mL Of Foam Research Articles

ALKYLBENZENESULFONIC ACID AS A REAGENT FOR FLOTATION EXTRACTION OF LANTHANUM (III), SAMARIUM (III) AND TERBIUM (III) IONS

The anionogenic surfactant alkylbenzenesulfonic acid is proposed as a collector for ionic flotation of rare-earth elements. Stability of foams at various concentrations of alkylbenzenesulfonic acid has been preliminarily studied. Shaking 5 mL of solutions with 0.1 or 0.01 mol/L reagent containing for 30 s produces 15 mL of foam. This volume persists for up to 10 min, after which it degrades within 1.5 h. At the alkylbenzenesulfonic acid concentration of 0.001 mol/L, close to the critical micelle concentration, the volume of the formed foam is half as much and its destruction is slower. Further reduction of the alkylbenzenesulfonic acid content leads to the formation of scanty and unstable foams. The possibility of flotation recovery of three-charged ions of rare earth elements (lanthanum, samarium and terbium) with alkylbenzenesulfonic acid from their aqueous solutions with 0.001 mol/L concentration was considered. The influence of the molar ratio of lanthanide ions and alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, as well as the flotation time on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the flotation process has been studied. Determination of rare earth elements recovery rate was carried out by their residual content in the solution after flotation. Alkylbenzenesulfonic acid predominantly acts as a precipitant in the studied processes. The surfactant ions remaining in the solution contribute to foaming. During flotation for 5 minutes the maximum recovery of lanthanum (III) was 97.21% at the metal vs. reagent ratio 1:3.5. For samarium (III) and terbium (III) a threefold excess of alkylbenzenesulfonic acid is optimal. The extraction of terbium (III) in this case reaches 91.72% for 5 min, samarium (III) – 86.84% for 10 min. For citation: Zabolotnykh S.A., Denisova S.A., Nagovitsyn R.R., Vaulina V.N. Alkylbenzenesulfonic acid as a reagent for flotation extraction of lanthanum (III), samarium (III) and terbium (III) ions. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2023. V. 66. N 3. P. 45-51. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20236603.6651.

Bilateral foam polidocanol sclerotherapy of great saphenous veins and their tributaries in synchronous procedure.

BackgroundChronic venous insufficiency is a highly prevalent disease. Advanced cases have high morbidity.ObjectivesTo evaluate the risks and benefits of foam sclerotherapy in patients who underwent bilateral treatment of the great saphenous veins in a single procedure, in selected cases of advanced venous insufficiency.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 55 patients (110 limbs) with bilateral incompetence of the great saphenous veins who had undergone foam sclerotherapy treatment bilaterally, using a maximum dose of 20 ml of foam per patient and inelastic compression.ResultsIn 81 (73.6%) of the 110 saphenous veins analyzed, occlusion was obtained in the first session. After a second session this figure rose to 106 (96.3%) and all 110 (100%) veins were occluded after three sessions. Bilateral occlusion of the great saphenous veins was achieved in 27 patients (50%) in one session, in 34 (62%) patients in two sessions, and in 55 (100%) patients in three sessions. At 42 days after sclerotherapy, there was complete ulcer healing in seven (63%) of the 11 patients with ulcers and partial healing in 3 (27%) of these patients. One patient (1.8%) had self-limited lipothymia and visual scotomas, 3 patients (5.45%) had skin spots, and 19 patients (34.5%) developed retained intravascular coagulum.ConclusionsBilateral foam sclerotherapy in a synchronous procedure is an option to be considered for treatment of varicose veins of the lower limbs.

Catheter-directed foam sclerotherapy: a new technique for treating varicose veins

Objectives This was an observational prospective study to assess the safety and efficacy of catheter-directed foam sclerotherapy (CDFS) in the treatment of axial reflux and incompetence of saphenous veins with short-term to mid-term follow-up. Patients and methods A total of 20 patients [11 (55%) male and nine (45%) females] with either reflux of the long saphenous vein and/or short saphenous vein were subjected to CDFS. Overall, 10 ml of foam using polidocanol 2% was injected via long catheter into the saphenous vein. Then patients were followed up on 1 day after procedure, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year by duplex and clinically using visual analog scale (assess satisfaction of the patients which is related to improvement of their symptoms). Results After 1 year, 90% of the patients were satisfied by using visual analog scale, 85% (17 patients) had total ablation of the saphenous vein and 15% (three patients) had partial recanalization, with resultant reflux in two (10%) patients and one (5%) patient had competence of the saphenous vein owing to reduction of its diameter. One patient had deep venous thrombosis (5%), one patient had superficial thrombophlebitis (5%), and one patient had hyperpigmentation of the skin (5%). Conclusion CDFS is a safe and cost-effective procedure for treating axial reflux and incompetence of saphenous veins in terms of clinically and duplex-based outcome at short-term and mid-term follow-up.

