Ml Of Gas Research Articles

PSXII-29 Effect of tannins level and diet type on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of four levels of a commercial product based on quebracho that contains tannins (Table 1) on three types of diets: Feedlot, Dairy Cattle, and Grazing, using the in vitro gas production technique on ruminal fermentation, dry matter digestibility and methane (CH4) production to determine its potential use as a greenhouse gas mitigation strategy in ruminants. An in vitro trial was carried out in a completely randomized block design with a factorial arrangement of 4 [dose: 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 % of Protein Enhancer (PE)] x 3 [diet types: low (LFD), medium (MFD) and high forage (HFD)]. The fermentation of each treatment was carried out in triplicate in 120 mL amber antibiotic bottles, containing 0.5 g of substrate previously deposited in nylon bags (24 µm pore size) and 60 mL of a mixture of medium and rumen fluid from three Holstein cows. Incubations were replicated in two independent runs (blocks). The gas pressure (PSI) was recorded at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours of incubation. Gas pressure data were converted to gas volume (y = mL of gas; x = gas pressure PSI). Subsequently, pH was measured, and subsamples for analysis of volatile fatty acids (VFA) by gas chromatography were collected. Methane was analyzed with a Crowcon Gas-Pro detector, while ammoniacal nitrogen with a hybrid multimodal microplate reader. The data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS, and the comparison of means was analyzed with Tukey and with orthogonal polynomials for doses. An interaction (P < 0.05) was observed between diets and PE levels for CH4 concentration (%), where the diet with a greater level of forage and the greatest level of PE (0.75%), showed the least concentration (30%, P < 0.05) compared with the control diet of dairy cattle. On average, CH4 production [mL CH4/g dry matter (DM)] were 83.3, 63.6, and 35.3 for LFD, MFD, and HFD, respectively (Table 2). As the dose of PE increased, rumen pH and N-NH3decreased (P < 0.05), and the total VFA concentration increased (linear effect, P < 0.05; Table 3). Methane production was less (30%) with the grass-based diet and the greatest level of quebracho-based product with condensed tannins, compared with the dairy cattle diet with 0% condensed tannins. The diet for feedlot cattle was more digestible and, therefore, produced more gas and a greater concentration of CH4, in contrast to the grass-based diet, which produces less CH4. It is necessary to carry out in vivo trials, particularly in grazing cattle, to evaluate the effect of the quebracho-based product on performance and in vivo methane emission. This study was partially funded by PAPIIT-DGAPA-UNAM (grant IN212523).

PSXII-27 Effect of Feed Additives in the Production of Greenhouse Gases

Abstract The mitigation of greenhouse gases is a strong trend in promoting the intensification of ruminant production through greater efficiency in the use of dietary energy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of the NC Conf Engorda Greentech mineral mixture containing feed additives to replace the regular mineral mixture in corn-based substrates on the production of gases and methane. The experiment was carried out under anaerobic conditions using ANKOM Gas Pressure Monitor bottles at 39 ºC containing artificial saliva, ruminal fluid, and two grams of substrates from each treatment: (MI) Control, 1.62 g of corn and 0.38 g of mixture mineral; and (MM) 1.28 g of corn and 0.72 g of NC Conf Engorda Greentech (Suplemento Nutrição Animal) containing 0.326% of glucomannans, 0.253% of mannans, 0.200% monensin and 1x106· kg-1 UFC of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Duplicate substrates and duplicate blanks were fermented for each treatment in two runs, with a total of four repetitions per treatment. The accumulated pressure resulting from the fermentation was measured automatically over 48 h using the Gas Monitor software connected to the ANKOM modules of each bottle. The conversion of pressure to gas volume was calculated as follows: Volume (mL) = 2.3932 + 3.4053 × pressure (R2 = 0.9146; n = 1.151). At the end of each run, a gas sample was collected from each bottle to measure methane concentration using gas chromatography. To obtain the methane production for every 100 mL of gas produced, the total volume of methane produced was multiplied by 100 and divided by the total gas production. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α = 0.05. There was a 24.53% decrease in the total gas production in the MM treatment (64.79 mL) compared with the MI substrate (48.90 mL; P = 0.0084; Table 1). Methane production decreased from 46.5 to 14.91 mL in the presence of MM (P < 0.001). A reduction from 71.96 to 30.59 mL of methane was observed for every 100 mL of gas produced when feed additives were included (P < 0.001). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain is a precursor of mannans, which, like glucomannans, acts as a prebiotic, and together with monensin, influences the selection of the ruminal microbiota and modifies the volatile fatty acid profile, increasing the molar proportion of propionate, and consequently reducing methane production. The addition of the NC Conf Engorda Greentech mineral mixture with glucomannans, mannans, monensin, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae decreased the production of gases and methane in a corn-based substrate.

