing 0.5–1 mL of eggs, 20–40 μL diluted sperm (pooled from two males) and 100 mL of seawater. Fertilisation success was examined at spermatozoa (spz): egg ratios between ~2000 and 400,000 spz egg−1. The optimal time for stripping ovulated females was ≤3 h after ovulation, which was the window of optimal egg viability. Ovulation under the conditions of this study was close to 38 h after GnRHa treatment, with a range from 35 to 41 h. Beginning from 3 h after ovulation, egg viability declined probably due to overripening. Sperm diluted in Leibovitz maintained motility and velocity for as long as 7 h after collection. Spermatozoa motility (%) and average path velocity (VAP, μm/s) of sperm samples obtained from males before GnRHa injection declined rapidly after activation compared to the samples obtained 24 h post-injection, with significant decreases respectively after 75 and 45 s. A minimum ratio of 150,000 spermatozoa egg−1 was necessary to ensure high fertilisation success. The acquired knowledge of the present study will aid the aquaculture industry and future research on selective breeding programs for meagre.

Events of corrosion phenomena on carbon steel pipes in environment of sea water and ammonia solutions due to the presence of sweet gas

Based on the results of the study that the test sample material using carbon steel pipe plate API 5L-X65 is in chamber. With the research using the three point loading method is the environment of CO2 gas and saturated H2S gas in a solution of 7900 ml of sea water and 100 ml ammonia, the corrosion phenomenon occurs. And the corrosion event that occurs, is stress corrosion cracking transgranular and intergranular based the results of microstructure test results and based the results of polarized microscopy test. The corrosion rate that occurs will increase with the deflection given to the larger test samples for the same exposure time, the corrosion rate that occurs will increase with the stress σ given to the test sample getting larger for the same exposure time and inside crack will get deeper with the deflection given to the test sample getting larger for the same exposure time.

Determination Number Of Magnesium Nutritions From MgSO4.7H2O AND IRON FROM FeSO4.7H2O on Tetraselmiss chuii Cultivation To The Maximum Lipid Contact

This study discusses the effect of adding magnesium nutrients from MgSO4.7H2O and iron from FeSO4.7H2O to obtain maximum lipid levels in Tetraselmis chuii microalgae. The nutritional variations used were 0, 4, 6, 8 gr / L MgSO4.7H2O and 0, 24, 30, and 36 µM / L FeSO4.7H2O. Microalgae was cultivated with a photobioreactor filled with 1 L microalgae culture with a ratio of microalgae and sea water 3: 7, namely 300 ml of microalgae and 700 ml of sea water with salinity of 30 ppt. The light intensity is 2000 lux. The study began with culturing microalgae with variations in these nutrients. Then, the cell density is observed every 3 hours until the optimum time is obtained where the cell density is high. Then the microalgae is harvested and extracted so that the lipids are obtained. The extraction process was carried out using diethyl ether solvents. After obtaining the lipid mass, the microalgae lipid levels were calculated. The results showed that the highest lipid levels in Tetraselmis chuii microalgae were obtained by the addition of MgSO4.7H2O 6 gram and the addition of FeSO4.7H2O 36 µM which was 20,175%.

Effects of ocean acidification on growth and feeding rates of spotted jellyfish Phyllorhiza punctata early life stage/polyps.

Effects of ocean acidification on growth and feeding rates of spotted jellyfish Phyllorhiza punctata early life stage/polyps.

Comparative analysis of the effect of Vernonia amygdaline on subsea transmission pipeline

Subsea transmission pipelines (STP) are designed to transport liquids, gases or solid/liquid mixtures over some distances. STP are buried underground or submerged in water for transportation of natural oil and gas (OG and 6 mild steel (MS) samples. With a 2M concentration of VA solution, the MS and Al samples are immersed in different plastic containers containing 400ml of seawater with pH value of 7.25 with no (0%) inhibitor added to it. A 5% (400ml) of the VA solution is poured into the measuring cylinder for each sample-Al and MS.

