Ml Of Extract Research Articles

Pembuatan Minyak Kelapa Murni (Virgin Coconut Oil) dengan Metode Fermentasi dan Optimasi Waktu Simpan dan Penjernihan Menggunakan Ekstrak Daun Lada dan Karbon Aktif

Coconut oil is a valuable part of the coconut fruit and is widely used as an industrial raw material or part of it is made into cooking oil. Oil extraction from coconut meat can be done in several ways. Extraction of coconut oil that is being developed at this time is the fermentation method using several enzymes or microbes, one of which can be used is yeast tempeh. This research aims to analyze the yield content and quality criteria of coconut oil made using the fermentation method and to analyze the effect of adding pepper leaf extract and activated carbon on the shelf life and clarification of coconut oil. From the results of experiments carried out in mixing tempeh yeast, the free fatty acid test, yield test, aroma test and density test were carried out. As for the test results, the determination of free fatty acids in this cooking oil study used the titration method with NaOH until the color changed to pink. For the redemption test, the highest oil concentration was 3 grams, while the tempeh yeast 4 grams and 5 grams decreased. Aroma test where in week 9 coconut oil without treatment experienced rancidity. This was caused by auto-oxidation which began to form radicals due to the presence of fat peroxidation factors. The density test is close to the SNI standard value, namely the lowest density of 0.9600 g/cm3 obtained from closed treatment with 0.5 ml of extract. This is because in this treatment very little cooking oil is contaminated with other substances.

The Potential of Leaf Organs from Sorghum Ratoon Plants Cultivated in Inceptisol Land as Organic Herbicides

The sorghum plant is a multi-functional plant, namely as food, feed, organic fertilizer, and organic herbicide. As an organic herbicide, sorghum plants contain allelopathy. Water extracts derived from the leaf organs of sorghum ratoon plants are interesting things to study related to the effect of allelopathy on test plants. The research aims to determine the potential of extracts derived from the leaf organs of ratoon plants of several sorghum varieties produced on inceptisols land as organic herbicides. The research was conducted from March to September 2022 at Kandang Mas, Kampung Melayu District, Bengkulu City (preparation of ratoon plants). In May 2023 at Bentiring Permai, Muara Bangkahulu District, Bengkulu City (bioassay test). The study used a single-factor, completely randomized design. The treatment of extracts derived from leaf organs, the level is control, leaves of ratun plant variety Numbu, leaves of ratun plant variety Super 1, and leaves of ratun plant variety Super 2. Using the bioassay method in Petri dishes repeated four times. Each petri dish was given 10 ml of extract, sown with 20 mung bean seeds of Vima 3 variety, and incubated for three days. The results showed that the water extract from the leaf organ of the ratoon plant variety Super 1 produced the highest inhibition against the test plant. The leaf organ of the sorghum ratoon plant variety Super 1 has better potential as an organic herbicide

Sargassum natans I Algae: An Alternative for a Greener Approach for the Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructures with Biological and Environmental Applications.

In this work, the influence of the Sargassum natans I alga extract on the morphological characteristics of synthesized ZnO nanostructures, with potential biological and environmental applications, was evaluated. For this purpose, different ZnO geometries were synthesized by the co-precipitation method, using Sargassum natans I alga extract as stabilizing agent. Four extract volumes (5, 10, 20, and 50 mL) were evaluated to obtain the different nanostructures. Moreover, a sample by chemical synthesis, without the addition of extract, was prepared. The characterization of the ZnO samples was carried out by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the Sargassum alga extract has a fundamental role in the stabilization process of the ZnO nanoparticles. In addition, it was shown that the increase in the Sargassum alga extract leads to preferential growth and arrangement, obtaining well-defined shaped particles. ZnO nanostructures demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory response by the in vitro egg albumin protein denaturation for biological purposes. Additionally, quantitative antibacterial analysis (AA) showed that the ZnO nanostructures synthesized with 10 and 20 mL of extract demonstrated high AA against Gram (+) S. aureus and moderate AA behavior against Gram (-) P. aeruginosa, depending on the ZnO arrangement induced by the Sargassum natans I alga extract and the nanoparticles' concentration (ca. 3200 µg/mL). Additionally, ZnO samples were evaluated as photocatalytic materials through the degradation of organic dyes. Complete degradation of both methyl violet and malachite green were achieved using the ZnO sample synthesized with 50 mL of extract. In all cases, the well-defined morphology of ZnO induced by the Sargassum natans I alga extract played a key role in the combined biological/environmental performance.

