Mixture Of Tween Research Articles

Development of lipid-based SEDDS using digestion products of long-chain triglyceride for high drug solubility: Formulation and dispersion testing

A self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) containing long chain lipid digestion products (LDP) and surfactants was developed to increase solubility of two model weakly basic drugs, cinnarizine and ritonavir, in the formulation. A 1:1.2 w/w mixture of glyceryl monooleate (Capmul GMO-50; Abitec) and oleic acid was used as the digestion product, and a 1:1 w/w mixture of Tween 80 and Cremophor EL was the surfactant used. The ratio between LDP and surfactant was 1:1 w/w. Since the commercially available Capmul GMO-50 is not pure monoglyceride and contained di-and-triglycerides, the digestion product used would provide 1:2 stoichiometric molar ratio of monoglyceride and fatty acid after complete digestion in gastrointestinal fluid. Both cinnarizine and ritonavir had much higher solubility in oleic acid (536 and 72 mg/g, respectively) than that in glyceryl monooleate and glyceryl trioleate. Therefore, by incorporating oleic acid in place of glyceryl trioleate in the formulation, the solubility of cinnarizine and ritonavir could be increased by 5-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively, as compared to a formulation without the fatty acid. The formulation dispersed readily in aqueous media, and adding 3 mM sodium taurocholate, which is generally present in GI fluid, remarkably improved the dispersibility of SEDDS and reduced particle size of dispersions. Thus, the use of digestion products of long-chain triglycerides as components of SEDDS can enhance the drug loading of weakly basic compounds and increase dispersibility in GI fluids.

The Effect of Curcumin Nanoparticles on Paracetamol-Induced Liver Injury in Male Wistar Rats.

Curcumin is a naturally occurring compound that has antioxidant properties, acts as a hepatoprotective, and lowers lipid peroxidation. However, curcumin's low solubility and bioavailability are its primary drawbacks and prevent its use as a therapeutic agent. In this study, curcumin nanoparticles will be created using the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method, and their effectiveness against paracetamol-induced changes in ALT, AST, SOD, MDA, and TNF-α will be compared to that of pure curcumin. This study aimed to determine the hepatoprotective effect of curcumin nanoparticles in paracetamol-induced rats as a model for liver injury. Thirty-six male Wistar rats, aged 6 to 8 weeks, with a minimum weight of 120 grams, were used in an experimental laboratory investigation with a post-test-only group design. Rats in each group received 100 mg/kgBW pure curcumin, 100 mg/kgBW curcumin nanoparticles, and 50 mg/kgBW curcumin nanoparticles for 7 days before paracetamol induction. On day 8, 300 mg/kgBW of paracetamol was intraperitoneally injected to cause liver damage. One of the groups received NAC as an antidote 10 hours after paracetamol induction. Detection of ALT and AST using a Chemistry Analyzer. ELISA approach for the detection of SOD, MDA, and TNF-α. The Roenigk score was calculated by two examiners after the liver histopathology preparations were stained using the Hematoxylin-Eosin method. Post hoc analyses were performed after the One Way Annova and Kruskal Wallis tests to examine the data. According to PSA results, the smallest formula that formed curcumin nanoparticles (10.2 nm) was 8 g of curcumin formula mixed with a mixture of Tween 20 4.5 ml, Kolliphor EL 1.5 ml, Propylene Glycol 1.5 ml, and Capryol 90 1 ml for 21 minutes using an ultrasonic process. MDA and TNF-α levels, as well as the liver's histological Roenigk score, were significantly lower in the 100 mg/kgBB pure curcumin group (C100) when compared to the model group (model). The levels of AST, MDA, TNF-α, and the liver histopathology score were significantly lower in the 100 mg/kgBB (NC100) and 50 mg/kgBB (NC50) curcumin nanoparticle groups compared to the model group (model) and pure curcumin group (C100) (p< 0.05). Curcumin nanoparticles showed better hepatoprotective ability than pure curcumin.