Reosquido Desalinasi Metode Evaporasi dengan Ultraviolet Berbasis Mikrokontroller

This research aims to create a Reosquido desalination tool for evaporation methods using a microcontroller. This tool can control the temperature to speed up the evaporation process in producing fresh water. The method applied to Reosquido desalination uses Evaporation. The first process before evaporation is the detection of temperature in sea water that will be heated using an element heater. The second process of temperature measurement is to turn off and turn on the Arduino Uno controlled heater, when the temperature is less than 80 ° then the heater is on. The third process is evaporation during temperatures between 80 ° to 100 °, evaporation water sticks to the glass roof which is designed by pyramid. Evaporated water that flows into the reservoir is detected by its solubility TDS value. The fourth process is heater off when the temperature is more than 100 °. Based on the results of the testing, the desalination process using a microcontroller controlled heater can speed up the time up to 55% of the previous desalination process tool, namely manual desalination prsoes without using the heater element controlled by the temperature and controlled by a microcontroller which takes 9 hours. Produces fresh water as much as 30ml from 3000ml of sea water, so that it can be compared to 1: 100.

Seawater DIC analysis: The effects of blanks and long‐term storage on measurements of concentration and stable isotope composition

AbstractDissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration and stable isotope composition measurements (δ13C) are central to the study of biological and chemical processes in the ocean. We examined a small volume (1 mL) method using continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF‐IRMS) for making both measurements in a single sample run. Prior exploration of this approach has yielded variable results. Effects of concentration, isotopic composition, storage time, and the gas used to flush the sample tubes were tested using standard solutions. Multiple isotopic composition standards permitted calculation of an apparent blank that develops due to slow rates of gas exchange through the septum. A blank correction is applied to the δ13C measurements, giving precision and accuracy better than 0.1‰ after 6 months of storage and ∼ 0.2‰ after 18 months of storage. CF‐IRMS concentration measurements on field samples collected near Tatoosh Island, off the Pacific coast of Washington, U.S.A., were compared to independent measurements (Dickson, CDQC Laboratory, UCSD) on the same water, the latter approach involving collection of 500 mL of seawater fixed with mercuric chloride. Concentration measurements by CF‐IRMS on seawater samples (precision ∼ 1–2%) are correctable to the Dickson results, though scatter in this relation exceeds analytical precision. The DIC and δ13C measurements on coastal seawater, in conjunction with salinity measurements, indicated strong effects of biological activity on carbon dynamics relative to possible effects of mixing water masses. In sum, this small volume methodology has application to field situations and laboratory experiments where larger volumes are logistically challenging and storage space is limited.

Combating Corrosion in Transmission Pipelines in Marine Environment Using Vernomia Amydalina as Inhibitor

Pipelines are system of pipes designed to transport liquids, gases or solid/ liquid mixtures over long distances. Some are used for domestic, household and sewage purposes. Others are buried underground or submerged in water for transportation of natural oil and gas (O & G) products. In this work, the specimens had to be kept in a workable state and steps were taken to prepare each specimen: all cuts and sheared edges were ground out to prevent them from becoming sites for preferential attack. The finishing of the specimen surface with grit abrasive paper (sand paper) and rinsing of the specimens in distilled water were done. Then degreasing of specimen in acetone and air-dried were carried out. Upon drying, the specimens were immediately weighed to obtain their initial weights. Twelve specimens were used for the test as follows: 6 Aluminum (Al); and 6 mild steel (MS) samples. With a 2 M concentration of Vernomia Amydalina (VA) extract solution, the MS and Al samples were immersed in different plastic containers containing 400 ml of seawater with pH value of 7.25 with no (0%) inhibitor added to it. A 5% (400 ml) of the VA solution was poured into the measuring cylinder for each sample-Al and MS. The specimens were suspended by the strings and completely immersed in the different percentage test media. The same procedure was carried out for each of the different percentages, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% and a total of 12 solutions were set up. The experimental procedure used was that seawater of 7.25 pH was obtained from Abonnema water front of Rivers State. At the end of every week (168 hours), the specimens were removed from the corrosive media. Observation and recording of appearance of the specimen noting sites were done. Cleanings of specimen with white handkerchief or tissue paper were carried out and washing of specimen with distilled water, scrubbing of specimen with a soft brush and dipping the specimen into acetone after washing, it was removed to air-dry and weighed. It is observed that optimum inhibition of coupons was obtained between 15% - 25% of VA solution during the first four weeks of testing. At the fifth week the inhibitor was gradually losing its effectiveness. This means that more inhibitor need be added at regular intervals to sustain the effectiveness of the inhibitor.

Viruses in corals: hidden drivers of coral bleaching and disease?