Effect of Storage Period on the Quality of Sudanese White Cheese (Gibna Bayda) Manufactured with Solanum dubium Extract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of storageperiod on weight loss, chemical composition and microbiological andsensory characteristics of white cheese (Gibna Bayda) manufactured usingSolanum dubium enzyme extract. Cheese was made (25 ml of extract /50L milk), stored for 90 days at 35°C and evaluated for weight loss,chemical composition and microbiological and sensory characteristics at1, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days. The results indicated that storage periodsignificantly increased weight loss and chemical components except saltcontent. Storage period had a significant effect on titratable acidity andprotein content of whey. Total viable bacteria, streptococci andlactobacilli counts (Log10 cfu/gm) decreased as the storage periodprogressed. There was a slight improvement in flavour and a decrease insaltiness, during storage, but there was no significant effect on cheesecolour and texture.

Pre-analytical sample handling effects on tear fluid protein levels

Tear fluid is emerging as a source of non-invasive biomarkers, both for ocular and systemic conditions. Accurate quantification of tear proteins can be improved by standardizing methods to collect and process tear fluid. The aim of this study was to determine sample handling factors that may influence the tear protein biomarker profile. Tear fluid was collected using Schirmer’s strips. Tear proteins were extracted by elution through centrifugation. Total protein content was determined using the bicinchoninic acid assay. Key concepts that apply to the entire sample processing cycle are tear sampling, tear storage, protein extraction and data normalization. Differences in wetting or migration length were observed between Schirmer’s strips from different manufacturers, and between protein-free and protein-rich solutions. One unit of migration length (mm) did not correspond to one unit of volume (µL). A positive correlation (r = 0.6671, p < 0.0001) was observed between migration length and total tear protein content. The most beneficial storage conditions were strips that were not stored (+ 21.8%), or underwent ‘wet’ storage (+ 11.1%). Protein recovery was the highest in 400 µL extraction buffer and independent of protein molecular weight. This study helps to explain inter- and intra-variability that is often seen with tear biomarker research. This information is critical to ensure accuracy of test results, as tear biomarkers will be used for patient management and in clinical trials in the near future. This study also highlights the need for standardization of Schirmer’s strip manufacturing, tear fluid processing and analyte concentration normalization.

Selective extraction-photometric determination of silver (i) with dithizone

A method has been developed for the selective, simple and accelerated extraction-photometric determination of silver, based on the selective extraction of silver (I) from a strongly acidic medium in the presence of iodide ions and dimethylformamide and its complexation with dithizone directly in the organic phase. The apparent molar extinction coefficient of the dithizone complex of silver (I) at a maximum light absorption of 495 nm is 3.46·104. The calibration graph is linear in the range of 0.5-50 mkg of silver (I) in 10 ml of extract. The determination of silver is not interfered with by large amounts of foreign ions in 100,000 multiples within the range of 2-5%. The developed extraction-photometric method for the determination of silver is recommended for the analysis of silver in ores, rocks, industrial waste and other materials with complex chemical composition without separating accompanying elements.

EXTRACTION TIME INFLUENCE ON THE PHENOLIC AND CAROTENOID LEVEL, AND THE DYNAMICS OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTION OF CHOKEBERRY DRY RESIDUE