PSXIII-23 Effect of Methionine Inclusion in Mineral Mixture on Greenhouse Gas Production

Abstract The reduction in enteric methane production in cattle can have a rapid impact on global warming. Therefore, changes in the population of microorganisms in the rumen can significantly reduce the production of this greenhouse gas. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the production of gases and methane with the inclusion of Suplemax mineral mixture containing methionine. The experiment was carried out under anaerobic conditions using ANKOM Gas Pressure Monitor bottles kept at 39 ºC containing artificial saliva, ruminal fluid, and two grams of a substrate from each treatment: (FE) Control, 1.75 g of Tifton hay 85 and 0.25 g of a mineral mix; and (FM) 1.75 g of hay and 0.25 g of Suplemax mineral mixture (Suplemento Nutrição Animal) containing 0.3% of methionine. Duplicate substrates and duplicate blanks were fermented for each treatment in two runs, with a total of four repetitions per treatment. The accumulated pressure resulting from the fermentation was measured automatically over 48 h using the Gas Monitor software connected to the ANKOM modules of each bottle. The conversion of pressure to gas volume was calculated as follows: Volume (mL) = 2.3932 + 3.4053 × pressure (R2 = 0.9146; n = 1.151). At the end of each run, a gas sample was collected from each bottle to measure methane concentration using gas chromatography. To obtain the methane production for every 100 mL of gas produced, the total volume of methane produced was multiplied by 100 and divided by the total gas production. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α = 0.05. There was no significant effect on gas production with the inclusion of 0,3% of methionine (FE 37.77 mL vs FM 42.54 mL, P = 0.3175; Table 1). Methane production decreased from 22.74 to 18.15 mL (P = 0.0121) in the FM treatment compared with the FE treatment, representing a 20.18% decrease. Methane production for every 100 mL of gas decreased by 31.08% with the inclusion of methionine (FE 61.62 vs FM 42.47 mL, P = 0.0248). The inclusion of methionine in the mineral supplement contributes to a change in the molar proportion of short-chain fatty acids, increasing propiogenesis, that is considered a sink of hydrogen ions in the ruminal environment, which in turn inhibits methane production. Thus, the inclusion of Suplemax with hay reduced gas and methane production in vitro.

PSVII-30 Effect of mineral mixture containing HMTBa in hay-based substrate on methane production.

Abstract In grazing systems, cattle produce a high molar ratio of acetate, resulting in greater methane production and greater energy loss via gas production. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro gas production and methane concentration using a mineral mixture containing 0.4% HMTBa in a Tifton hay-based substrate. The experiment was carried out under anaerobic conditions using ANKOM Gas Pressure Monitor bottles kept at 39 ºC containing artificial saliva, ruminal fluid, and two grams of a substrate from each treatment: (FE) Control, 1.75 g of Tifton hay and 0.25 g of mineral mixture; and (FM) 1.75 g of Tifton hay and 0.25 g of Suplemax mineral mixture (Suplemento Nutrição Animal) containing 0.4% of HMTBa. Duplicate substrates and duplicate blanks were fermented for each treatment in two runs, with a total of four repetitions per treatment. The accumulated pressure resulting from the fermentation was measured automatically over 48 hours using the Gas Monitor software connected to the ANKOM modules of each bottle. The conversion of pressure to gas volume was calculated as follows: Volume (mL) = 2.3932 + 3.4053 × pressure (R2 = 0.9146; n = 1.151). At the end of each run, a gas sample was collected from each bottle to measure methane concentration using gas chromatography. To obtain the methane production for every 100 mL of gas produced, the total volume of methane produced was multiplied by 100 and divided by the total gas production. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α = 0.05. Gas production was not affected by the inclusion of HMTBa (P = 0.3938), with an average of 54.14 mL (Table 1). There was a reduction in methane production from 25.41 to 20.05 mL with the addition of HMTBa (P = 0.0034), representing a decrease of 21.09%. There was a tendency to reduce methane production for each 100 mL of gas produced from 46.01 to 37.86 mL (P = 0.0889). Although HMTBa reduces the molar proportion of propionate, it is considered to be one of the main hydrogen users. In environments with a high concentration of H2 (above 1 mmol) and the presence of an anti-methanogen, the most favored path for using hydrogen is acetogenesis, which reduces methane production. Thus, the use of a mineral mixture containing 0.4% HMTBa in a Tifton-hay-based substrate reduced methane production in an in vitro assay.