Marine viruses are the largest, but most poorly explored genetic reservoir on the planet. They occur ubiquitously in the ocean at an average density of 5–15 × 106 viruses per mL of seawater, which represents abundances an order of magnitude higher than those of bacteria. While viruses are known agents of a number of diseases in the marine environment, little is known about their beneficial function to corals. Herein, we briefly introduce the topic of viruses as potential drivers of coral bleaching and disease.

Epiphytic Bacterial Communities in Seagrass Meadows of Oligotrophic Waters of Andaman Sea

The epiphytic microbial communities of seagrass (Cymodocea rotundata and Thalassia testudinum) along with sediments and seawater of the seagrass ecosystem of Andaman Sea were assessed for heterotrophic bacterial communities. Young leaves of C. nodosa and T. testudinum sediments and water samples were collected from two different locations at Burmanala and Havelock island. Young leaves were swabbed and transferred into Alkaline peptone water along with 1 gm of sediments and 1 ml of seawater for initial microbial enrichments, followed by culture of microbes in Salt Yeast Extract Agar. Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Salt agar was used for seagrass leaves, sediments and water for culturing of Vibrio like microbes. The observed colonies were morphologically (colour) identified first and then further identification was done by Gram staining and various biochemical tests. Sediment bacterial count was 10-fold higher than seagrass and water column communities. Morphologically 29% of total bacterial colonies identified were of grey and white colour. T. testudinum bacterial epiphytes were 2-fold higher than C. rotundata communities. Gram negative bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas, Vibrios and Aeromonas dominated the bacterial colonies than gram positive bacteria of Bacillus and Micrococcus. Vibrios were only observed on seagrass leaves. Seagrass harboured more gram positive bacterial colonies than gram negative, which were dominated in the sediments of seagrass ecosystem. The bacterial communities of landward site of Burmanala and Havelock were similar whereas 2-fold higher communities were observed at the seaward site of Havelock site on T. testudinum. Seagrass ecosystem bacterial epiphytic communities are diverse in oligotrophic waters.

Utilization of Sea Water as Source of Electrical Energy of Coastal People

In this modern era electricity needs have a huge surge. It can even be said that humans are very dependent on electrical energy. Power outages, disturbing public activities, disrupted traffic flows and even wider relationships between countries can also be affected due to power outages. For that need to be developed alternative energy sources. One of the most untapped ones is the energy of seawater. The energy generated from seawater has advantages, such as environmental friendliness, and does not require much funding. one sign that seawater contains electric current is the presence of a high element of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and by H2O is decomposed into Na+ and Cl-. With the free charge particle, there is an electric current. Has been done research about sea water that is able to generate electrical energy, where seawater is a compound of NaCl, sea water is a solution of electrolyte with biggest solute. From the results of research conducted that the stress contained in 200 ml of sea water obtained 0,5V, and when added 50 grams of salt voltage increased to 0.8V. By researching the conversion of alternative energy, sea water to generate electricity can help supply electricity from the government to meet the electricity needs in coastal areas.

A Pelagic Microbiome (Viruses to Protists) from a Small Cup of Seawater.

The aquatic microbiome is composed of a multi-phylotype community of microbes, ranging from the numerically dominant viruses to the phylogenetically diverse unicellular phytoplankton. They influence key biogeochemical processes and form the base of marine food webs, becoming food for secondary consumers. Due to recent advances in next-generation sequencing, this previously overlooked component of our hydrosphere is starting to reveal its true diversity and biological complexity. We report here that 250 mL of seawater is sufficient to provide a comprehensive description of the microbial diversity in an oceanic environment. We found that there was a dominance of the order Caudovirales (59%), with the family Myoviridae being the most prevalent. The families Phycodnaviridae and Mimiviridae made up the remainder of pelagic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virome. Consistent with this analysis, the Cyanobacteria dominate (52%) the prokaryotic diversity. While the dinoflagellates and their endosymbionts, the superphylum Alveolata dominates (92%) the microbial eukaryotic diversity. A total of 834 prokaryotic, 346 eukaryotic and 254 unique virus phylotypes were recorded in this relatively small sample of water. We also provide evidence, through a metagenomic-barcoding comparative analysis, that viruses are the likely source of microbial environmental DNA (meDNA). This study opens the door to a more integrated approach to oceanographic sampling and data analysis.