Antibacterial study of the Ethanolic extract of local common Myrtle leaves Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae)

This study aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of common myrtle “Myrtus communis Linn.” leaves (Myrtaceae), specifically against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients at Tishreen University Hospital, Syria. Leaves were subjected to ultrasound-assisted extraction using the distilled-ethanol as a solvent. The dried extract, with a yield of 25.3%, was dissolved in two types of solvent Dimethylsolfoxide (DMSO), and a mixture of Tween 80 solution 10% and DMSO 8:2 and then tested for antibacterial activity using the standard disk diffusion technique. In this work, DMSO showed better properties in the improvement of the solubility and the diffusion of the prepared extract, thus enhancing its antibacterial action.The inhibition zones showed that the tested ethanolic extract has interesting activity against both tested strains with higher activity towards S. aureus.The overall results encourage the application of this extract to combat bacterial resistance, and as an additive in the food industry to control the foodborne disease caused by S. aureus.

Optimization and Validation Test of Self Nano-emulsifiying Drug Delivery System Capsule of Ethanol Extract Parang Romang Leaves

Introdiction: Parang romang contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The secondary metabolites of the leaf extract have low solubility in water. The self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is one solution to increase the solubility of the extract. Aims This study aims to obtain the best formula and ensure that the assay analysis method used can provide accurate and reliable results so that they can be trusted. Methods: Parang romang leaf extract was added to the optimum mixture of tween 20/80, propylene glycol, and olive oil and then characterized including% transmittance, drug loading, emulsification time, particle size, index polydispersity, zeta potential, dissolution test, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM ) and validation of the analysis method including linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ. Result: The results showed the ratio of surfactant, co-surfactant, and olive oil which produced the optimum formula for SNEDDS, namely 26 ml; 17.5 ml; and 6.5 ml,% transmittance 85.90, drug loading 45.36, emulsification time for AGF, AIF, and aqua dest was 15-16 seconds, particle size 404.1 nm, index polydispersity 0.840, zeta potential -31.4 mV, dissolution test 92.13%, SEM in the form of spherical chunks, and the result of the validation test of the analytical method with a linearity of r = 0.9902, precision 0.436%, accuracy 103.738%, LOD 1.87 µ / ml and LOQ 5.57 µ / ml. SNEDDS parang romang leaf extract using olive oil as the oil phase, Tween 80 as a surfactant, and propylene glycol as a cosurfactant provide optimal nanoemulsion characteristics and validation of the analytical method meets the requirements. Conclusion: Formula 1 SNEDDS parang romang leaf extract using olive oil as the oil phase, Tween 80 as a surfactant, and propylene glycol as a cosurfactant is an optimal formula that provides good nanoemulsion characteristics and validation of analytical methods meets the requirements

Statistically Optimized Tacrolimus and Thymoquinone Co-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Gel for Improved Topical Treatment of Psoriasis.

The aim of this investigation was to develop and analyze a tacrolimus and thymoquinone co-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (TAC-THQ-NLCs)-based nanogel as a new combinatorial approach for the treatment of psoriasis. The NLCs were formulated by an emulsification-solvent-evaporation technique using glyceryl monostearate, Capryol 90 (oil), and a mixture of Tween 80 and Span 20 as a solid lipid, liquid lipid, and surfactant, respectively. Their combination was optimized using a three-factor and three-level Box-Behnken design (33-BBD). The optimized TAC-THQ-NLCs were observed to be smooth and spherical with a particle size of 144.95 ± 2.80 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.160 ± 0.021, a zeta potential of -29.47 ± 1.9 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of >70% for both drugs. DSC and PXRD studies demonstrated the amorphous state of TAC and THQ in the lipid matrix of the NLCs. An FTIR analysis demonstrated the excellent compatibility of the drugs with the excipients without interactions. The TAC-THQ-NLC-based nanogel (abbreviated as TAC-THQ-NG) exhibited a good texture profile and good spreadability. The in vitro release study demonstrated a sustained drug release for 24 h from the TAC-THQ-NG that followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model with a Fickian diffusion mechanism. Moreover, the TAC-THQ-NG revealed significantly higher dose-dependent toxicity against an HaCaT cell line compared to a TAC-THQ suspension gel (abbreviated as TAC-THQ-SG). Furthermore, the developed formulations demonstrated antioxidant activity comparable to free THQ. Confocal microscopy revealed improved permeation depth of the dye-loaded nanogel in the skin compared to the suspension gel. Based on these findings, it was concluded that TAC-THQ-NG is a promising combinatorial treatment approach for psoriasis.