This study aimed to analyze the extraction time influences on some phenolics and carotenoids determined in the chokeberry dehydrated residue. In addition, the dynamics of the DPPH· radical reduction under the influence of the different amounts of chokeberry extract and reaction time were registered. For this purpose, fruits belonging to the ’Melrom’ and ’Nero’ cultivars grown in the experimental plots of the Research Institute for Fruit Growing Maracineni-Arges were harvested at full maturity, in the middle of August 2021 and pressed for juice extraction. The resulting pomace was subjected to convective dehydration at 45ºC. Values of 12286.11-16560.88 mg GAE/100g DW for TPC, 6567.96-9428.90 mg GAE/100 g DW for TTC, and 3293.74-5109.63 mg CE/100 g DW for TFC were registered. Lycopene and -carotene ranged between 0.78-1.43 mg/100 g DW and 0.21-0.37 mg/100 g DW. Longer ultrasound treatment led to higher TPC and TFC, while TTC decreased after 60 minutes. Raising the extraction time by at least 24 hours resulted in higher amounts of carotenoids. The lowest remanent radical activity (A=20.55%) was determined for the 50 and 60 µL extract doses. In this case, A% was minimal after 20 minutes of the DPPH reduction reaction (12.62-12.94 %), but not significantly different compared to the values determined after the first 8 minutes of the reaction (17.59-19.11 %).

Protective role of Withania somnifera root extract on lipid peroxidation of Erythrocytes

Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) is an important medicinal plant that has been used in Ayurvedic and indigenous medicine. It is also known as Indian ginseng. It exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune modulatory activities. In the present study, we studied the free radical scavenging activity of Withania Somnifera root extract. The radical scavenging effect of the extract was studied by its effect on hydroxy radicals generated by Fe-ascorbate-H2O2 system. Our results showed that Withania Somnifera root extract (1-10,000 µg/ ml) resulted in a significant dose dependent increase in percent inhibition of hydroxylation. Further, we studied the in vitro effect of Withania Somnifera root extract on Lipid peroxidation in terms of MDA level of human erythrocytes. Our results showed a significant dose dependent decrease in lipid peroxidation at a concentration of (1-1000 µg/ ml) as evident by decrease in level of MDA. Maximum effect was observed at 100-1000 µg/ ml. Withania Somnifera root extract thus can act as a potential antioxidant containing compound and protects erythrocytes from oxidative damage by either directly scavenging the free radical, sparing it or activating other enzymatic processes. At higher concentration (10,000 µg/ ml), Withania Somnifera extract increased the oxidative stress as evident from erythrocyte MDA level which became significantly more than the maximum effect shown at 1000 µg/ ml of extract.

Effect of Different Egg Yolk Levels in Tris Extender With and Without Aloe Vera and Onion Crude Extracts on Surti Buck Semen at Refrigerated Temperature

This study aimed to develop a suitable Tris-citrate-fructose-egg yolk (Tris) based extender with Aloe vera or onion extract to preserve Surti buck semen at refrigerated temperature. Semen ejaculates (n=96) collected by artificial vagina from eight bucks were split-diluted in Tris extender with 0, 5, 10, 20% egg yolk concentrations. All these were then fractionated into three aliquiots each, one fracrtion kept without further additives (EY0, EY5, EY10, EY20), while fractions 2 and 3 were an addition with crude filtrates of Aloe vera gel @ 10 µL (EY0+A, EY5+A, EY10+A, EY20+A) or onion extract @ 10 µL (EY0+O, EY5+O, EY10+O, EY20+O) per 0.5 ml of the extended semen. These samples (4x3 = 12 aliquots, each 0.5 ml) were then preserved at refrigerated temperature and evaluated at 12 hourly interval up to 48 h of storage for various sperm quality tests. Sperm motility was significantly lower (p&lt;0.01) in all the subgroups with 0% egg yolk (EY0, EY0+A, EY0+O) compared to 5 to 20% egg yolk at all intervals. The sperm motility at 48 h was significantly (p&lt;0.01) lower in EY0 without and with Aloe vera and onion (11.49 ± 2.54, 10.12 ± 2.45 and 6.58 ± 2.30 %) than EY5 without and with Aloe vera and Onion extract (53.85 ± 1.41, 56.82 ± 1.20, 34.84 ± 2.25%), EY10 without and with Aloe vera and onion (55.83 ± 1.19, 57.76 ± 1.10, 35.37 ± 2.15%), EY20 without and with Aloe vera and onion extract (56.09 ± 1.32, 56.46 ± 1.26 and 41.06 ± 1.92%, respectively). The live sperm count was significantly lower (p&lt;0.01) in semen extended with 0% egg yolk as compared to 5, 10 and 20% egg yolk at 0, 24 and 48 hours. The post-chilled abnormal sperm percentage increased non-significantly at 24 and 48 hours in all extender combinations, although the effect of additives was non significant. It is concluded that adding egg yolk alone 5–20% or with Aloe vera extract @ 10 µL in semen extender had a beneficial role in Surti buck semen preservation at refrigerated temperature.