PSXIII-24 Effect of Inclusion of Hay and Concentrate Containing Monensin and Methionine on in Vitro Methane Production

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of hay and Suplemento Total concentrate as a substitute for corn on gas production and methane concentration in vitro. The experiment was conducted under anaerobic conditions using bottles that simulate the ruminal environment (ANKOM Gas Pressure Monitor) containing artificial saliva, rumen liquid, and two g of substrates from each treatment: (MI) Control, 1.62 g of corn containing 9% of crude protein and 0.38 g of mineral mix and; (FMM) 1.02 g of Tifton 85 hay and 0.98 g of Suplemento Total concentrate (Suplemento Nutrição Animal) containing 13.5% of crude protein, 0.32% of monensin and 0.63% of methionine. Duplicate substrates and duplicate blanks were fermented for each treatment in two runs, with a total of four repetitions per treatment. The accumulated pressure resulting from the fermentation was measured automatically over 48 h using the Gas Monitor software connected to the ANKOM modules of each bottle. The conversion of the pressure to gas volume was calculated as follows: Volume (mL) = 2.3932 + 3.4053 × pressure (R2 = 0.9146; n = 1.151). At the end of each run, a gas sample was collected from each bottle to measure methane concentration using gas chromatography. To obtain the methane production for every 100 mL of gas produced, the total volume of methane produced was multiplied by 100 and divided by the total gas production. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α = 0.05. Was observed 23.86% of increase in gas production (64.79 vs 80.25 mL, P = 0.0072), 45.53% reduction in total methane production (46.50 vs 25.33 mL, P < 0.001), and 56.07% reduction in methane production for every 100 mL of gas produced (71.96 vs 31.61 mL, P < 0.001) in the FMM treatment compared with the MM, respectively (Table 1). Improvement in the quality of the diet, as well as the use of monensin and methionine, increases the fermentation rate, which explains the increase in gas production. Linked to this, there is also a reduction in methane production by reducing the population of gram-positive bacteria, which are precursors of methanogenesis. Therefore, the inclusion of hay and Suplemento Total concentrate containing 0.32 percent of monensin and 0.63 percent of methionine in place of corn with mineral mixture increased gas production and reduced methane production in vitro.

NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. vaginatum AND A. globosum subsp. grandicaule AND THEIR EFFECT ON IN VITRO RUMINAL FERMENTATION KINETICS