Relationship between HLB Number and Predominant Destabilization Process in Microfluidized Nanoemulsions Formulated with Lemon Essential Oil

Lemon essential oil (LEO) is associated with a multitude of health benefits due to its anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and bactericidal properties. Its drawback is that it is very sensitive to oxidation by heat. For this reason, researchers are increasingly investigating the use of LEO in nanoemulsions. In this work, we used laser diffraction, rheology and multiple light scattering techniques to study the effects of different HLB numbers (indicating different mixtures of Tween 80 and Span 20) on the physical stability of nanoemulsions formulated with LEO. We found that different HLB numbers induced different destabilization mechanisms in these emulsions. An HLB number lower than 12 resulted in an Ostwald ripening effect; an HLB number higher than 12 resulted in coalescence. In addition, all the developed nanoemulsions exhibited Newtonian behavior, which could favor the mechanism of creaming. All emulsions exhibited not only a growth in droplet size, but also a creaming with aging time. These findings highlight the importance of selecting the right surfactant to stabilize nanoemulsions, with potential applications in the food industry.

Protoscolicidal effects of curcumin nanoemulsion against protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to assess in vitro protoscolicidal effects of curcumin nanoemulsion (CUR-NE) against protoscoleces of cystic echinococcosis (CE)/hydatid cysts.MethodsThe CUR-NE was prepared via spontaneous emulsification of soybean as the oil phase, a mixture of Tween 80 and Tween 85 as the surfactant, ethanol as the co-surfactant and distilled water. Various concentrations of CUR-NE (156, 312, 625 and 1250 µg/ml) were exposed to collected protoscoleces of infected sheep liver hydatid cysts for 10, 20, 30, 60 and 120 min. Viability of the protoscoleces were assessed using eosin exclusion test. Morphological changes of the protoscoleces were observed using differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy.ResultsThe mean particle size and zeta potential of CUR-NE included 60.4 ± 14.8 nm and − 16.1 ± 1.1 mV, respectively. Results showed that the viability of the protoscoleces decreased significantly with increases in CUR-NE concentrations (p < 0.001). The mortality rates of protoscoleces with exposure to concentrations of 1250 and 625 µg/ml of CUR-NE for 60 min were 94 and 73.33%, respectively. Mortality of the protoscoleces was 100% after 120 min of exposure to 1250 and 625 µg/ml concentrations of CUR-NE. Using NIC microscopy, extensively altered tegumental surface protoscoleces was observed after protoscoleces exposure to CUR-NE.ConclusionThe findings of the present study revealed the in vitro protoscolicidal potential of CUR-NE. Therefore, CUR-NEs are addressed as novel protoscolicidal agents, which can be used as an alternative natural medicine to kill the protoscoleces, owing to their low toxicity and significant inhibition potency. However, further studies are necessary to investigate pharmacologic and pharmacokinetics of CUR-NEs.

Effect of a Change in the CaCl2/Pectin Mass Ratio on the Particle Size, Rheology and Physical Stability of Lemon Essential Oil/W Emulgels

A three-step (rotor-stator-microfluidization-rotor stator) protocol was used to prepare 15% lemon essential oil in water emulgels using a mixture of Tween 80 and Span 20 surfactants as low molecular mass emulsifiers and 0.4% low-methoxyl citrus peel pectin as a gelling agent. Ca2+ was used as a gel-promoting agent. Different CaCl2/pectin mass ratio values from 0.3 to 0.7 were used. Emulgels showed a microstructure consisting of oil droplets embedded in a sheared gel matrix, as demonstrated by bright field optical microscopy. Laser diffraction tests showed multimodal particle size distributions due to the coexistence of oil droplets and gel-like particles. Multiple light scattering tests revealed that the physical stability of emulgels was longer as the CaCl2/pectin mass ratio decreased and that different destabilization mechanisms took place. Thus, incipient syneresis became more important with increasing CaCl2 concentration, but a parallel creaming mechanism was detected for CaCl2/pectin mass ratio values above 0.5. Dynamic viscoelastic and steady shear flow properties of the emulgels with the lowest and highest CaCl2/pectin mass ratio values were compared as a function of aging time. The lowest ratio yielded an emulgel with enhanced connectivity among fluid units as indicated by its wider linear viscoelastic region, higher storage modulus, loss modulus and viscosity values, and more shear thinning properties than those of the emulgel formulated with the highest CaCl2/pectin mass ratio. The evolution of the dynamic viscoelastic properties with aging time was consistent with the information provided by monitoring scans of backscattering as a function of sample height.