Facile phytosynthesis of gold nanoparticles-doped graphene oxide using Mangifera indica leaf extract: Characterization, antibacterial activity, and catalytic reduction of organic dyes

In this study, the gold nanoparticles-doped graphene oxide (AuNPs/GO) was prepared via a biosynthesis path using the Mangifera indica leaf extract. The characterization of produced AuNPs/GO was thoroughly conducted by modern methods such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, zeta potential, and so on. The analyses showed that spherical AuNPs were uniformly distributed on the GO sheets with an average diameter of 11–21 nm, proving the successful formation of AuNPs/GO nanocomposite. The initial effects of HAuCl4 volume, reaction time, pH level, the presence of 24-hour-prolonged GO, the amount of GO, and the experiment order were carried out to find the most suitable synthesis conditions and enhance the overall performance of AuNPs/GO. The results indicated that the most appropriate conditions for the fabrication process include 5 mL of extract, 1500 μL of HAuCl4, a reaction time of 120 s, at pH 7, 1500 μL of 24-hour-prolonged GO, and the experiment sequence of adding HAuCl4 to the remaining precursors. The nanocomposite was also discovered to effectively inhibit the growth of both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria strains, indicating nearly 100% of bactericidal rates at 50 μg/mL. Meanwhile, the catalytic reduction activity of organic dyes by NaBH4 using the AuNPs/GO support, tested with methylene blue, methyl orange, malachite green, and crystal violet dyes, was also excellent in terms of relatively high efficiency of 99.83, 93.81, 99.85, and 97.93%, respectively. Along with remarkable recovery and reusability confirmed, those results show the highly promising applications of AuNPs/GO in the antiseptics field and treatment of dye-contaminated water sources.

Quality Organoleptic Se’i Beef Given Schleichera oleosa Bark Extract on Different Volums

This study aims to determine the organoleptic quality of beef Se’i which was given Schleichera oleosa bark extract at different levels. Se’i beef was processed by adding 0 mL of Schleichera oleosa bark extract (without the addition of extract), 20 mL, 30 mL and 40 mL, then the beef Se’i was smoked in a smoker house for ± 1 hour at a temperature of 80-90˚C. Se’i beef was then tested by 30 semi-trained panelists who were panelists who often consumed beef Se’i. The variables observed in this study included color, aroma, texture and taste of beef Se’i. The data obtained were analyzed statistically with a nonparametric alternative test, namely Kruskal Wallis. If the Kruskal Wallis test showed a significant difference (p&lt;0.05), then it was continued with the Post Hoc Test using the Mann Whitney test. Panelists responded to the color of beef Se’i best in the addition of 30 mL of Schleichera oleosa bark extract with an average value of 4.37. Beef Se’i with the addition of Schleichera oleosa bark extract produces a reddish color compared to Se’i without the addition of Schleichera oleosa bark extract which has a more blackish color. The best beef Se’i aroma was shown in the addition of 40 mL of Schleichera oleosa bark extract at 5.30 followed by the addition of 30 mL and 20 mL of extract. 30 mL of Schleichera oleosa bark extract provides a distinctive taste that is favored by panelists. The best taste of beef Se’i in the addition of 30 mL of Schleichera oleosa bark extract was 4,70 followed by the addition of 20 mL of Schleichera oleosa bark extract, which had a second average of 4.50 and 40 mL, which was 4.16. Meanwhile, the lowest mean value was in the treatment without the addition of Schleichera oleosa bark extract, which was 4.00. Panelists assessed the best texture of beef Se’i produced in the addition of 30 mL of Schleichera oleosa bark extract, which was 5.26. Se’i beef with the addition of 40 mL of Schleichera oleosa bark extract had a second average of 5.23 and 20 mL, which was 4.50. Meanwhile, beef Se’i without the addition of Schleichera oleosa bark extract had the lowest average of 4.06.