<p><strong>Background</strong>: <em>Arceuthobium vaginatum</em> subsp. <em>vaginatum</em> (BM; black mistletoe) and <em>Arceuthobium globosum</em> subsp. <em>grandicaule</em> (YM; yellow mistletoe), are two parasitic plant species abundant in the forests of northern and central Mexico and Central America, affect 43% of the <em>P. </em><em>hart</em><em>wegii</em> tree population in the Nevado de Toluca Flora and Fauna Protection Area (NTFFPA), including mistletoe as a complementary feed in sheep can reduce the environmental impact generated by these pests to the forest and also reduce the purchase of feed for livestock. <strong>Objective</strong>: To evaluate the chemical composition, phenolic content and <em>in vitro</em> fermentation kinetics of two mistletoe species (M) <em>Arceuthobium vaginatum</em> subsp. <em>vaginatum</em> (BM; black mistletoe) and <em>A. globosum</em> subsp. <em>grandicaule</em> (YM; yellow mistletoe), in four age categories (AC) of <em>Pinus hartwegii</em> (AC: small sapling, large sapling, juvenile and adult) collected in the Nevado de Toluca Flora and Fauna Protection Area (NTFFPA). <strong>Methodology</strong>: The chemical composition (dry matter DM; neutral detergent fiber NDF; acid detergent fiber ADF and crude protein CP), phenolic content (total phenols TP; total tannins TT and condensed tannins, CT), <em>in vitro</em> fermentation kinetics parameters and <em>in vitro</em> digestibility were analysed. The experimental design used was completely randomized design with 2x4 factorial arrangement. <strong>Results</strong>: DM content was different between M (P< 0.05), the highest was found in BM. The NDF and ADF content was different between M, ranging from 364.45-467.43 g/kg DM. No differences (P>0.05) were observed in CP which averaged 62.08 g/kg DM. The TP, TT and CT content was different between M (P<0.05), the highest content was in YM with no effect observed in AC. B-gas production (mL of gas) presented differences between M and AC sampled (P<0.05). The gas production rate c on average was 0.042. Lag time was different between M (P<0.05). The <em>in vitro</em> digestibility of dry matter and organic matter were different between M (P<0.05). <strong>Implications</strong>: The results reported here serve as a tool for decision making on its possible inclusion as a forage addition to a diet in sheep feeding. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>The chemical composition and <em>in vitro </em>digestibility was different between M and the AC, contain secondary metabolites such as total phenols and condensed tannins and have an impact on <em>in vitro</em> fermentation.</p>

Synergetic effect of Fe/Ag ions incorporated HAp on AZ31 Mg alloy to improve corrosion resistance and osteogenic activity

In clinical applications, the rapid deterioration of biodegradable magnesium alloys under in-vitro and in-vivo conditions is a key problem. However, to overcome the limitations surface modification treatments on this material are performed. In this work, a Fe/Ag-HAp coating was developed for biodegradable AZ31 Mg alloy to enhance the corrosion resistance and osteoconductive of the material. The surface morphological studies displayed a flaky-like aggregated structure. In addition to validating the functional groups with Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the crystal structure of the samples. Moreover, real-time corrosion was monitored by hydrogen evolution, indicating 2.8 ml of gas was evolved in the coated sample compared with bare material. The potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance studies revealed the significant corrosion rate and strong impedance resistance of the coating materials. After 7 days of immersion in SBF solution, the coating recruited calcium/phosphate from the entire sample, as observed in the cauliflower-like structure, and the functional group was confirmed by ATR-IR spectroscopy. MTT was performed using MG-63 osteoblast-like cells, the samples were incubated for 24 h and revealed better adhesion on the surface which was observed by SEM. Osteogenic differentiation was evaluated in 3 and 5 days and it showed a significant increase in cell proliferation rate.

Integration of plasmonic AgPd alloy nanoparticles with single-layer graphitic carbon nitride as Mott-Schottky junction toward photo-promoted H2 evolution

Plasmonic AgPd alloy nanoparticles (AgPdNPs) decorated on single-layer carbon nitride (AgPdNPs/SLCN) for the designing of the Mott-Schottky junction were constructed with the ultrasonically assisted hydrothermal method and used toward photo evolution H2 from formic acid (FA) at near room temperature (30 °C). The Pd atom contains active sites that are synergistically boosted by the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of Ag atoms, leading to considerably enhanced photocatalytic properties. The photoactive AgPdNPs/SLCN obtained supreme catalytic activity to produce 50 mL of gas (H2 + CO2) with the initial turnover frequency of 224 h-1 under light irradiation. The catalyst showed stable catalytic performance during successive cycles.

Ethylene Adsorption on Activated Carbon Paper Liner: A Model Kinetic Study

The ability of activated carbon as an adsorber is depended on activating agent used for the activation process. An industrial application of the ethylene adsorption process as well as the design of the necessary equipment requires an accurate model to determine the effect of various factors on the efficiency of the process. The model is needed to predict the efficient activating agent to be applied in carbon activation. One ml of gas containing 200 ppm ethylene was injected into gas-tight jars, to which 4 sheets of nanopore activated carbon paper were placed. The ethylene concentration was measured every 5 minutes until 90 minutes using gas chromatography. The concentration of ethylene absorbed by the nanopore activated carbon paper, then calculated to construct a kinetics model of absorption. Data were analyzed using 4 kinetics models: nonlinear pseudo-first-order, nonlinear pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and Avrami kinetic models. The best adsorption kinetics model that described ethylene adsorption kinetics by nanopore activated carbon paper was the nonlinear pseudo-first-order, with equation model: qt = 1.35734 (1-exp0.15312 t). The compiled model has a match with R2 = 0.9981. The adsorption mechanisms and kinetics aspects was important on the use of adsorbents to remove ethylene in packaging and storage.