Use of 5% monoethanolamine oleate foam in oral varicose

ObjectiveOral varicose is an acquired change that occurs in the veins. Usually, small oral varicose require no treatment. Aesthetic site, trauma and bleeding risk of the lesion need of intervention. This technical note describes the treatment of oral varicose by sclerotherapy in form of foam. MethodThe 5% monoethanolamine oleate was used. The foam was produced with Tessari method, in which the proportion air:liquid sclerosing was 4:1. A single application of the 0.5 mL of foam was made under local anesthesia. ResultSigns and symptoms were minimal after the treatment. Clinical remission of the lesion was observed in two weeks. ConclusionThe 5% monoethanolamine oleate foam showed to be effective and safety for treatment this case of the oral varicose.

Infusion of foam sclerosants results in a distance-dependent procoagulant activity, haemoconcentration and elevation of D-dimer levels

To investigate the biological effects of foam sclerotherapy invivo. Ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy was performed using a 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate or polidocanol. A total of 15 mL of foam was injected. Samples were collected from antecubital veins, target saphenous veins and the adjoining deep veins before, immediately after and 1 hour after the procedure. Saphenous vein samples were also taken sequentially at set 15 cm intervals. Clotting times, D-dimer, cell counts and biochemical parameters were measured. D-dimer levels were repeated one week later. Forty procedures were performed. Systemic clotting times were not affected by the procedure. Injection of 0.5 mL of foam 5 cm away from the relevant junctions resulted in procoagulant activity in the adjoining deep veins (sodium tetradecyl sulphate) and the target saphenous veins (sodium tetradecyl sulphate and polidocanol). The procoagulant effect in the target veins reached a peak at 15 cm but normalised at 45 cm. D-dimer levels were significantly increased 1 hour after treatment with either agent and remained elevated one week later. Sodium tetradecyl sulphate and to a lesser degree polidocanol induced biochemical changes consistent with haemoconcentration. Infusion of foam sclerosants results in a distance-dependent procoagulant activity in the exposed vessels. Foam sclerotherapy results in haemoconcentration and elevation of D-dimer.

The incidence and characterization of deep vein thrombosis following ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in 1000 legs with superficial venous reflux.

The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) following ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) ranges from 0% to 5.7%. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of DVT following UGFS in a single vascular center. Patients undergoing UGFS between December 2005 and September 2011 underwent quality control duplex imaging within 2 weeks of treatment. This was performed by an independent senior vascular technologist, and data were entered on a prospectively maintained database. Deep venous segments assessed included common femoral vein, femoral vein, above- and below-knee popliteal veins, gastrocnemius, and tibial veins. DVT when present was labeled as endovenous foam-induced thrombosis (EFIT) type 1 when thrombus was lining<25% of the lumen of the deep vein; type 2 when thrombus extension was 25% to 50%; type 3 when thrombus extension was 50% to 99%; and type 4 when the deep vein was occluded. A total of 1166 UGFS treatments were performed in 1000 legs (776 patients). Complete occlusion of the treated veins was seen in 84.5% of the legs after one session of treatment. Overall, 17 DVTs were detected (1.5%) with no DVTs detected in legs undergoing multiple treatments. Of the 17 episodes of DVT, 16 legs had DVT following treatment for truncal reflux (658 legs; 2.43%). Seven DVTs were EFIT type 1, two were type 2, two were type 3, and five were type 4. One DVT was seen in the gastrocnemius vein alone. Two of 1166 treatments (0.2%) resulted in a symptomatic DVT, bothof which were EFIT type 4. On regression analysis, therewas an increase in the risk of DVT when ≥10 mL of foamwas injected (odds ratio, 4.63; 95% confidence interval,1.44-14.9; P= .01). The incidence of duplex-detected DVT following foam sclerotherapy is low and may be associated with the injection of ≥10 mL of foam.