Fabrication and characterization of nanoemulsions for encapsulation and delivery of vitexin: antioxidant activity, storage stability and in vitro digestibility.

Nanoemulsions were prepared as an encapsulation and delivery system for vitexin, a poorly water-soluble antioxidant. This study evaluated how the type and concentration of the dispersed oil phase and vitexin loading impacted droplet characteristics and nanoemulsion stability. The influences of storage temperature on antioxidant activity and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on nanoemulsion stability were also investigated. Nanoemulsions prepared at different dispersed oil concentrations showed diverse characteristics and stability. Highest stability against droplet aggregation and phase separation with small oil droplets (< 150 nm) was observed for nanoemulsions prepared using 300 g kg-1 medium-chain triglyceride oil. These nanoemulsions are able to entrap and deliver vitexin with high encapsulation efficiency (88-90%) with no significant effect on emulsion stability. Vitexin-loaded nanoemulsions were stable during storage when refrigerated (4 °C) and at room temperature (25 °C) for up to 45 days with no effect on their antioxidant activity. Significantly delayed lipolysis rate and decreased extent of lipid digestion were observed in vitexin-loaded nanoemulsions. Stable vitexin-loaded nanoemulsions were successfully produced by high-pressure homogenization using a mixture of Tween 80 and lecithin as emulsifiers. Vitexin-loaded nanoemulsions stabilized with a mixture of these two emulsifiers were effective in retaining antioxidant activity during storage and protecting vitexin from changes during gastrointestinal digestion. Our results suggested that nanoemulsions were effective vitexin delivery systems for food applications. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Self-Nanoemulsification of Healthy Oils to Enhance the Solubility of Lipophilic Drugs.

The low aqueous solubility of many drugs reduces their bioavailability in the blood. Oils have been used for centuries to enhance the solubility of drugs; however, they can disturb the lipid profile of the patients. In this study, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems of omega-3 fatty acids-rich oils are prepared and optimized for the delivery of lipophilic drugs. Rosuvastatin, a potent hypolipidemic drug, was used as a model lipophilic drug. Fish oil showed more than 7-fold higher solubility of rosuvastatin than other oils and therefore it was selected for the development of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS). Different combinations of surfactants and co-surfactants were screened and a surfactant mixture of Tween 80 (surfactant) and Capryol PGMC (cosurfactant) were selected for compatibility with fish oil and rosuvastatin. A pseudoternary phase diagram of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant was designed to identify the emulsion region. The pseudoternary phase diagram predicted a 1:3 oil and surfactant mixture as the most stable ratio for the emulsion system. Then, a response-surface methodology (Box-Behnken design) was applied to calculate the optimal composition. After 17 runs, fish oil, Tween 80, and Capryol PGMC in proportions of 0.399, 0.67, and 0.17, respectively, were selected as the optimized formulation. The self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems showed excellent emulsification potential, robustness, stability, and drug release characteristics. In the drug release studies, SNEDDS released 100% of the payload in around 6 h whereas, release of the plain drug was less than 70% even after 12 h. Therefore, omega-3 fatty acids-rich healthy lipids have enormous potential to enhance the solubility of lipophilic drugs whereas, self-emulsification can be used as a simple and feasible approach to exploit this potential.

Microemulsions based on peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) seed oil and its fatty acids: Product development and stability enhancement

Peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) originated in China and has long been popular worldwide as an ornamental crop. In recent years, peony seed oil (PSO) as edible oil has received extensive attention due to its richness in unsaturated fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid (ALA). In this work, fatty acid mixture-1 (FAM-1) and fatty acid mixture-2 (FAM-2) with different ALA concentrations were prepared from PSO by saponification and freezing crystallization. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to determine the composition and proportions of microemulsions (MEs), which were used to embed PSO and FAM. Based on pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, PSO ME prepared possessed a droplet size of 54.6 nm using a mixture of Tween 80 and Span 80 as the surfactant, while FAM-1 ME and FAM-2 ME owned droplet sizes of 30.1 and 29.7 nm using Tween 20 as the surfactant, respectively. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed that the MEs had good dispersibility, and rheological analysis demonstrated excellent resistance to shearing rate changes. Besides, three MEs all exhibited good stability at 4 °C by microemulsification during the 60-day storage period in terms of droplet size, pH, and electrical conductivity. The water solubility and viscosity exhibited by the three synthetic MEs showed large potential to expand the application in cosmetics, medicine, and food industry.

