Ml Of Apple Juice Research Articles

Study of Effects of Preoperative Oral Domperidone on Gastric Residual Volume after Clear Fluid Ingestion in Patients Scheduled for Elective Surgeries

Abstract Background Oral Dopmeridone is a prokinetic drug that enhance gastric emtptying, which has a positive effect in decreasing the gastric residual volume, subsequently decreasing the risk of pulmonary aspiration Aim of the Work This study to aimed to assess the effect of oral Domperidone preoperatively on gastric residual volume by ultrasound for patients undergoing elective surgeries under general anesthesia as a primary outcome and postoperative nausea and vomiting as a secondary outcome. Patients and Methods We applied our study on 40 patients were divided into two equal groups: Group A (study group): The patients received 400 ml of apple juice as a clear fluid, two hours preoperatively, and oral Domperidone tab (Motilium 10mg/tab, Janssen comp.) & Group B (control group): The patients received 400 ml of apple juice as a clear fluid two hours preoperatively with a placebo (Folic acid 500 mcg, dietary supplement), with the same inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results There was statistically significant decrease mean in group A compared to group B according to Ultrasound Measurements in the right lateral position after 2 hrs has been demonstrated about D1 right lateral position; D2 right lateral position; CSA right lateral position and calculated gastric volume right lateral position (ml). In addition to a statistically significant decrease mean in after 2hrs. compared to after 1hr. according to Ultrasound Measurements in the right lateral position about D1 right lateral position; D2 right lateral position; CSA right lateral position and Calculated gastric volume right lateral position (mL) in group A. There is also a statistically significant decrease mean in after 2hrs. compared to after 1hr. according to Ultrasound Measurements in the right lateral position about D1 semi-sitting; D2 right lateral; CSA right lateral position and Calculated gastric volume right lateral position (mL) in group B. At last, there has been a statistically significant higher change (after 2hrs.-1hr.) in group A compared to group B according to Ultrasound Measurements in the right lateral position about D1 right lateral position; D2 right lateral position; CSA right lateral position and Calculated gastric volume right lateral position (mL), with p-value (p < 0.05 significant). Conclusion Preoperative oral Domperidone intake was able to decrease the GRV measured by ultrasound, more than the decrease of GRV by applying placebo.

Preoperative oral carbohydrate loading: Effects on intraoperative blood glucose levels, post-operative nausea and vomiting, and intensive care unit stay.

Background and Aims:Preoperative fasting imparts safety to patients from aspiration of gastric contents, but undue fasting may predispose to hypoglycemia and dehydration. Preoperative carbohydrate drink reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Primary objective of the present study was to assess effect of carbohydrate drink given 2h before surgery on intraoperative blood glucose levels as compared to those who did not receive it. Secondary objectives included assessment of incidence and severity of PONV and duration of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay.Material and Methods:It was a prospective randomized study done in 52 non-diabetic patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Group A received 39gm of carbohydrate in 250 mL of apple juice (tetrapack) and Group B patients were given equivalent volume of plain water 2 h prior to surgery. Random blood glucose (RBS) levels were checked before fluid administration, preinduction, 1 h postinduction, and at the end of surgery. PONV was assessed using PONV Impact Scale Score (ISS) and rescue drugs, if needed, were noted. Paired t-test, sample t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Fisher’s exact test were used as applicable.Results:The fasting, preinduction, and postoperative RBS values were comparable in both groups. Group B had significantly higher RBS at 1h intraoperatively. Group A patients had less vomiting, dry retching, or nausea and required less rescue therapy compared to Group B.Conclusion:Compared to patients who received carbohydrate drink 2 h before surgery, those who did not receive it had significantly higher blood glucose values intraoperatively with a higher incidence and severity of PONV and comparable ICU stay.

Nutraceutical Chewing Candy Formulations Based on Acetic, Alcoholic, and Lactofermented Apple Juice Products.