Self-assembly of ZnO nanoflowers synthesized by a green approach with enhanced catalytic, and antibacterial properties

In the present work, ZnO nanostructures with flower morphology were synthesized and self-assembled by a green approach using an Aloysia triphylla leaves extract. The extract acted as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Moreover, the Aloysia triphylla extract showed the ability to order the nanostructures and form a flower-like arrangement. The formation of ZnO was determined by UV–Vis spectroscopy. The crystalline nature of the nanoflowers after the calcination process was corroborated by X-ray diffraction, showing a single phase with a hexagonal structure. The size and morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy; the results showed the influence of the extract volume on the ZnO morphology, obtaining a well-defined flower-like morphology with 2 mL of extract. The size range of the nanoflowers was 200 and 400 nm. The catalytic properties of ZnO nanoflowers were evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue. The rate and percentage of degradation depended on the concentration of ZnO. The best result was obtained using a concentration of 100 mg/mL, achieving the total degradation of the organic dye in 4 min. On the other hand, ZnO nanoflowers demonstrated predominant antibacterial activity (AA) against S. aureus compared with P. aeruginosa due to the combined differential loads between nanoflowers (positive) and bacteria (negative).

Response surface methodology applied to subcritical solvent extraction of brazilin compound from Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood

Subcritical solvent extraction technique could be used to extract brazilin from Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood (CSH). The optimal experimental condition for the subcritical solvent extraction, simultaneously giving the highest percentage yield of dried crude extract sample (9.95%), maximal brazilin content (84.65 mg/g dry heartwood), the lowest IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities (11.42 and 8.62 μg/mL extract, respectively) and the highest FRAP value (12.11 μM FeSO4 equivalents/100 μL extract) of the CSH extract were obtained using ethanol: water (3:1 w/w) as the solvent and a solvent: CSH ratio of 9:1 (w/w) at 100 °C for 50 min. Under this optimal extraction condition, the heartwood extract exhibited antibacterial activity against bacteria which had the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of 0.98 and 1.45, 1.96 and 2.94, 3.91 and 3.91, and 3.91 and 3.91 mg/mL to inhibit and kill Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli, respectively. The obtained data might substantiate the potential health benefits of the crude extract and brazilin compound of Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood, as potential natural antioxidant and antimicrobial ingredients in food, food supplements, cosmetic and pharmaceutical production, and, also, as food preservatives or coloring agents in the food processing industries.

BIOINSECTICIDE ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES PRODUCT OF BIOSYNTHESIS USING ENTOMOPATHOGEN AGAINST THE BEET CATERPILLAR SPODOPTERA EXIGUA

Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) is a polyphagous insect pest that is detrimental to farmers. Nanotechnology exists as a renewable technology that can increase effectiveness due to the small size of particles it produces. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from the fungi Metarhizium, Trichoderma, and The Bacillus bacteria which are biocontrol agents. The research started in February and ended in May 2020, at the Biological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education, University of Pendidikan Indonesia. The experiment was based on a completely randomized design method (CRD). Onion armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), two isolates from the fungi Metarhizium and Trichoderma were obtained from the Indonesia Vegetable Research Institute (IVERRI). Each extract of Metarhizium and Trichoderma fungi and 50 mL of extract from Bacillus bacteria were added to 50 mL of Ag + 60 ppm solution in a 250 mL glass tube. The mixture of Metarhizium mushroom extract with 60 ppm Ag + solution or Trichoderma mushroom with Ag + 60 ppm solution was incubated at 400 C with a rotation speed of 200 rpm for five days under a dark condition. For the mixture of bacterial extracts with Ag + 60 ppm solution, incubation was at room temperature with a rotation speed of 150 rpm for three days. Analysis of the effect of NPP on the mortality of S. exiguawas done using the treatments, Metarhizum, Trichoderma, Bacillus, NPP-Metarhizium, NPP-Trichoderma, NPP-Bacillus, NPP, and distilled water as controls. Third instar larvae of S. exigua were immersed for 30 seconds. After immersion, the larvae are placed in sterile Petri dishes that have been lined with sterile filter paper and provided with caterpillar feed. Observation of caterpillar mortality was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 9, 24, 48, 64, 72, 96 and 108 hours after treatment. There were three replicates the results showed that all the treatments caused death of the insect, both entomopathogens and entomopathogenic nanoparticles. We found the three treatments of silver nanoparticles highly lethal to S. exigua. Two treatments, NPP-Metarhizium and NPP-Bacillus even caused 100% mortality after 120 hrs treatment. The possible reason for the pathogenicity of these products is considered to be biosynthesis of nanoparticles and enzymatic substances