Foam treatment for varicose veins; efficacy and safety

IntroductionLower extremity varicose vein is a common disease. Sclerotherapy can be used to treat truncal varices of the superficial venous system. This involves injecting a sclerosant intraluminally in order to cause fibrosis and eventual obliteration of the vein. ObjectiveTo demonstrate the efficacy and safety of foam sclerotherapy in the treatment of great saphenous reflux measured against patient clinical examination and duplex scanning. Materials and methodsFifty legs with varicose veins due to incompetent great saphenous vein were treated with ultrasound guided sclerosing foam prepared according to the Tessari method by mixing 3% polidocanol solution (Aethoxysclerol) with air using 2 disposable syringes and a three way tap producing high-quality micro-foam. Clinical examination and duplex scanning before and after the treatment with a mean follow up of 6 months were done to every patient. ResultsAn average of 10 ml of foam was required to close incompetent Great saphenous veins as defined by a reflux of more than 0.5 s documented by duplex scan. At the 6th month of follow up, patients felt that their legs were treated successfully with resolution of symptoms and complete resolution in 96%. ConclusionFoam sclerotherapy is a safe and effective therapy in treating varicose veins with high patient satisfaction and improvement in quality of life.

On How Surfactant Depletion during Foam Generation Influences Foam Properties

Although it is known that foaming a surfactant solution results in a depletion of the surfactant in the bulk phase, this effect is often overlooked and has never been quantified. Therefore, the influence of surfactant depletion on foam properties using solutions of the two nonionic surfactants, n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (β-C(12)G(2)) and hexaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether (C(12)E(6)), were investigated. These investigations were conducted in two steps. First, different foam volumes were generated with the same surfactant solution at a concentration of c = 2 cmc. It was found that the higher the foam volume, the larger the surfactant depletion. Second, two different bulk concentrations (c = 2 and 1.33 cmc) were used for the generation of 50 and 110 mL of foam, respectively. For a foam volume of 50 mL, no differences were observed, whereas generating 110 mL led to different results. The surfactant loss in the bulk solution was measured via surface tension measurements and then compared to the results of purely geometric considerations that take into account the amount of interface created in the foam. Both results were in very good agreement, which means that surfactant depletion can be calculated in the way suggested here. Under conditions where depletion plays a role, our approach can also be used to estimate the bubble size of a foam of known volume by measuring the surfactant concentration in the bulk solution after foaming.

An Investigation of Coagulation Cascade Activation and Induction of Fibrinolysis Using Foam Sclerotherapy of Reticular Veins

Coagulation parameters have not been investigated when foam sclerotherapy is used to treat reticular leg veins. To evaluate the effect of foam bubbles on coagulation and fibrinolysis by measuring platelet count and concentrations of clotting factors and fibrinogen after foam sclerotherapy with sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) mixed with room air. Patients with reticular veins received treatment with up to 30mL of foam sclerotherapy prepared with STS and room air in a 1:4 ratio (1mL STS, 4mL room air) using the double-syringe technique. Venous blood was drawn immediately beforesclerotherapy and 15minutes after the procedure. Pre- and post-treatment laboratory values were compared. Subjects treated with up to 30mL of foam (30mL foam=6mL sclerosing solution and 24mL air) showed no statistically significant difference in coagulation or fibrinolysis, as measured according to platelet count and concentrations of clotting factors and fibrinogen, after foam sclerotherapy with STS mixed with room air. STS foam made with room air, up to 30mL, when injected into reticular veins does not affect coagulation parameters.

The Use of Foam Sclerotherapy for Varicose Veins: A Survey of the Members of the Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland

The aim was to explore the current experience and practice of vascular surgeons in the United Kingdom and Ireland regarding foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins. A postal questionnaire was sent to 609 members of the Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland. There were 281 responses (47%). Seventy surgeons (25%) used foam sclerotherapy. Most use it selectively; few (29%) offer it to all patients. It was more likely to be used for recurrent varices (71%), in older patients (61%) and for smaller non-saphenous varices (67%). The majority of surgeons (69%) used sodium tetradecyl sulphate and up to a maximum of 10-12 ml of foam. The majority used ultrasound guidance (95%), leg elevation (69%) and direct pressure over the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction during injection (63%). Eighty per cent used compression bandaging after treatment, usually for 7 days (44%). Ninety percent advised compression stockings, usually Class II (64%) for 14 days (39%). Serious complications were few, but eleven surgeons had seen a deep vein thrombosis, two had seen a patient with a stroke and one a transient ischaemic attack. Foam sclerotherapy was used by a quarter of surgeons who replied to the survey. Aspects of technique varied considerably and studies to determine optimal techniques are needed. Serious complications with the technique were rare.