The aim of this study was to develop nutraceutical chewing candy (NCC) formulations based on acetic, alcoholic, and lactofermented apple juice (AJ) products. In addition, different texture-forming (gelatin, pectin) and sweetening (stevia, xylitol) agents were tested. To implement the aim of this study, combinations based on AJ, prepared from fresh and frozen apples, apple cider (C) samples (No.1, No.2, No.3, and No.4), and apple vinegar (V) were used. First, the most appropriate combination was selected by evaluating overall acceptability (OA) and emotions induced for consumers (EIC). In addition, the volatile compound (VC) profile, and physicochemical and antimicrobial characteristics of the developed combinations were analyzed. For AJ fermentation, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains possessing antimicrobial properties (LUHS122—L. plantarum and LUHS210—L. casei) were used. AJ prepared from frozen apples had 11.1% higher OA and 45.9%, 50.4%, and 33.3% higher fructose, glucose, and saccharose concentrations, respectively. All the tested C samples inhibited Bacillus subtilis and had an average OA of 6.6 points. Very strong positive correlations were found between AJ and C OA and the emotion ‘happy’; comparing lactofermented AJ, the highest OA was obtained for AJ fermented for 48 h with LUHS122, and a moderate positive correlation was found between AJ OA and the emotion ‘happy’ (r = 0.7617). This sample also showed the highest viable LAB count (7.59 log10 CFU mL−1) and the broadest spectrum of pathogen inhibition (inhibited 6 out of 10 tested pathogens). Further, acetic, alcoholic, and lactofermented AJ product combinations were tested. For the preparation of NCC, the combination consisting of 50 mL of AJ fermented with LUHS122 for 48 h + 50 mL C-No.3 + 2 mL V was selected because it showed the highest OA, induced a high intensity of the emotion ‘happy’ for the judges, and inhibited 8 out of 10 tested pathogens. Finally, the OA of the prepared NCC was, on average, 9.03 points. The combination of acetic, alcoholic, and lactofermented AJ products leads to the formation of a specific VC profile and increases the OA and antimicrobial activity of the products which could be successfully applied in the food and nutraceutical industries.

What Is the Effect of Pre-Emptive Oral Montelukast on Postoperative Pain Following Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery? A Triple-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of preoperative administration of oral montelukast on the amount of postoperative pain following bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. All healthy skeletal class III deformity candidates for bimaxillary orthognathic surgery were included in this triple-blind randomized clinical trial. The subjects were randomly divided into placebo and montelukast groups. One hour before the surgery, a 10 mL of apple juice was given to each and every patient; however, a 10 mg tablet of montelukast was dissolved in the juice for the intervention group. All operations were performed by the same surgical team, under the same general anesthesia protocols. The outcome variable was the amount of postoperative pain (1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-hour intervals) which was measured during the first 24 hours using a Visual Analog Scale. For statistical analysis, the significance level was set at 0.05 using SPSS 23. A total of 60 consecutive patients, comprising 31 females (51.7%) and 29 males (48.3%) with an average age of 25.2 ± 2.2 were recruited. The average surgical duration was 193 ± 28.0 minutes. In general, pain intensity exhibited an increasing trend from the first hour postoperatively, reaching its peak in the 12th hour and decreasing thereafter. Nevertheless, the average amount of pain was significantly higher in the placebo group compared with the montelukast group, in all the studied time intervals (P < .05). The number of patients who required postoperative opioid analgesics was significantly higher in the placebo group compared to the montelukast group (P=.024). Moreover, the duration of surgery had a direct and significant effect on the postoperative pain intensity (P < .001). It might be concluded that preoperative administration of montelukast is effective in reducing postoperative pain following bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Further studies are necessary for more relevancy.

The Speed of Ingestion of a Sugary Beverage Has an Effect on the Acute Metabolic Response to Fructose.