Effect of Millet Stalks and Shea Nut Shells on Biogas Production

Biogas production undergoes decomposition of organic compounds under anaerobic condition. This present work investigated the yield of biogas production from Shea nut shell and millet stalk and their blends with sheep dung. It was revealed that sheep dung (control) had the highest yield with an average production of 187.8 ml of gas for 102 days followed by sheanut shell - sheep dung blends which had 123.3 ml of gas for 102 days. Millet stalk - sheep dung blends recorded 75.9 ml of gas for 79 days. Shea nut shell and millet stalk presented 31.5 ml of gas for 81 days and 7.1 ml of gas for 48 days respectively while the pH for production ranged from 10.1 to 4.6. The moisture contents recorded for millet stalk, Shea nut shell and sheep dung before and after production were 40%, 45%, 65% and 80%, 65%, 85 respectively, and also the recorded ash contents before and after production were, 35%, 45%, 40% and 85%, 75%, 65%, respectively. It was observed that the blending of Shea nut shell and sheep dung greatly improves biogas yield while Millet stalks alone are good material for biogas production at a reasonable pH and moisture content values.

85 Evaluation of methane concentration sampling methods of gas produced from in vitro fermentation

Abstract Sampling methods of methane concentration (CH4) of gas produced from in vitro fermentation (IVGP) were evaluated to assess their determination efficacy. The original protocol recommends directly placing fermented bottles on ice (0°C) for 30 minutes to stop fermentation (D). An alternate protocol recommends placing the fermented bottles into the refrigerator (4–6°C) to slow fermentation (S). This experiment evaluated the previous methods against direct sampling of the gas after 48 h of fermentation at 39°C (I). Rumen inoculum was pulled from four rumen cannulated steers and filtered through fiberglass wool. Ground alfalfa was used as the fermentable substrate and total gas production was recorded for 48 h of fermentation. After fermentation, each bottle followed a randomly assigned protocol. The pressure and volume of gas in the bottle were recorded, 12 mL of gas from the headspace was placed into an evacuated exetainer for (CH4) sampling via gas chromatography, and the temperature of the fermented fluid was recorded. Eight bottles from D and eight bottles from S were randomly selected to follow the exetainer protocol, while the remaining bottles had (CH4) directly measured from their headspace. Statistical analysis was completed using a random coefficients model. Methane concentration was higher for I than D (P = 0.0286) and S (P = 0.0070). There was no difference in (CH4) between D and S (P = 0.5286). There was no difference in (CH4) in D exetainers and bottles (P = 0.5744), but there was a difference in (CH4) in S exetainers and bottles (P = 0.0229). Pressure, volume, and temperature were different among all protocols (P ≤ 0.0311). Based upon the data, protocol I provides the best estimate of (CH4). Further research is required to understand the discrepancy of (CH4) among the protocols relative to temperature, pressure, and volume.

Co-production of volatile fatty acids and biogas from an anaerobic digestion system using in situ extraction

Trioctylamine (TOA) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) along with three diluents (canola oil, lamp oil, and oleyl alcohol) were identified as potentially suitable solvents for direct comparison for the application of in situ volatile fatty acid (VFA) extraction from anaerobic digestion (AD) systems. The highest degree of extraction at pH 5.0 was observed for TOA/oleyl alcohol (50.5 ± 0.1%) in liquid-liquid equilibrium experiments. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests were conducted for solvent toxicity on the biogas producing consortium, using the three best solvents. From these experiments, the samples extracted using TOA/canola oil and TBP/lamp oil performed better than the control in total gas production (168 mL ± 26 mL and 146 ± 5 mL) and methane percentage (12.6 ± 2.8% and 14.7 ± 6.7% respectively). The control produced 115 ± 39 mL of gas (9.7 ± 1.3% of methane). Over a 28 day digestion period, 2.40 ± 0.30 g/L and 5.84 ± 0.36 g/L of VFAs from 10 mL of solvent were successfully recovered from TBP/lamp oil and TOA/ oleyl alcohol, respectively, in these BMPs. To demonstrate applicability at a larger scale, a novel 17 L AD-bioreactor was modified by placing an in situ extraction tube inside the reactor, connected to a circulator and back-extraction unit. 0.078 g of total VFAs were extracted out with TOA/oleyl alcohol using a pH-swing back-extraction unit. Additionally, the AD bioreactor produced 6.71 L of biogas with a methane percentage of 43% over a 22 day digestion period. This implies that in situ LLE extraction may be industrially applicable as a potential co-production process for biogas and VFAs, significantly building from previous VFA extraction work.

