mL Of Beverage Research Articles

홍삼음료의 함량 및 안전성 실태조사

Department of Clinical Pathology, Gwangju Health College UniversityAbstract This survey was conducted to monitor the safety of red ginseng products in Gwangju, in 2010. Among 100samples, 37 were beverages, 5 were functional health foods on the market, and 58 were beverages from a tailor-madeshop. All samples were negative for coliform bacteria. Aerobic plate counts were detected from 13 samples in the 58tailor-made products but not detected in the other types of products. Benzoic acid was detected in 5 samples (range, 19.2-543.0 mg/kg). Among heavy metals, lead was detected, ranging from 28.8-62.3µg/kg, cadmium, from 1.15-4.18µg/kg, andmercury from 0.10-0.18µg/kg. Benzopyrene was not detected in any samples. Ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 were detected in0.1-23.4 mg/90 mL of beverages and 12.1-66.8 mg/90 mL of functional health foods. These results indicate that redginseng products are safe in terms of microbial contaminants and hazardous chemical compounds such as heavy metalsand benzopyrene.Keywords: red ginseng, beverage, ginsenoside, content, safety

The Effect of Commercial Dietary Supplement Beverages on Basal Metabolism

The obesity epidemic has facilitated some commercial beverage manufactures to include claims for weight loss and caloric expenditure in their advertising. One commercial beverage claims a rise in caloric expenditure of 100 calories within three hours following consumption of the beverage. This purported boost in metabolism would be advantageous for anyone with a positive caloric balance. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three commercial beverages on caloric expenditure during a basal metabolic state. METHODS: 8 female and 4 male college-age students (age 21.5 ±1.2 yrs, height 169.4 ±11.1 cm, body mass 67.4 ±14.8 kg) volunteered to participate in a double blind crossover study. Subjects adhered to basal metabolic rate (BMR) conditions and reported to the lab for BMR assessment by open circuit spirometry. Following BMR, subjects randomly ingested 355 mL of beverage (B) 1 (10 kcal CHO, 200 mg caffeine), B2 (15 kcal CHO, 110 mg caffeine), or B3 (placebo; no kcals or caffeine). After ingestion, metabolic rate was measured continuously for 15 of 30 min for 3 hrs. There was a minimum of 7 days between trials. RESULTS: Statistical analysis by ANOVA (p<0.05) revealed a significant, but small, increase in oxygen consumption above BMR for the caffeine containing beverages of B1 for 30 min, and of B2 for 120 min. During the three hour post-ingestion period, the total additional caloric expenditure above BMR was 23.7, 29.3, and 17.1 kcals for B 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with no significant difference among the beverages. CONCLUSION: The subtle increase in caloric expenditure of caffeine and calorie- containing beverages, was not significantly greater than the placebo beverage, thus the thermic effect was similar. The meager thermogenesis above BMR is insufficient for clinical standards of weight loss, and is therefore ineffective as a lone strategy in weight management.

Volume and Variety of Beverages Consumed by Third‐and‐Fourth‐Grade Urban Schoolchildren in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala

BackgroundWithin the context of what children consume across their entire diet has come a concern for what is consumed in liquid form. Beverage consumption is relevant both to the adequacy of hydration and the genesis of overweight/obesity.AimTo describe the volume, variety and nutrient contribution of the beverages consumed by 3rd and 4th grade urban schoolchildren.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study in 449 students. Intake data comprised a single 24‐h pictorial self‐recording, complemented by a nutritionist to quantify portions. Nutritional values for foods and beverages were calculated using the INCAP and USDA food composition tables.Results54 beverage items were consumed across 12 categories of drinks. A mean of 1185±425 mL of beverages were drunk on the evaluated day; 21% of all dietary energy was consumed in liquid form. Plain water was the only non‐caloric beverage. Coffee contributed the largest volume (27%), followed by plain water (14%) and commercial fruit drink (7%). Carbonated soda drinks provided 10% of beverages energy, less than the 25% from grain‐based gruels. The contribution of micronutrients from beverages ranged from 7% for vit B2 to 55% for vit A.ConclusionsThe dominance of sweetened drinks in the beverage profile of these urban schoolchildren is motive for public health concern.Funded in part by Sight &amp; Life, Basel and Nestlé Waters Co, Paris

Carbohydrate and Protein Hydrolysate Coingestion’s Improvement of Late-Exercise Time-Trial Performance