Background: The consumption of sweetened beverages is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective: We hypothesized that the metabolic effects of fructose in sugary beverages might be modulated by the speed of ingestion in addition to the overall amount. Design: Thirty healthy subjects free of any disease and medication were recruited into two groups. After overnight fasting, subjects in group 1 drank 500 mL of apple juice over an hour by drinking 125 mL every 15 min, while subjects in group 2 drank 500 mL of apple juice over 5 min. Blood samples were collected at time zero and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after ingestion to be analyzed for serum glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) score, fibroblast growth factor 21, copeptin, osmolarity, sodium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lactate, uric acid, and phosphate levels. Results: Serum glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, fibroblast growth factor 21, copeptin, osmolarity, sodium, BUN, and lactate levels increased following apple juice ingestion. The increases were greater in the fast-drinking group, which were more significant after 15 min and 30 min compared to baseline. The changes in uric acid were not statistically different between the groups. Phosphate levels significantly increased only in the fast-drinking group. Conclusion: Fast ingestion of 100% apple juice causes a significantly greater metabolic response, which may be associated with negative long-term outcomes. Our findings suggest that the rate of ingestion must be considered when evaluating the metabolic impacts of sweetened beverage consumption.

Oral fluid intake during the first stage of labour: A randomised trial.

Obstetric anaesthesia has been associated with concern for the inhalation of gastric contents for many years, justifying fasting during labour. However, many anaesthesiologists and obstetricians now allow fluid intake during labour. We hypothesised that allowing oral fluid intake during labour is not associated with increased gastric contents. We used ultrasound assessment of gastric contents to evaluate this hypothesis. A randomised, single-blind and intention-to-treat noninferiority trial comparing antral area measured by ultrasound in fasting parturients and in those who were allowed to drink fluid for 90 min after randomisation. Tenon University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. Pregnant women, aged from 18 to 40 years and from week 36 of an uncomplicated singleton gestation, were randomised into a fasting group and a fluid intake group after admission to the delivery room. Of the 184 patients screened, data from 125 were analysed: fasting group (62), fluid intake group (63). Women in the fluid intake group were allowed to drink up to 400 ml of apple juice for 90 min after randomisation. We compared the percentage of women with an 'empty stomach' between the two groups: empty stomach was defined as an antral cross-sectional area (CSA) less than 300 mm assessed in a semirecumbent position with a 45-degree head-up tilt. At full cervical dilatation an antral CSA less than 300 mm was measured in 76 and 79% of the parturients in the fasting group and the fluid intake groups respectively (P = 0.633). The current study reveals that the percentage of pregnant women with an 'empty stomach', defined by an antral CSA less than 300 mm in a semirecumbent position with a 45-degree head-up tilt, was comparable at full cervical dilation among those who remained nil by mouth and those allowed to drink up to 400 ml for 90 min after their randomisation. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02362815.

Extracts of Rhodiola rosea L. and Scutellaria galericulata L. in functional dairy products