Stop the leak!: Mitigating potential exposure of aerosolized COVID-19 during laparoscopic surgery.

BackgroundViral particles have been shown to aerosolize into insufflated gas during laparoscopic surgery. In the operating room, this potentially exposes personnel to aerosolized viruses as well as carcinogens. In light of circumstances surrounding COVID-19 and a concern for the safety of healthcare professionals, our study seeks to quantify the volumes of gas leaked from dynamic interactions between laparoscopic instruments and the trocar port to better understand potential exposure to surgically aerosolized particles.MethodsA custom setup was constructed to simulate an insufflated laparoscopic surgical cavity. Two surgical instrument use scenarios were examined to observe and quantify opportunities for insufflation gas leakage. Both scenarios considered multiple configurations of instrument and trocar port sizes/dimensions: (1) the full insertion and full removal of a laparoscopic instrument from the port and (2) the movement of the scope within the port, recognized as “dynamic interaction”, which occurs nearly 100% of the time over the course of any procedure.ResultsFor a 5 mm instrument in a 5 mm trocar, the average volume of gas leaked during dynamic interaction and full insertion/removal scenarios were 43.67 and 25.97 mL of gas, respectively. Volume of gas leaked for a 5 mm instrument in a 12 mm port averaged 41.32 mL and 29.47 for dynamic interaction vs. instrument insertion and removal. Similar patterns were shown with a 10 mm instrument in 12 mm port, with 55.68 mL for the dynamic interaction and 58.59 for the instrument insertion/removal.ConclusionsDynamic interactions and insertion/removal events between laparoscopic instruments and ports appear to contribute to consistent leakage of insufflated gas into the OR. Any measures possible taken to reduce OR gas leakage should be considered in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Minimizing laparoscope and instrument removal and replacement would be one strategy to mitigate gas leakage during laparoscopic surgery.

The Hydrogen Generator Performance of Sandwich Designed 4/4 Al-Cu Plates

This research aims to make a 4/4 plate Al-Cu plate-based hydrogen generator. The method used is design and engineering as well as testing the performance of the gas produced during the electrolysis process of water. The results obtained are hydrogen reactors that are capable of producing 7.5 mL of gas from water with a supporting voltage of 2 V and an electric current of 0.6 A. In sodium acetate (CH3COONa) material 144 mL of gas is produced at a supporting voltage of 2 V and an electric current of 0.6 A.

Potential of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Biogas Substrate

Natural gas is a source of energy that comes from the earth which is depleting every day, an alternative source of energy is needed and one of the sources comes from biogas. There is an abundance of empty fruit bunch (EFB) that comes from palm oil plantation that can become a substrate for biogas production. A methodology of fermentation based on Verein Deutscher Ingenieure was used to utilize EFB as a substrate to produce biogas using biogas sludge and wastewater sludge as inoculum in wet fermentation process under mesophilic condition. Another optimization was done by adding a different water ratio to the inoculum mixture. In 20 days, an average of 6gr from 150gr of total EFB used in each sample was consumed by the microbes. The best result from 20 days of experiment with both biogas sludge and wastewater sludge as inoculum were the one added with 150gr of water that produced 2910ml and 2185ml of gas respectively. The highest CH 4 produced achieved from biogas sludge and wastewater sludge with an addition of 150gr of water to the inoculum were 27% and 22% CH 4 respectively. This shows that biogas sludge is better in term of volume of gas that is produced and CH percentage.