Application of an improved hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction technique coupled to LC-MS/MS to studying migration of fluorescent whitening agents from plastic food contact materials

In this paper, a new hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction method was developed to improve the extraction of five fluorescent whitening agents that migrated from plastics food contact materials. Influencing factors, such as the types of membrane, the extraction solvent, the stirring speed, the addition of salt ion, and extraction time, were investigated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, high enrichment factors (71–205) can be obtained with 15 μL extraction solvent. The new method is advantageous; the polypropylene hollow fiber membrane modified by sepiolite nanoparticles had excellent solvent binding force and mass transfer effect compared with the conventional extraction technique. The extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, the limits of detection were 0.3 or 0.9 ng kg−1 with good correlation coefficients (r 2 ≥ 0.9940) for the five fluorescent whitening agents. The intra-day and inter-day recoveries ranged between 82.6% and 112%, with a relative standard deviation of less than 12%. The established method was successfully applied to the analysis of fluorescent whitening agent migration from four types of plastic food contact materials immersed in three food simulants.

Permanent Make-Up (PMU) Inks Decolorization Using Plant Origin Materials

Permanent make-up (PMU) has become a very popular application over the last few years. The ingredients of PMU inks, used over the face area, are organic and inorganic substances very close to the chemical composition of tattoo inks. As the application rates increase, the demand for PMU removal rises. The aim of this study is to assess the decolorization of PMU inks using preparations originating from different plant sources. The leaves of Pelargonium zonale (PE) were extracted with water for 48 h. The Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of the extract was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu technique reaching 201.34 ± 4.57 μg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/mL of extract. The antioxidant activity of the extract was 20.87 ± 0.36 μg of Trolox equivalents (TE)/mL and 3.56 ± 0.43 mg FeSO4×7H2O mL of extract when assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) or ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay respectively. The decolorization potential of PE leaf extract on five commercially available PMU inks of different hues was assessed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry in comparison to polyphenol oxidases enzyme (PPO). The results demonstrated higher absorption reduction that indicates decolorization potential for the inks that have mainly ferrous oxides as colorants.

Pooled sample testing for COVID-19 diagnosis: Evaluation of bi-directional matrix pooling strategies

In the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, pooled testing of samples by RT-PCR has been recommended at certain scenarios to increase labs’ testing capacity and reduce cost of testing. This paper describes the evaluation of bi-directional matrix pooling strategies with clinical samples in a 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 matrix. Nasopharyngeal swab samples in viral transport medium (VTM) previously tested (positive or negative) by real time RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 were used for these experiments. Ten sets of 5 × 5 (250 samples) and ten sets of 10 × 10 (1000 samples) pooling of samples in both directions was done with known positive samples introduced at random positions. Extracted nucleic acid was tested for SARS-CoV-2 E-gene by RT-PCR. Sensitivity or concordance and feasibility of matrix pooling were assessed in comparison to direct RT-PCR testing. In comparison to direct testing, the overall concordance was 86.6% for 5 × 5 pooling, 73.3% for 10 × 10 with 200 µL extraction volume and 86.6% for 10 × 10 with 400 µL extraction volume. Bi-directional matrix pooling can be adopted with advantage over conventional direct or pool testing for COVID-19 by RT-PCR under the following conditions: i) sample positivity rate of ≤ 5%, ii) matrix pool size of 8–10 samples, iii) use of min. 40 µL VTM from each sample and iv) utilization of automated liquid handling equipment, if available, for sample addition to avoid human errors.