Introduction. Modern scientific research into the biochemical composition and medicinal value of plants makes it possible to use them as functional ingredients in food technology. The research objective was to test rose root (Rhodiola rosea L.) and scullcap (Scutellaria galericulata L.) for biologically active substances and their potential use in functional dairy products.&#x0D; Study objects and methods. The research featured biologically active substances (BAS) obtained from rose root and scullcap that grow in mountain areas or on rock outcrops along Siberian rivers. The BAS content was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The biologically active substances were screened and identified using HPLC, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and infra-red identification (IR). The new functional products were based on whey and cottage cheese made from processed whole milk.&#x0D; Results and discussion. The analysis of Rhodiola rosea rhizomes and roots showed the following BAS content (mg/g): rosavin – 16.9, salidroside – 14.3, rosin – 5.04, rosarin – 2.01, and methyl gallate – 6.8. The roots of Scutellaria galericulata had the following BAS content (mg/g): scutellarein – 22.27, baicalin – 34.37, baicalein – 16.30, apigenin – 18.80, chrysin – 6.50, luteolin – 5.40, and vogonin – 3.60. Whey served as a basis for a new functional whey drink fortified with BAS isolated from Rhodiola rosea 100 mL of the drink included 50 mL of whey, 20 mL of apple juice, 0.1 mL of rose root concentrate, 3 g of sugar, 0.5 g of apple pectin, 04 g of citric acid, and 30 mL of ionized water. The content of phytochemical elements ranged from 0.11 ± 0.001 to 0.49 ± 0.08 mg/100 g. Cottage cheese served as a basis for another dairy product fortified with BAS obtained from Scutellaria galericulata. The formulation included 81 g of cottage cheese, 10 mL of cherry jam, 9 g of sugar, and 0.025 mL of scullcap concentrate. The content of biologically active substances in the finished product varied from 0.09 ± 0.02 for luteolin to 0.48 ± 0.11 for baicalin. The whey drink fortified with the BAS extracted from Rhodiola rosea and the cottage cheese product fortified with the BAS isolated from Scutellaria galericulata satisfied 40–45% and 55–60% of the reference daily intake for phenolic compounds, respectively. The obtained data made it possible to recommend the new functional foods for commercial production.&#x0D; Conclusion. A set of experiments was performed to isolate biologically active substances from Rhodiola rosea and Scutellaria galericulata. The research developed and tested formulations of two new functional products based on whey and cottage cheese.

Enhancing cooperation during pediatric ultrasound: Oral midazolam versus conventional techniques.

Background and Aims:Ultrasound is a safe and non-invasive method for detecting numerous pathologies. Pediatric patients are often uncooperative which leads to decreased quality and increased time of scan. We compared the conventional means alone and combination of oral midazolam for the above cited purpose.Material and Methods:This double blind prospective study (CTRI/2016/06/007030) was conducted after obtaining due approval from institutional ethical committee. One hundred Children aged 2-6 years belonging to ASA class 1 or 2, posted for high resolution ultrasonography of abdomen were included in the study. They were randomised to receive midazolam 0.3 mg/kg mixed in 20 mL of apple juice (Group I) or 20 mL of apple juice alone (Group II) 20 minutes prior to the procedure. The parameters assessed were level of cooperation, sonologist's satisfaction, total scan time, heart rate and SpO2.Results:Out of 100 patients, 44 patients of group I and 42 of group II were analysed. The cooperation score was significantly higher in Group I (35%) than Group II (19%). Likert scale revealed very satisfied and satisfied rating in 61.3% (Group I) and 21.4% (Group II). The time taken by sonologist and number of attempts were significantly less in Group I than Group II. There was no difference in discharge time between the groups. There was no reportable adverse event in either group.Conclusion:Oral midazolam is a safe and effective agent to aid routine abdominal ultrasonography in pediatric patients.

Gastric emptying of "clear liquid drinks" assessed with gastric ultrasonography: a blinded, randomized pilot study.

Protein-containing liquids may delay gastric emptying and increase risk of aspiration. Commercial whey protein nutritional drinks (WPNDs) are advertised as "clear liquid nutritional drinks" and can be mistaken for protein-free, carbohydrate-based clear liquids. We used gastric ultrasonography to compare gastric emptying of a protein-free, carbohydrate-based clear liquid with that of a WPND in healthy volunteers. We recruited 19 adult (age ≥18 years) volunteers with a body mass index less than 40 kg/m2 and without a history of diabetes mellitus, dysphagia, prior gastric surgery, or allergy to the ingredients of apple juice (AJ) or a WPND. After fasting for eight hours, the volunteers randomly received 474 mL of AJ or a WPND. Gastric ultrasonographic measurements were obtained at baseline and at 0, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after ingestion of the liquid. We enrolled 19 volunteers. At 120 minutes after consumption, volunteers who ingested a WPND had a larger estimated gastric volume (GV) than volunteers who ingested AJ (median [interquartile range], 101.3 [70.0-137.4] vs. 50.6 [43.9-81.8] mL; P=.08). By using the 2-sample t test and an α level of .05, we determined that the study had 40% power to detect a significant difference in GV. Future studies need to include 24 participants per group to detect a significant difference. Although consumption of a WPND was associated with a larger estimated GV in this pilot study, a larger study is necessary to conclude whether patients must fast longer than two hours after consumption of a WPND.