Effectiveness and Safety of Ultrasound-Guided Foam Sclerotherapy for Recurrent Varicose Veins:Immediate Results

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in treating recurrent varicose veins. Between July 2003 and January 2005, 38 outpatients (25 women; median age 59 years, interquartile range 53.5-66.0) with recurrent varicose veins in 45 legs were treated. Ultrasound was used to identify sites of reflux. The Tessari method was used to produce foam using 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate; up to 6 mL of foam was injected per session under ultrasound control. Results are shown as median (interquartile range). A single sclerotherapy session was adequate in 26 (58%) legs. In 87% of all legs, complete elimination of both varicose veins and all reflux points was achieved. A positive association between the amount of injected foam and CEAP class (r=0.45, p=0.002) and venous clinical severity score (r=0.37, p=0.012) was found. There was a trend for more sclerotherapy sessions [median 2 (1-2)] in legs with incomplete saphenofemoral junction/ great saphenous vein (GSV) ligation or accessory GSV (n=16) to achieve varicose vein ablation versus legs with other primary sites of reflux [median 1 (1-2), p=0.12]. There were no instances of deep vein thrombosis or systemic complications; superficial thrombophlebitis occurred in 6 (8.2%) of the 73 injection sessions. Legs with proximal reflux due to previous incomplete ligation or fed by an incompetent pelvic vein experienced superficial thrombophlebitis more frequently (4/12, 33%) than legs without proximal reflux [1/33 (3%); OR 16, 95% CI 1.6-164, p=0.014]. In most patients, ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy is a safe treatment for recurrent varicose veins, with an excellent immediate result. However, the presence of proximal reflux may decrease the immediate results and predispose to superficial thrombophlebitis.

Microfoam Ultrasound-Guided Sclerotherapy Treatment for Varicose Veins in a Subgroup with Diameters at the Junction of 10 mm or Greater Compared with a Subgroup of Less Than 10 mm

The objective was to analyze the effectiveness of foam ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy treatment in saphenous veins and tributary veins with a diameter at the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction of > or =10 mm and compare these results with a subgroup of veins with diameters of < 10 mm. A subgroup of 17 saphenous veins with a diameter at the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction of > or =10 mm were compared with a subgroup of 98 saphenous veins with a diameter of < 10 mm at the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction for clinical efficacy and patient satisfaction at a mean 2-year follow-up. A mean number of 2.15 treatments utilizing an average of 8.37 mL of foam sclerosing solution (3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate) were required to close all incompetent varicose veins in the < 10-mm group versus a mean of 2.8 treatments and 13.9 mL foam (3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate) for the > or =10-mm group. A total of 27.5% of saphenous veins of < 10 mm and 37.5% of saphenous veins > or = 10 mm required a second treatment at 3 months. One-hundred percent of patients believed that their legs were successfully treated at 2-year follow-up in both groups with 94% of the < 10-mm group noting improvements in quality of life and 100% in the > or =10-mm group. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy is effective in treating all sizes of varicose veins with high patient satisfaction and improvement in quality of life. Duplex ultrasound findings demonstrated a small increase in failure to close the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction with increasing size of junction diameter, but this does not significantly alter the results with respect to clearance of visible varicosities and patient satisfaction with results.

Microfoam ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy of varicose veins in 100 legs.

To demonstrate the efficacy of duplex-guided foam sclerotherapy measured against patient symptom relief and quality of life. An analysis was performed of 100 randomly chosen legs with varicose veins treated with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy with a mean follow-up of 22.5 months. An average number of 2.1 treatments using an average of 8.7 mL of foam sclerosing solution were required to close incompetent varicose veins. Thirty-one percent of leg varicose veins required a second treatment at 3 months; 100% of patients felt that their legs were successfully treated with resolution of all symptoms in 85% and resolution in all varicose veins in 92%. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy is effective in treating varicose veins with high patient satisfaction with results and improvement in quality of life.