FERMENTASI BLOTONG LIMBAH PG. KREBET DAN RUMEN SAPI DALAM PRODUKSI BIOGAS

Sugar Cane Filter Cake (SGFC) is the sugar cane to sugar processing waste in Krebet Baru Sugar Factory. Utilization of this SGFC waste was limited for free soil or unprocessed fertilizer. Sugar cane filter cake is an organic waste which potential to be utilized into biogas. Biogas is anaerobic process product which consist methane as a major compound. Factors that influence biogas fermentation process were temperature, water content, fiber, total sugar and total concentration of methanogen bacteria inoculum. Natural source of methanogenic bacteria is in the contents of the cattle rumen. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of blotong and the effect of addition of cattle rumen on biogas fermentation from the SGFC of the Krebet Sugar Factory. The first stage of this research was Blotong characterization. The second stage was spontaneous fermentation with two treatment factors. The first factor was enhancing the contents of the cattle rumen (5%) and without the addition of cattle rumen (0%). The second factor is the fermentation time with 3 different levels (20, 25 and 30 days). The results were shown that blotong had water content, fiber content, and C / N ratio were 10.71%; 0.06%; and 17: , respectively. These results indicate the potential of the blotong as a raw material for biogas production. SGFC fermentation with the addition of 5% cattle rumen content was shown the best results compared to biogas production with pure SGFC. The highest volume and yield of biogas produced were obtained from the 30-day fermentation process with the results of 37,327 ml of gas and 746.5 x 10-6 m3/kg. All flame tests show positive results and are proven to produce blue flames.

Synthesis of bimetallic 4-PySI-Pd@Cu(BDC) via open metal site Cu-MOF: Effect of metal and support of Pd@Cu-MOFs in H2 generation from formic acid

Catalysts based on palladium ions grafted on Schiff-base decorated OMS-Cu(BDC) pore cage were prepared and their catalytic performance in the hydrogen generation from formic acid was studied. The effects of the porous MOF structure and Schiff-based group presented around the Pd ions play important roles in stabilizing the Pd ions, providing strong interaction between the MOF support and Pd site. The Pd-Schiff base complex grafted on Cu-MOF exhibits excellent catalytic activity to produce 147 mL of gas (H2 + CO2) with the turnover frequency (TOF) value of 412 h−1 towards the dehydrogenation of formic acid without any additives. The heterogeneous molecular catalyst could be easily recycled through the filtration and almost has no activity loss during the reuse. The results revealed that the heterogeneous Pd-based Cu-MOF is a promising catalyst for the hydrogen generation from formic acid.

Air Embolism During TEVAR: Liquid Perfluorocarbon Absorbs Carbon Dioxide in a Combined Flushing Technique and Decreases the Amount of Gas Released From Thoracic Stent-Grafts During Deployment in an Experimental Setting

Purpose:To investigate the influence of flushing thoracic stent-grafts with carbon dioxide and perfluorocarbon on the amount of gas released during stent-graft deployment in thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). Materials and Methods: Ten TX2 ProForm thoracic stent-grafts were deployed into a water-filled container with a curved plastic pipe and flushed sequentially with carbon dioxide, 20 mL of liquid perfluorocarbon (PFC), and 60 mL of saline. Released gas was measured using a calibrated setup. The volume of released gas was compared with the results of an earlier published reference group, in which identical stent-grafts were flushed with 60 mL saline alone as recommended in the instructions for use. Results: The average amount of gas released in the test group was 0.076 mL, significantly lower (p<0.001) than the mean 0.79 mL of gas released in the reference group. Big bubbles appearing at the tip of the sheath when deployment was started were seen in all grafts of the reference group but in only 2 of the test group stent-grafts. Small bubbles were less frequent in the test group. Conclusion: The amount of gas released from thoracic stent-grafts during deployment can be influenced by different flushing techniques. The use of PFC in addition to the carbon dioxide flushing technique reduces the volume of gas released during deployment of tubular thoracic stent-grafts to a few microliters. This significant effect is presumably based on the high solubility of carbon dioxide in perfluorocarbon and could be a potential future approach to lower the risk of cerebral injury and stroke from air embolism during TEVAR.