Effects of Protein, Fat and Both Protein and Fat on Glycemic Response of a Meal (P18-094-19)

ObjectivesTo determine if isocaloric supplementation of a high glycemic load breakfast with protein, fat, or a combination of the two attenuates the glycemic response in non-diabetic subjects.Elevated blood glucose (BG) levels from a diet high in refined carbohydrates, even in the absence of diabetes, may increase the risk for chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Addition of protein and fat have shown inconsistently delay the glycemic response to a carbohydrate load. MethodsThirteen healthy adults, age 24.7 ± 4y, BMI 25.1 ± 4.5 completed four trials for this crossover study. The participants had to be non-smoker, between 18–30 years of age, with no known allergy to any components of the control or treatment meals. Exclusion criteria included weight under 110 Ib, pregnancy or breastfeeding, and any medical condition or medication that affects BG considered. The participants received the control and all treatments in different sessions at random. The subjects consumed 2 slices of white bread and 250 mL of apple juice (60 g carbohydrate) alone (control), or with an added protein (100 kcal egg white), fat (100 kcal butter), or protein + fat (50 kcal egg white and 50 kcal butter) within 15 min. Fasting BG was measured and BG was measured at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, after the meals was consumed. A One way Repeated measures ANOVA test used to compare the BG spike, timing and iAUC in the BG among the four trials, Tukey’s post-hoc test was performed to indicate if there was a difference in the spike, timing and iAUC. ResultsThe results indicated the spike in BG (peak minus baseline) was significantly lower with added fat group compared to added protein group (69.0 ± 15.4 vs 46.9 ± 13.0, respectively, P < 0.05). At 15 and 30 min, BG was higher in the added protein group (142.77 + 13.73 and 150.38 + 21.82) compared to the added fat group (126.35 + 9.97 and 126.5 + 17.23). However; the spike was not significantly different between the control and the treatments. There was no significant difference in iAUC among the control and the treatments. ConclusionsIn this study added protein, fat, or protein + fat in a 100 kcal amount did not influence the spike in BG in response to a high refined carbohydrate meal. The fat delays the spike in the BG compared to the protein and protein + fat groups. Funding SourcesUniversity of the Incarnate Word.

Bitter almond gum reduces body mass index, serum triglyceride, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in overweight subjects with hyperlipidemia

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different gums on glycemic and lipidemic parameters in patients with hyperlipidemia. Sixty patients were divided into four groups of 15 individuals in each group. Group 1 was selected as control. Groups 2, 3, and 4 consumed 300 mL of apple juice enriched with bitter almond, tragacanth and xanthan gum, respectively. After 6-week intervention, the bodyweight, BMI, serum TG, hyperinsulinemia and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased in the subjects consumed bitter almond gum-enriched juice when no significant differences were observed for other parameters. The effect of bitter almond gum was better than tragacanth and xanthan gum in all parameters tested. The findings of this study suggest that some of the identified bioactive compounds in bitter almond gum might be responsible for its effects and it can be a possible food supplements for the better management of overweight, obesity and hyperlipidemia.