The enhanced cooling effect of water mist with additives on inhibiting lithium ion battery thermal runaway

As the most concerning failure event of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), thermal runaway (TR) often causes considerable damage, such as fire or even explosion. Therefore, an efficient cooling method is essential after LIBs are triggered into TR. In this study, a series of experiments are performed on LIBs TR using water mist containing different additives to investigate the cooling performance of additives; furthermore, its cooling mechanism is described. The results show that water mist containing Tween 20 or 1-heptanol can enhance heat transfer, whereas FS-51 inhibits heat transfer. The heat dissipation of Tween 20 is 12.46 ± 0.20 kJ, which exhibits the best cooling effect, and it is increased by 23.6% compared with the test with pure water. However, the binary mixture of Tween 20 and 1-heptanol does not exhibit a better cooling performance than the water mist with a single additive. Moreover, the enhanced cooling effect of water mist with additives is closely related to the surface tension and foamability of additives. The additive with lower surface tension and foamability exhibits a better cooling effect of water mist. These results demonstrate that water mist containing specific additives improves the cooling effect, which may provide a reference for the design of battery safety.

Vanillic Acid as a Promising Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor: Extraction from Amomum villosum Lour and Biocompatibility Improvement via Extract Nanoemulsion.

Gout is an oxidative stress-related disease. Food-derived vanillic acid, a promising xanthine oxidase inhibitor, could potentially be used as a safe, supportive, and therapeutic product for gout. The extraction of vanillic acid from a classic Chinese herbal plant Amomum villosum with ethanol was investigated in the study. The optimum conditions were determined as extraction time of 74 min, extraction temperature of 48.36 °C, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:35 g·mL−1 using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental extraction yield of 9.276 mg·g−1 matched with the theoretical value of 9.272 ± 0.011 mg·g−1 predicted by the model. The vanillic acid in Amomum villosum was determined to be 0.5450 mg·g−1 by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) under the optimum extraction conditions and exhibited xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity, with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.762 mg·mL−1. The nanoemulsion of Amomum villosum extract consists of 49.97% distilled water, 35.09% Smix (mixture of tween 80 and 95% ethanol with 2:1 ratio), and 14.94% n-octanol, with a particle size of 110.3 ± 1.9 nm. The nanoemulsion of Amomum villosum extract exhibited markable XO inhibitory activity, with an inhibition rate of 58.71%. The result demonstrated the potential benefit of Amomum villosum as an important dietary source of xanthine oxidase inhibitors for gout.

Characterization, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potentials of Tamarindus indica L. Fruit Pulp Extract Loaded O/W Nanoemulsions

The main purposes of the current study were to formulate o/w nanoemulsions as a carrier for Tamarindus indica (tamarind) fruit pulp extract and to study the antioxidant and antibacterial potentials of nanoemulsions containing tamarind extract, focusing on cosmetic/hygiene applications. The o/w nanoemulsions using a mixture of Tween 80 and Span 80 as an emulsifier (5%w/w) were prepared by a high pressure homogenization process. Two concentrations of sweet tamarind extract, 3.3 and 6.6%w/w, based on the bioactivity study, were incorporated into the blank nanoemulsions to produce loaded nanoemulsions, F1-3.3TE (3.3%) and F1- 6.6TE (6.6%). As compared with the unloaded nanoemulsion, both tamarind extract loaded nanoemulsions showed reduced pH and significantly increased viscosity. Overall, the loaded nanoemulsions had droplet sizes of approximately 130 nm, zeta potential around -38 mV and polydispersity index (PDI) values less than 0.2. The nanoemulsion F1-3.3TE had better stability (e.g. significantly greater % tartaric acid content and lesser PDI value) than the nanoemulsion F1-6.6TE did. The antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay revealed that the nanoemulsions F1-3.3TE and F1-6.6TE had scavenging activities of 81.66 ± 0.77% and 63.80 ± 0.79%, respectively. However, antioxidant activity of these two formulations decreased under stress conditions (heating-cooling cycles). Such incidence did not occur for their antibacterial properties investigated by agar well diffusion technique. The two formulations exhibited inhibition zones of approximately 24.0-27.7 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, responsible for malodor of underarms. The results suggest the potential of using sweet tamarind pulp extract loaded nanoemulsions as hygiene products.