This study examined whether a carbohydrate + casein hydrolysate (CHO+ProH) beverage improved time-trial performance vs. a CHO beverage delivering approximately 60 g CHO/hr. Markers of muscle disruption and recovery were also assessed. Thirteen male cyclists (VO2peak = 60.8 +/- 1.6 ml . kg-1 . min-1) completed 2 computer-simulated 60-km time trials consisting of 3 laps of a 20-km course concluding with a 5-km climb (approximately 5% grade). Participants consumed 200 ml of CHO (6%) or CHO+ProH beverage (6% + 1.8% protein hydrolysate) every 5 km and 500 ml of beverage immediately postexercise. Beverage treatments were administered using a randomly counterbalanced, double-blind design. Plasma creatine phosphokinase (CK) and muscle-soreness ratings were assessed immediately before and 24 hr after cycling. Mean 60-km times were 134.4 +/- 4.6 and 135.0 +/- 4.0 min for CHO+ProH and CHO beverages, respectively. All time differences between treatments occurred during the final lap, with protein hydrolysate ingestion explaining a significant (p < .05) proportion of between-trials differences over the final 20 km (44.3 +/- 1.6, 45.0 +/- 1.6 min) and final 5 km (16.5 +/- 0.6, 16.9 +/- 0.6 min). Plasma CK levels and muscle-soreness ratings increased significantly after the CHO trial (161 +/- 53, 399 +/- 175 U/L; 15.8 +/- 5.1, 37.6 +/- 5.7 mm) but not the CHO+ProH trial (115 +/- 21, 262 +/- 88 U/L; 20.9 +/- 5.3, 32.2 +/- 7.1 mm). Late-exercise time-trial performance was enhanced with CHO+ProH beverage ingestion compared with a beverage containing CHO provided at maximal exogenous oxidation rates during exercise. CHO+ProH ingestion also prevented increases in plasma CK and muscle soreness after exercise.

Carbohydrate and carbohydrate + protein for cycling time-trial performance

Carbohydrate intake during endurance exercise delays the onset of fatigue and improves performance. Two recent cycling studies have reported increased time to exhaustion when protein is ingested together with carbohydrate. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that ingestion of a carbohydrate + protein beverage will lead to significant improvements in cycling time-trial performance relative to placebo and carbohydrate alone. Thirteen cyclists completed 120 min of constant-load ergometer cycling. Thereafter, participants performed a time-trial in which they completed a set amount of work (7 kJ · kg−1) as quickly as possible. Participants completed four experimental trials, the first for familiarization and then three randomized, double-blind treatments consisting of a placebo, carbohydrate, and carbohydrate + protein. Participants received 250 ml of beverage every 15 min during the constant-load ride. Time-trial performance for carbohydrate (37.1 min, s = 3.8) was significantly (P < 0.05) faster than placebo (39.7 min, s = 4.6). Time-trial performance for carbohydrate + protein (38.8 min, s = 5.5) was not significantly different from either placebo or carbohydrate. Ingestion of a carbohydrate beverage during two hours of constant-load cycling significantly enhanced subsequent time-trial performance compared with placebo. The carbohydrate + protein beverage provided no additional performance benefit.

Examining sex-related differences in enteric itraconazole metabolism in healthy adults using grapefruit juice

To explore whether sex-related differences in intestinal itraconazole metabolism exist in healthy adults using grapefruit juice (GFJ) as a selective enteric cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitor. Twenty (ten female) subjects received 240 mL bottled water or single-strength GFJ from a frozen concentrate three times daily for 2 days. On day 3, the subjects received an itraconazole oral solution 200 mg with 240 mL of beverage followed 2 h later by 240 mL of the same beverage. Serial blood sampling for itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole serum concentrations was performed over a 72-h period. After a 20-day washout, the subjects crossed over and repeated the study. Among the female subjects, GFJ reduced itraconazole weight-adjusted apparent oral clearance (Cl/F) (19%, p = 0.006) and increased AUC(0-infinity) (30%, p = 0.01), but produced no significant change in hydroxyitraconazole pharmacokinetics. In males, GFJ produced no significant change in either itraconazole, or hydroxyitraconazole pharmacokinetics. Grapefruit juice also significantly reduced the metabolite:parent AUC(0-infinity) ratio (12%, p = 0.047), in females, but not males. Itraconazole weight-adjusted oral Cl/F was significantly higher in females than males when itraconazole was administered with water (56%, p = 0.009), and although the extent to which GFJ altered itraconazole weight-adjusted oral CL/F was greater in females, it did not differ significantly between the sexes (p = 0.085). The influence of GFJ on the presystemic metabolism of itraconazole was greater in females than males. Repeated ingestion of GFJ significantly reduced itraconazole weight-adjusted oral CL/F and significantly increased exposure in females, but it produced no significant change among males. Although itraconazole weight-adjusted oral Cl/F was much higher in females than in males, the extent to which GFJ altered itraconazole weight-adjusted oral CL/F did not differ significantly between the sexes.