Gastric emptying for liquids of different compositions in children

BackgroundPre-operative fasting balances safety against patient discomfort. We compared the gastric emptying profiles of a novel clear, high protein drink against a “traditional” clear and a non-clear fluid. MethodsWe conducted a prospective cross-sectional study with 48 healthy volunteers, eight to 14 yr of age, fasted overnight and without risk factors for abnormal gastrointestinal motility. Subjects were randomized in equal ratio to ingest 296 ml of apple juice, 2% milk or Ensure Clear. The gastric antrum was seen by ultrasound in the right lateral decubitus position at baseline, after ingestion, then every 30 min thereafter until return to baseline or six h. Gastric antral cross-sectional area was measured independently by two anaesthetists, and compared between drinks. ResultsGastric emptying differed between apple juice, 2% milk and Ensure Clear by analysis of co-variance (P<0.0001), and was faster in males than females (P<0.01). The terminal phase however was similar using interval-censored time to gastric emptying in a survival model (P=0.17) or by comparing proportions with empty stomach vs not empty at 90 min (P=1.0), 120 min (P=0.32), 150 min (P=0.11), 180 min (P=0.76) or 210 min (P=1.0). ConclusionsDespite early differences, clearance from the stomach of apple juice, 2% milk or Ensure Clear is similar at the terminal phase, which is the period of greatest relevance to preoperative fasting recommendations. The stomach is essentially clear by 3-3.5 h for all three drinks studied. The differentiation between liquids in current guidelines is not supported by this study. Clinical trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov NCT02938065 clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02938065.

Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection by Means of Reduced‐Dose 13C‐Urea Breath Test and Early Sampling of Exhaled Breath

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of reduced-dose ¹³C-urea breath test (¹³C-UBT) and early sampling of exhaled breath for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents. Patients up to 20 years old that underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with gastric biopsies were included. The ¹³C-UBT was performed after a 4-hour fasting period with 4 points of collection: baseline (T₀), and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes (T₁₀, T₂₀, and T₃₀) after ingestion of 25 mg ¹³C-urea diluted in 100 mL of apple juice. The infection status was defined through 3 invasive methods, and a patient was considered infected with a positive culture or concomitant positive histology and rapid urease test. The absence of infection was defined by all negative histology, rapid urease test, and culture. Analysis of exhaled breath samples was performed with an isotope-selective infrared spectrometer. A receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was done to define cutoff delta over baseline (DOB) values. A total of 129 patients between the ages of 2.1 and 19 years (median 11.6 years; mean age ± standard deviation 11.5 ± 3.8 years; F:M 85:44) were included. The prevalence of infection was 41.1%. The sensitivity (S) and specificity (Sp) were at T₁₀ (cutoff DOB 2.55‰), S 94.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 90.9-98.5) and Sp 96.8% (95% CI 93.4-100); at T₂₀ (DOB 2.5‰), S 96.2% (95% CI 92.9-99.5) and Sp 96.1% (95% CI 93.7-99.8); and at T₃₀ (DOB 1.6‰), S 96.2% (95% CI 92.9-99.5) and Sp 94.7% (95% CI 90.8-98.6). Low-dose ¹³C-UBT with early sampling is accurate for diagnosing H pylori infection in children and adolescents.

Bedside ultrasound assessment of gastric content: an observational study

There is a growing interest in the use of bedside ultrasonography to assess gastric content and volume. It has been suggested that the gastric antrum in particular can be assessed reliably by sonography. The aim of this observational study was to provide a qualitative description of the sonographic characteristics of the gastric antrum when the stomach is empty and following the ingestion of clear fluid, milk, and solid content. Six healthy volunteers were examined on four different occasions (24 scanning sessions): following a period of eight hours of fast and following ingestion of 200 mL of apple juice, 200 mL of 2% milk, and a standard solid meal (sandwich and apple juice). Examinations were performed following a standardized scanning protocol by two clinical anesthesiologists with previous experience in gastric sonography. For each type of gastric content, the sonographic characteristics of the antrum and its content are described and illustrated with figures. Bedside sonography can determine the nature of gastric content (nil, clear fluid, thick fluid/solid). This qualitative information by itself may be useful to assess risk of aspiration, particularly in situations when prandial status is unknown or uncertain.