The Degradation of Chlorophenols in Seawater Under Natural Conditions

A simple and robust eradication process for chlorophenols in natural seawater under natural conditions, i.e., sunlight irradiation, air, was developed. It demonstrated that non-biological environmental factors, air and natural sunlight can lead to efficient degradation of chlorophenols [2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP)] in the seawater without any biological factors participating. It is noteworthy that the industrial effluents of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) production which contain some chlorophenols and unknown compounds were also degraded efficiently. Typically, a set amount of TCP was dissolved in 15 mL of seawater, previously passed through 0.45 μm filter to remove solid impurity in a test glass tube and placed out-of-doors under direct sunlight for a set period of time. It was shown that more than 99.3% of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) in the seawater were removed with only 9 h incubating, without agitation out of the door, and the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) was higher than 83% after sunlight irradiation for 20 days. Our results suggest that inorganic feature environment factors will need to be included in future modeling studies for the environment self-degradation of pollutants.

Quantification of 226Ra at environmental relevant levels in natural waters by ICP-MS: Optimization, validation and limitations of an extraction and preconcentration approach

Radium (Ra) at environmental relevant levels in natural waters was determined by ICP-MS after an off-line pre-concentration procedure. The latter consisted of Ra selective elution from potential interfering elements (i.e. other alkaline earth cations: Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+) on a series of two different ion exchange resins (AG50W-X8 and Sr-resin). The overall analytical method was optimized according to the instrumental performance, the volume of water sample loaded on resins, and the sample salinity. Longer acquisition time (up to 150 s) was required to ensure stable measurement of Ra by ICP-MS at ultra trace level (1.0pgL−1). For a synthetic groundwater spiked with Ra at 10.0pgL−1, the analytical procedure demonstrated efficient separation of the analyte from its potential interfering elements and a complete recovery, independent of the sample volume tested from 10 up to 100mL. For synthetic seawater spiked at a level of 10.0pgL−1 of Ra, the total load of salts on the two resins should not exceed 0.35g in order to ensure a complete separation and recovery of Ra. The method was validated on natural waters (i.e. groundwater, freshwater and seawater samples) spiked with Ra at different levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0pgL−1). Absolute Ra detection limits were determined at 0.020pgL−1 (0.73mBqL−1) and 0.12pgL−1 (4.4mBqL−1) respectively for 60.0mL of freshwater sample and for 10.0mL of seawater.

Effect of starvation and accumulation of generations on mixis induction in offspring of the monogonont rotifer Brachionus manjavacas hatched from resting eggs

The effect of starvation on sexual reproduction in cyclic parthenogenetic rotifers has been studied using life history experiment. Short-time starvation of rotifers that experienced starvation immediately after hatching from resting eggs can cause high induction of sexual reproduction up to the 10th generation. However, it is not clear whether the induction of sexual reproduction can occur beyond the 10th generation. To investigate this phenomenon, we conducted a sex induction study using the monogonont rotifer Brachionus manjavacas. Newborn stem females were starved for 12 h, while controls were supplied with 7.0 × 106 cells ml−1 of Nannochloropsis oculata. In a life history experiment, the rotifers were individually cultured in 96-well microplates containing 0.2 ml of seawater (22 ppt) in each well at 25 °C with daily feeding thereafter. Mixis induction in offspring from starved stem females was significantly higher than in those from non-starved stem females up to the 40th generation. The effect of accumulative generations increased mixis induction up to the 20th generation. Effect on future generations of the rise in mixis ratio by the starvation to stem females may facilitate colonization by favoring population growth via female parthenogenesis and by decreasing food requirements for survival and reproduction.

UJI TOKSISITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL UMBI TALAS (Colocasia esculenta L. Schoot ) DENGAN METODE BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY TEST TERHADAP Artemia Salina Leach

The research of toxicity assay of Ethanol Extracts of Taro tubers (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) have been conducted with the aim of determining the effects of toxicity and anticancer potential of ethanol extract of tubers of taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test method against Artemia salina Leach. Ethanol extract, made with concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10000 µg/ml and for comparison with the drugs vincristine concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 µg/ml. Negative control using sea water made with the same concentrations. Furthermore, each concentration 10 ml of sea water and then put 10 shrimp larvae. The treatment is done by 10 replication at each concentration. Observations were made after 24 hours of treatment by counting the number of dead larva. The observations calculated using probit analysis program, showed LC50 values with 95% confidence level is 33,997 µg/ml (7,970 µg/ml-151,231 µg/ml). And the results of a comparison of data from drug vincristine showed LC50 value is 0,398 µg/ml (0,259 µg/ml-0,624 µg/ml).