Formulation optimization and antioxidant test for Self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system of soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) chloroform extract using candlenut oil as oil phase

Soursop leaves ( Annona muricata L.) chloroform extract has an anticancer agent that can be developed for traditional medicine preparation, even though the extract's solubility is low in the water. This study aims to generate new soursop leaves chloroform extract in the Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS). The expected result is that the solubility increases so that the drug delivery system is more effective. The extraction process of soursop leaves uses the percolation method with chloroform as a solvent. It used tween 80 and cremophore E.L. as surfactant, propylene glycol as a cosurfactant, and candlenut oil as a carrier, to make the SNEDDS formulation. Then performed a comparison between the optimal parameters for the physical properties of the SNEDDS formulation with the predictive Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) formulation with the students' t-test statistical analysis [p&gt; 0.05]. Then carried out several tests such as loading dosage extractability, accelerated stability test, particle size, and zeta potential. Furthermore, the antioxidant test was carried out using the DPPH reagent. The optimum composition of candlenut oil, propylene glycol, a mixture of tween 80, and cremophor E.L. based on SLD is 12%: 22%: 66%, respectively. The SNEDDS optimum formulation for chloroform extract of soursop leaves produces a stable nanoemulsion, homogenous. It has a transmittance value of 90.58% ± 0.151, emulsification time of 59.44 ± 1.763 seconds, and a value of separation phase 1. The physical formulation test results showed no significant difference between observations with predictive design expert software. SNEDDS can produce 25.0 mg of soursop chloroform extract with particle size 411.4 nm, polydispersion index 0.482, and zeta potential 34.2 mV. IC50 value in 36.28 ppm indicated the antioxidant potential of the SNEDDS formulation for chloroform extract of soursop leaves is high.

Effective Lipid Nanocarriers Based on Linseed Oil for Delivery of Natural Polyphenolic Active

The main purpose of the present research was to test the ability of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to efficiently host a hydrophilic polyphenol active with health-promoting activities (caffeic acid (CA)). The caffeic acid-loaded lipid nanocarriers (CA-NLCs) were obtained by high-pressure homogenization technique using a surfactant mixture of Tween 20 and L-α-phosphatidylcholine in association with a lipid mixture of linseed oil, hexadecyl palmitate, and glycerol monostearate. In the first stage, the proportion between surfactant mixture and lipid phase has been varied to obtain appropriate stable nanocarriers. The optimized NLCs have been further loaded with different amounts of caffeic acid and were analyzed in terms of physical stability, size characteristics, and encapsulation efficiency. The antioxidant activity of CA-loaded NLCs and their release behavior have been tested by specific in vitro methods, e.g., ABTS (2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assay and release experiments, by Franz cell diffusion. The ABTS assay highlighted a high antioxidant potential of the caffeic acid in association with linseed oil. The capacity to capture ABTS cationic radicals was superior for the NLC entrapping an initial amount of 1.5% CA, the level of antioxidant capacity being 91.3%. The in vitro release experiments showed a different release behavior, depending on the initial amount of caffeic acid used. NLC loaded with a higher concentration of CA manifests a gradual slow release, e.g., 45% CA after 24 h of in vitro experiments, while the NLC loaded with smaller concentration of CA assured a higher release in time, around 65%.

A Thermodynamic Micellization and Hemolysis Evaluation of Polysorbate Surfactants in Combination with Short-Chain Alcohols

Surface active agents have been used in many pharmaceutical formulations for different purposes as penetration enhancers. In this study, the penetration enhancement activity of four nonionic surfactants from polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters alone and in combination with some short-chain alcohols on red blood cells were investigated. Hemolysis at different concentrations of each nonionic surfactant (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2%) and ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, glycerol, and propylene glycol (0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10% w/v) were investigated. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) and micellization thermodynamic parameters of tween 80 in presence of ethanol and glycerol at different concentrations were determined. The influence of the ethanol and glycerol on nonionic surfactant micelle formation was evaluated by determining CMC and micellization thermodynamic parameters of tween80 at different concentrations of alcohol-tween mixtures. The mixture of Tween 20 and glycerol have the lowest hemolytic activity while tween 80-ethanol mixture has the highest hemolysis activity. The self-aggregation of surfactant monomers was affected by short-chain alcohols. The structure breaking ability of alcohol and their interactions with the hydrophilic-hydrophobic groups of surfactants might be the main factors for changing the micelle formation. The CMCs of tween 80 was incremented by increasing the concentration of alcohol. The results indicated that by adding and increasing short chain alcohols the CMCs increased also the CMCs were increasing through raising the temperature (while in the presents of surfactants alone the CMCs decreased by raising temperature).