The effect of apple (Malus Domestica) juice on the damage of mice liver cells due to paracetamol treatment

The liver is an important organ for body metabolism process. Liver disease is one of serious health problems in developing countries including Indonesia. Liver damage is caused by viral infection, toxic agent exposure (medications, alcohol), hormonal disturbance, neoplasm and autoimmune diseases. The use of high dose paracetamol to reduce pain also leads to liver damage. Apple (Malus domestica) juice is a natural anti oxidant agent. This laboratory experimental study was performed to discover the effect of giving apple juice on damaged cell regeneration due to the use of paracetamol. The study was performed in 21 male mice from Swiss-Webster strain that were divided into group I, II, and III. Group, I served as control while group II received 1 mg/ml paracetamol dose for 5 days and Group III received 1 mg/ml paracetamol for 5 days and 1 ml of apple juice on the 5th to 10th day. The observation of the mice liver cells was conducted using a light microscope with 400x magnification to get the number of necrotic liver cells per view field. The results of this study showed a difference in the number of necrotic liver cells between Group II and III. ANOVA statistical test ( = 0.05) concluded that apple juice significantly helps regeneration process in damaged liver cells caused by paracetamol.

Comparative detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from apple juice

Drinking unpasteurized apple juice (or cider) has been associated with cryptosporidiosis, the diarrheal disease caused by the small protozoan parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum. This report compares detection of C. parvum oocysts from apple juice by acid-fast staining (AFS), direct immunofluorescence assay (DIFA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), following sample concentration by formalin–ethyl acetate sedimentation or sucrose flotation. Flotation was more efficient than sedimentation in recovering oocysts, and DIFA consistently detected lower numbers of oocysts than AFS. In combination, flotation–AFS could detect 3000 to 10 000 oocysts inoculated into 100 ml of apple juice while flotation–DIFA was able to detect as few as 100 oocysts. The highest sensitivity, 10 to 30 oocysts per 100 ml of apple juice, was achieved by DIFA following immunomagnetic capture (IC) of oocysts from samples concentrated by the flotation method. The detection limit of PCR following flotation or flotation–IC was 30 to 100 oocysts; sequence analysis of the amplicon demonstrated that the PCR amplicon was C. parvum-specific.

Immunomagnetic separation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using MACS MicroBeads and high gradient separation columns

We evaluated the MACS immunomagnetic separation (IMS) system for concentrating Cryptosporidium parvum. Oocysts were first labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) or rabbit anti- C. parvum antibodies, then linked to MicroBeads coated with anti-FITC or anti-rabbit IgG, and separated through a high gradient separation column. Results indicated that over 95% of oocysts were recovered and their fluorescence and infectivity were retained. The presence of MicroBeads showed no effect on genomic DNA extraction and subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analyses, as sensitivity of PCR (10 oocysts) and the band pattern of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were identical to those using DNAs extracted from normally purified oocysts. IMS-PCR consistently detected as few as 10 oocysts from 100 ml of apple juice or homogenized milk and IMS-IFA could detect 100 oocysts from 1 g of deer manure, demonstrating the efficiency of IMS in recovering oocysts from environmental and food samples. Our results suggest that the MACS IMS system could be used for multiple applications in Cryptosporidium research.

Stability and compatibility of granisetron hydrochloride in i.v. solutions and oral liquids and during simulated Y-site injection with selected drugs.