A clinical study in situ to assess the effect of a food approved polymer on the erosion potential of drinks

The consumption of acidic soft drinks continues to rise as do concerns regarding effects of frequent intake. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of acidic soft drinks containing food approved polymers, on dental enamel. The study design was a single blind, randomised, five-treatment crossover clinical trial involving 15 healthy dentate subjects. Subjects wore an upper removable acrylic appliance retaining two enamel specimens and consumed 250ml of beverage four times/day for 10 days. The following beverages were tested: (1) unmodified acidic soft drink, (2) experimental acidic soft drink with 0.02% polyphosphate, (3) experimental acidic soft drink with 0.02% polyphosphate and 0.01% calcium, (4) experimental acidic soft drink with 0.02% polyphosphate and 0.03% xanthan gum, and (5) mineral water. Tissue loss was measured at days 5 and 10 of each study leg using a profilometer. The order of erosion from most to least at day 10 was unmodified acidic soft drink>experimental acidic soft drink with polyphosphate>experimental acidic soft drink with polyphosphate+gum>experimental acidic soft drink with polyphosphate+calcium>mineral water. At day 10 the unmodified acidic soft drink was significantly (p=0.001) more erosive than all other drinks. Unmodified acidic soft drink with the addition of polyphosphate alone or combined with calcium or xanthan gum are all effective at reducing erosion of enamel compared with the unmodified soft acidic drink.

Oral nicotine solution for smoking cessation: a pilot tolerability study.

This study was conducted to determine the preliminary tolerability of an oral nicotine solution with minimal behavioral intervention for smoking cessation. Twenty-five healthy volunteers who smoked at least 10 cigarettes per day and were motivated to quit smoking were enrolled in an open-labeled trial with a 12-week treatment and a 6-month follow-up period. After reviewing self-help materials and setting a quit-smoking day, subjects were provided nicotine solution to mix with their beverages to control smoking urges, and returned for refills eight times over 12 weeks. Abstinence (point prevalence) was defined as self-report of 0 cigarettes smoked for the previous 7 days verified by exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) <10 ppm. The oral nicotine solution was well tolerated when mixed with an individual's chosen beverage. Subjects controlled the concentration of nicotine consumed, which ranged from 0.25 to 10 mg nicotine base per 170-354 ml of beverage. One week after the quit date the mean venous nicotine level was 13.4 ng/ml and mean serum cotinine level was 418.0 ng/ml in six non-smokers. Abstinence rates at 4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months were 28.0%, 24.0%, and 20.0%, respectively. It was concluded that an oral nicotine solution was tolerable and provided nicotine replacement at levels that may prove useful for smoking cessation. Further research to clarify appropriate dosages and optimal beverages for mixture, and controlled trials to assess safety and efficacy, appear in order.

The absorption of manganese from polyphenol-containing beverages in suckling rats

Polyphenol-containing beverages, such as tea and wines, have a high content of manganese, but the nutritional bioavailability of manganese in these beverages is unknown. Manganese content of tea infusion, coffee and white and red wines were determined as (mg/1) 2.16, 0.15, 0.96 and 0.56, while tannins contents (mg/1) were 745, 1440, 300 and 1980, respectively. Of the total manganese in tea leaves (495 mg/kg), 21% was extracted in tea infusion. Dialysability of manganese in tea infusion through a 10 000-12 000 mw cut-off membrane was 92.5%, similar to that for Ma added to the infusion. Absorption of manganese from beverages and control MnS04 solutions was determined in 16-day-old suckling rats. Rat pups (4-6/group), fasted overnight, were fed by gavage with 0.2-0.4 ml of beverages or MnS04 solutions, which were extrinsically labelled with 54Mn. After 6 h the rats were sacrificed and absorbed isotope was determined as the difference between the dose administered and that recovered in the stomach, the washin...