In-vitro cytotoxicity of zinc oxide, graphene oxide, and calcium carbonate nano particulates reinforced high-density polyethylene composite

This research aims to develop and increase the appropriate polymer composite for human implants and to evaluate its mechanical properties. The composites have proved their application in several fields, but still, many types of research are going on to improve their properties and to increase the area of application. The polymer composites have also entered their utility into bone implants as a substitute for metallic implants due to problems like high cost and corrosion resistance. The polymer composites are less in weight, economical, high corrosion resistance and they can be made into any required shape. In this research the Zinc oxide (ZnO), Graphene oxide (GO), and Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles with wt. % reinforced polymer composites provide good mechanical properties and show good tribological properties. Among Zinc oxide, graphene oxide, calcium carbonate nanoparticles the graphene oxide reinforced High-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites have better properties and they can be most suitable for bio implant materials. With the extract-cotton seed oil and extract-Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) from graphene oxide (HDPE) composites, the culture medium (cell line MG-63) with direct cytotoxicity reactivity first test on extract-cotton seed oil of 10 μl and 20 μl extract exhibited a maximum of 71% and 57% cell viability and a minimum of 29% and 43% mild cytotoxicity. The culture medium with direct cytotoxicity reactivity second test on extract-Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) of 10 μl and 20 μl extract exhibited maximum 61% and 60% cell viability and minimum 39% and 40% cytotoxicity.

Optimization of extraction parameters for preparation of Cicer arietinumn ‐based beverage using Response Surface Methodology

Extraction parameters for the preparation of chickpea-based beverages were evaluated to maximize their protein content, carbohydrate content, total solid content, and minimize specific LOX (lipoxygenase) activity. A Central Composite design was used to optimize three input factors namely water to chickpea ratio (6:1 to 12:1), extraction temperature (40–80°C), and extraction time (10–60 min). The predicted optimal conditions as determined by RSM (Response Surface Methodology) were water to chickpea ratio of 7.13:1, extraction temperature of 77.9°C, and extraction time of 51 min. At these optimized conditions, the protein content, total carbohydrate content, total solid content, and specific LOX activity were observed as 4.12 g/100 ml extract, 5.78 g/100 ml of extract, 10.57 g/100 ml of extract, and 0.0084 units/mg of protein, respectively. The study provides the extraction parameters/conditions to be considered for the preparation of chickpea-based beverages for minimizing the beany flavor while retaining the highest nutritional properties. Novelty impact statement Extraction parameters for the development of Cicer arietinum-based novel beverage were optimized using response surface methodology. All the parameters showed significant effects on the responses to maximize the nutritional content of the beverage.

Multiplex Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Detection of Expanded-Spectrum Hydrolysis and CTX-M Enzymes.

Background: Early detection of expanded-spectrum cephalosporinase (ESC) hydrolyzing ß-lactamases is essential for antibiotic stewardship. Here we have developed a multiplex lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) that detects cefotaxime-hydrolyzing activity as well as the most prevalent ESC-hydrolyzing ß-lactamases: the CTX-M-like. Methods: The Rapid LFIA ESC test was evaluated retrospectively on 188 (139 Enterobacterales, 30 Pseudomonas spp. and 14 Acinetobacter spp.) agar-grown bacterial isolates with well-characterized ß-lactamase content. One single colony was resuspended in 150 µL extraction buffer containing cefotaxime, incubated at room temperature for 30 min prior to loading on the LFIA for reading within 10 min. Results: Out of the 188 isolates, all 17 that did not express a β-lactamase hydrolyzing cefotaxime gave negative results, and all 171 isolates expressing a β-lactamase known to hydrolyze cefotaxime, gave a positive test result. In addition, all 86 isolates expressing a CTX-M-variant belonging to one of the five CTX-M-subgroups were correctly identified. The sensitivity and specificity was 100% for both tests. Conclusions: The results showed that the multiplex LFIA was efficient, fast, low cost and easy to implement in routine laboratory work for the confirmation of ESC hydrolyzing activity and the presence of CTX-M enzymes.