Synthesis and determination of Surface tension of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium lauroyl sarcosinate IL and Tween 80

Ionic liquids (ILs) have unique physicochemical properties. ILs with long carbon chains are called surface-active ILs, and they have surfactant properties. In this study, we synthesize (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium lauroyl sarcosinate) [BMIM] [Lausar] IL that have surfactant properties. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was used to confirm the chemical structure of the synthesized IL. The surface tension of [BMIM] [Lausar] was determined that it was almost 37.1mN/m. Tween 80 is the most famous commercial surfactant, and we also determine the surface tension of Tween 80. Afterword, we make the binary mixture of Tween 80 and IL-based surfactants. Based on our results, we can conclude that Tween 80 and [BMIM] [Lausar] both reduced surface tension and have excellent surface properties when combining and can be used as surfactants in many sectors.

Pengaruh Perbandingan Minyak dan Surfaktan serta Suhu terhadap Karakteristik Sediaan Krim

This study aims to determine the effect of oil and surfactant comparisons and the temperature to the resultant dosage characteristics and determine the oil and surfactant ratio and the appropriate temperature for the preparation of cream. This study uses the group random two-factor design. The first factor is the comparison of oil that is mixture of cocoa fat and virgin coconut oil with surfactants that is mixture of tween 80 and span 80 consisting of 3 levels, which are 85% ; 15%, 80% ; 20% and 85% ; 25%. The second factor is temperature consisting of 3 levels, which are 60 º C, 70 º C and 80 º C. Results of this study showed the treatment of oil comparison and surfactants were had an strongly effect to the homogeneity, adhesive time, spread ability, separation ratio and viscosity, but had no effect on the pH of cream preparations. Temperature treatment had an strongly effect on homogeneity, adhesive time, spread ability, separation ratio and viscosity, while only had an effect on the pH of a basic cream. Interaction between the treatment had an effect on the ratio of separation, pH as well as the spread of cream preparations, but no had effect on adhesive time and the viscosity of the preparation of cream. Oil comparison and surfactant treatment of 80%: 20% and temperature 70ºC is the best treatment resulting in a cream preparations with homogenity characteristics, adhesive time 7.14 Second, ratio of separator 0.48, spread ability of 6.83 cm, viscosity of 37000 cps and pH 6.05.&#x0D; Keywords: oil, surfactans, temperature, cocoa fats, virgin coconut oil, tween 80 and span 80

PH responsive chitosan-coated microemulsions as drug delivery systems

Oil-in-water microemulsions (o/w MEs) were coated with chitosan to obtain new curcumin delivery systems. First, ternary phase diagrams were constructed using mixtures of Tween 20, Tween 80, ethanol, and monopropyleneglycol (MPG) to determine the macroscopic phase region of MEs and their capacity to incorporate clove oil. Particularly, MEs with size less than 20 nm could be formed using low amount of the surfactant Tween 20. The prepared MEs were subjected to diverse stability tests and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential (Z potential), conductivity, pH, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Stable, spherical uncoated and polymer-coated MEs were obtained with low droplet size (Dp), <50 nm, for the water/Tween 20/clove oil/ and water/Tween80/MPG/clove oil systems using a chitosan solution of 1 mg/mL. For all polymer-coated MEs, an increase of Z potential (17–54 mV) was observed due to the presence of chitosan. The loading with curcumin did not affect the Dp of MEs (e.g., for ME with Tween 20, Dp unloaded 12.35 ± 1.86 nm and Dp loaded 11.13 ± 0.32 nm) but Z potential and conductivity values were increased (typically for coated ME prepared with Tween 20 17.00 ± 0.36 mV ≤Z potential ≤41.5 mV, 162.20 ± 8.95 μS/cm ≤ conductivity ≤183.8 ± 0.56 μS/cm). Drug delivery studies for the chitosan-coated MEs were carried out at different pH (7.4, 6.5, and 5.8). The release of curcumin from the chitosan-coated MEs, formed with Tween 20, showed a dependence of the pH with a maximum release at the acidic pH of 5.8 (58%). The release of curcumin from all MEs was best described by the Korsmeyer- Peppas model with a Fickian transport mechanism.