The stability and compatibility of granisetron hydrochloride in common i.v. fluids and oral liquids and during simulated Y-site injection with selected drugs were studied. One milliliter of solution containing granisetron 1 mg (as the hydrochloride salt) was added to 50 mL of 5% dextrose injection, 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injection, 5% dextrose and 0.45% sodium chloride injection, or 0.9% sodium chloride injection in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags and to 5 mL of 5% dextrose injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection, or bacteriostatic water for injection in polypropylene syringes and stored at room temperature (20 degrees C) for 24 hours. One milliliter of the granisetron hydrochloride injection was added to 50 mL of apple juice, orange juice, cola, or an electrolyte replacement solution and stored for 60 minutes at room temperature. Twenty-nine drugs were mixed with the granisetron hydrochloride injection in 0.9% sodium chloride injection in volumes simulating Y-site injection and stored at room temperature. Finally, dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection 0.5 mL and 1 mL of the granisetron hydrochloride injection were added to 50 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection in a PVC bag and stored for 60 minutes. Drug concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and color, clarity, and pH were evaluated. Granisetron hydrochloride was stable in and compatible with all the i.v. solutions and oral liquids. Neither granisetron nor any of the drugs it was tested with during simulated Y-site injection showed any physical changes except for a slight Tyndall effect in the granisetron hydrochloride-doxorubicin hydrochloride combination; all the drugs retained at least 96% of initial concentrations. Granisetron and dexamethasone sodium phosphate were stable and compatible in the admixture. Granisetron 1 mg (as the hydrochloride salt) was stable for 24 hours in four i.v. infusion fluids in PVC bags and in 5% dextrose injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection, and bacteriostatic water for injection in polypropylene syringes; for 1 hour in four oral liquids; for 4 hours in the presence of each of 29 drugs during simulated Y-site injection; and for 1 hour when mixed with dexamethasone sodium phosphate in 0.9% sodium chloride injection in a PVC bag.

Stability of ramipril in water, apple juice, and applesauce

The stability of ramipril in water, in apple juice, and in applesauce was studied. The contents of a single capsule each of ramipril 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg were mixed in glass beakers with 120 mL of deionized and filtered water, apple juice, or applesauce. Each mixture was apportioned into 10 120-mL amber polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers. Five of the containers in each set were stored at 23 degrees C, and samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours. The other five containers were stored at 3 degrees C, and samples were taken at 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours. The samples were analyzed for ramipril concentration by stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The quantity of drug remaining in the PET container after "administration" was determined by mixing the contents of single 5-mg ramipril capsules with 60 mL of apple juice, pouring the mixture into a waste receptacle, rinsing the PET container three separate times with 10 mL of water, and analyzing the pooled fluid from these rinses for ramipril concentration by HPLC. Under no condition did the percentage of ramipril remaining drop below 90%. No peaks for degradation products appeared in the chromatograms. The mean +/- S.D. quantity of ramipril remaining in the PET containers after draining was 0.3 +/- 0.3% for the apple juice. Ramipril from 1.25-, 2.5-, and 5-mg capsules mixed in water, in apple juice, and in applesauce was stable for 24 hours at 23 degrees C and for 48 hours at 3 degrees C.

Gastric emptying 16 to 26 years after treatment of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Long-term follow-up was performed 16 to 26 years after conservative (group I, n = 18) and operative (group II, n = 38) treatment of 56 patients who had infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). The study encompassed the scintigraphic determination of gastric emptying rates for solids and liquids, an interview to obtain medical history and ascertain whether a current disorder of the upper gastrointestinal tract was present, and a clinical examination. Gastric emptying rates were measured on two different days for solids and liquids. The standard solid meal consisted of two scrambled eggs, two slices of toast, and 20 g of margarine. The gastric emptying rate for liquids was measured using 300 mL of apple juice. The scrambled eggs and apple juice were each marked with 2.2. MBq technetium 99m-sulphur-colloid. Two control collectives were used in this study; one group (physicans) served to create a reference curve for gastric emptying, and the other group, with the same age and gender distributions as those of the patients, served to evaluate the frequency of gastrointestinal complaints, by means of a questionnaire. There was no significant rate difference for gastric emptying between the patients treated conservatively or surgically and the controls. No association could be construed between the frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms or disorders and the gastric emptying rates for solids and liquids. The results presented here substantiate that clinically relevant disturbances of stomach motility after IHPS appear to be rare.