Consumption of Intentionally Added Gas in Lithium-Ion Cells

Introduction Lithium-ion cells produce a considerable amount of gas during their first cycle, as electrolyte solvents react with the surface of the charging electrodes to form passivating films. In cells without electrolyte additives, this gas is largely a mixture of CO2 and C2H4. [1] If lithium-ion cells are packaged in flexible bags (commonly termed “pouch” cells), these gases must be removed by the manufacturer in a degassing step, to prevent deformation of the cell and ensure stack pressue on the electrodes. If the degassing step is omitted, as in the case of cells packaged in metal cans, some amount of these gases are consumed by the cell over time. The reaction that consumes gas, and the effects of gas consumption on cell performance are not fully understood. It has been suggested that consumption of CO2 gas in lithium-ion cells causes reversible self-discharge through a “chemical dialogue” between negative and positive electrodes: CO2 is reduced at the lithiated negative electrode to form lithium oxalate, which diffuses to the positive electrode and is oxidized to reform CO2. [2 ] To reveal the presence of a chemical dialogue, and determine the fate CO2 and C2H4 inside cells, the reaction of these gases with individual charged electrodes will be discussed. Experimental Machine-made lithium-ion pouch cells, containing Li[Ni0.4Mn0.4Co0.2]O2 (NMC442) positive electrodes and graphite negative electrodes, were obtained sealed, without electrolyte from LiFun Technologies (Zuzhou City, China). The cells were filled with a slight excess of electrolyte, composed of 1 M LiPF6, dissolved in a 3:7 wt blend of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate. The cells were charged to 4.5 V, at a rate of C/20 at 40°C. Several of of the cells were transferred to an Ar-filled glove box, where the charged electrodes were removed from the cell and sealed individually in aluminized polymer bags, made from the same material as the casing of the parent pouch cell. Each of these bags was equipped with a rubber septum, through which gases were injected. After injection, the bags were vacuum sealed below the septum and the septum was cut off. The inflated bags were stored at 40°C, in a similar manner to charged full cells which were not disassembled, and which were left at open-circuit voltage. The changes in volume of the charged cells and the inflated bags were measured at regular intervals, using Archimedes’ principle. Results and Discussion Figure 1 shows the voltage and volume change of a cell during its first charge cycle (formation cycle), followed by 100 hours of open-circuit voltage storage at 40°C, during which time over 0.5 mL of gas was consumed. Figure 2 shows the volume change versus time for pouch bags inflated with CO2, containing lithiated graphite negative electrodes or charged NMC442 positive electrodes, stored at 40°C. The volume of the bags containing lithiated graphite negative electrodes decreased steadily with time, indicating that CO2 was consumed by the lithiated graphite negative electrode. The volume of the bags containing charged NMC442 positive electrodes remained constant after equilibration at 40°C, indicating that CO2 was not consumed by the positive electrode. The amount of gas consumed by the full cell over 100 hours, shown by Figure 1, is approximately equal to the amount of CO2consumed by the lithated graphite electrode, shown by Figure 2. The consumption of gas in lithium-ion cells and the effect of gas consumption on the surface chemistry of electrodes will be discussed further.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH BABI BIBIT SEBAGAI PENGHASIL BIOGAS

UTILIZATION OF BREEDING PIGS WASTE AS BIOGAS. This research has been conducted with the aim to examine the utilization of breeding pigs wastes as biogas. This research uses descriptive analysis which gas volume, temperature and acidity (pH) as the observed variables. Result of 31 days research shown that obtained total biogas volume was 151842 ml. Average temperature of outer digester was 31oC while the average temperature of inner digester was 29oC. The average of acidity (pH) in this research ranged between 6-7. Then the resulting gas passed through twice testing. The first testing shown that the resulting gas has not been able to produce fire yet because biogas is mixed with another types of gases such as CO2 and hydrogen sulfide. The second testing shown that the resulting gas can be lit with a constant and bright blue fire. Then biogas was applied to cook for 34 minutes. The results shown that to boiling 2 liters of water takes 16 minutes and spends 64037 ml of gas. Boiling 2 eggs takes 8 minutes and spends 25747 ml of gas while boiling 2 packages of instant noodles takes 10 minutes and spends 53474 ml of gas. As a conclusion of this research, waste of breeding pigs can produced biogas that can be use to cook and replace the conventional energy sources such as kerosene and firewood. Keywords: breeding pigs, wastes and biogas