Mixture Of Triglycerides Research Articles

Comparison of two lipid emulsions on interleukin-1β, interleukin-8 and fatty acid composition in infants post gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized trial

Background: Nutritional support plays an essential role for recovery in infants who undergo gastrointestinal surgery. The current standard type of intravenous lipid emulsion (IVLE) used as parenteral nutrition is the mixture of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and long chain triglyceride (LCT) rich in ω-6. Studies showed that ω-6 is associated with higher level of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to increased mortality rate, morbidity rate, and postoperative recovery time. The latest generation of emulsion is a mixture of MCT, LCT, olive oil (OO), and fish oil (FO) which may optimize the ω6/ω3 ratio. This study aimed to compare the effect of MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE to standard IVLE on IL-1β, IL-8 and plasma fatty acids in infants who had undergone gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: A single-blind, randomised controlled, pretest-posttest design study was done in twelve subjects that were classified into two groups. Group 1 received standard IVLE, group 2 received MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE. The type of standard and MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE used in this study were Lipofundin 20% and SMOFlipid 20%, respectively, both administered for three consecutive days in 1-4 gram/kilogram/day. IL-1β and IL-8 were examined using ELISA while fatty acids was analyzed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Mac 23. Results: No statistical difference was found in age, gender, birth weight and diagnosis between both groups. Leukocyte was significantly lower in MCT/LCT/OO/FO group 3 days after surgery (p=0.025). CRP was lower in MCT/LCT/OO/FO group 3 days after surgery (p=0.01) and in changes within 3 days (p=0.016). There were no differences in IL-1β, IL-8 and ω-3 but ω-6 was higher in standard IVFE group on third day after surgery (p=0,048) Conclusion: MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE can significantly lower leukocyte, CRP and ω-6 levels and is comparable with standard IVLE on IL-1β, IL-8 and ω-3 levels in infants underwent gastrointestinal surgery.

Comparison of two lipid emulsions on interleukin-1β, interleukin-8 and fatty acid composition in infants post gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized trial

Background: Nutritional support plays an essential role for recovery in infants who undergo gastrointestinal surgery. The current standard type of intravenous lipid emulsion (IVLE) used as parenteral nutrition is the mixture of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and long chain triglyceride (LCT) rich in ω-6. Studies showed that ω-6 is associated with higher level of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to increased mortality rate, morbidity rate, and postoperative recovery time. The latest generation of emulsion is a mixture of MCT, LCT, olive oil (OO), and fish oil (FO) which may optimize the ω6/ω3 ratio. This study aimed to compare the effect of MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE to standard IVLE on IL-1β, IL-8 and serum fatty acids in infants who had undergone gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: A single-blind, randomised controlled, pretest-posttest design study was done in twelve subjects that were classified into two groups. Group 1 received standard IVLE, group 2 received MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE. The type of standard and MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE used in this study were Lipofundin 20% and SMOFlipid 20%, respectively, both administered for three consecutive days in 1-4 gram/kilogram/day. IL-1β and IL-8 were examined using ELISA while fatty acids was analyzed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Mac 23. Results: No statistical difference was found in age, gender, birth weight and diagnosis between both groups. Leukocyte was significantly lower in MCT/LCT/OO/FO group 3 days after surgery (p=0.025). CRP was lower in MCT/LCT/OO/FO group 3 days after surgery (p=0.01) and in changes within 3 days (p=0.016). There were no differences in IL-1β, IL-8 and ω-3 but ω-6 was higher in standard IVFE group on third day after surgery (p=0,048) Conclusion: MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE can significantly lower leukocyte, CRP and ω-6 levels and is comparable with standard IVLE on IL-1β, IL-8 and ω-3 levels in infants who had undergone gastrointestinal surgery.

ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF FAT EMULSIONS IN NEONATAL PARENTAL `NUTRITION IN UKRAINE

Fat emulsions are extremely important for newborns, especially for seriously ill, premature babies with very low and extremely low body weight (congenital or acquired pathology that causes gastrointestinal failure), if routine enteral feeding is problematic and sometimes impossible. All current updated data on the quality, efficacy and feasibility of using lipid emulsions in parenteral nutrition for medical reasons were published in the 2019 Cochrane Review “Systematic review of lipid emulsions for intravenous nutrition in term and late preterm infants”. More recently, fatty emulsions obtained from several sources have become available for clinical use. SMOFLipid is one of such fat emulsion. It`s a mixture of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil and fish oil in a 30: 30: 25: 15 ratio that has certain benefits. Due to the content of medium-chain triglycerides, it`s rapidly metabolized; soybean oil - a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids; olive oil - less immune effects; and fish oil - the antiinflammatory effect is enhanced, and a decrease in the frequency of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and infection in premature infants is noted. Today in Ukraine, to cover the needs for energy, calories, and essential fatty acids in term and premature babies, when oral or enteral nutrition is not possible, insufficient or contraindicated, lipid emulsion SMOFLipid is actively used as part of total parenteral nutrition. The general dynamics of prescribing lipid emulsions in Ukraine are regressive due to certain regions, where the practice of parenteral nutrition for newborns differs from other areas in sporadicity and less priority due to objective and subjective circumstances. One of the key ways to solve the problem of improving the quality of medical care for newborns in neonatal hospitals should be the introduction of a training system (seminars, practical training, etc.) for neonatologists in modern principles of conducting and international clinical guidelines for parenteral nutrition of newborns at all levels in all regions. Ukraine.

Comparison of two lipid emulsions on interleukin-1β, interleukin-8 and fatty acid composition in infants post gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized trial

Background: Nutritional support plays an essential role for recovery in infants who undergo gastrointestinal surgery. The current standard type of intravenous lipid emulsion (IVLE) used as parenteral nutrition is the mixture of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and long chain triglyceride (LCT) rich in ω-6. Studies showed that ω-6 is associated with higher level of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to increased mortality rate, morbidity rate, and postoperative recovery time. The latest generation of emulsion is a mixture of MCT, LCT, olive oil (OO), and fish oil (FO) which may optimize the ω6/ω3 ratio. This study aimed to compare the effect of MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE to standard IVLE on IL-1β, IL-8 and plasma fatty acid composition in infants who had undergone gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: A single-blind, randomised controlled, pretest-posttest design study was done in twelve subjects that were classified into two groups. Group 1 received standard IVLE, group 2 received MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE. The type of standard and MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE used in this study were Lipofundin 20% and SMOFlipid 20%, respectively, both administered for three consecutive days in 1-4 gram/kilogram/day. IL-1β and IL-8 were examined using ELISA while fatty acid composition was analyzed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Mac 23. Results: No statistical difference was found in age, gender, birth weight and diagnosis, between both groups. Leukocyte level was significantly lower in MCT/LCT/OO/FO group 3 days after surgery (p=0.025). CRP level was lower in MCT/LCT/OO/FO group 3 days after surgery (p=0.01) and in changes within 3 days (p=0.016). There were no differences in IL-1β and IL-8 but ω-6 was higher in standard IVFE group on third day after surgery (p=0,048). Conclusion: MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE can significantly lower leukocyte, CRP and ω-6 levels and is comparable with standard IVLE on IL-1β & IL-8 levels in infants underwent gastrointestinal surgery.

Model infant formulas: Influence of types of whey proteins and oil composition on emulsion and powder properties

This study aimed at producing model infant formulas using different types of proteins (lactoferrin, whey protein isolate and/or whey protein hydrolysate) and oils (high oleic sunflower oil, coconut oil and/or caprylic/capric triglyceride mixture) in order to evaluate the influence of the interactions among the ingredients on the structural characteristics of the emulsions and the powders. Lactoferrin showed to be a promising ingredient for incorporation into infant formulas, allowing its association with whey protein hydrolysates to maintain the stability of the emulsion. In addition, model infant formula powders containing lactoferrin resulted in powders with higher values of yield (52.0–74.3%), encapsulation efficiency (90.8–97.2%) and hygroscopicity (11.7–13.4%) and better wettability. The oil blends containing medium chain triacylglycerols also showed adequacy to produce stable emulsions with reduced droplet size (1.31 μm) and powders with bigger encapsulation efficiency (97.2%). This study concludes that the great protein-protein interaction, as well as the different types of oil, influenced on the powder characteristics and the drying performance.

Milk mimicry – Triglyceride mixtures that mimic lipid structuring during the digestion of bovine and human milk

It is well recognised that the digestion of milk lipids releases fat-soluble bioactives, primarily in the intestines where 70–90% of lipid digestion occurs. The digestion of milk lipids under intestinal conditions yields fatty acids and monoglycerides that self-assemble into liquid crystalline phases that are species-dependent, suggesting that they play a role in directed nutrition. Yet to date, no studies have proposed mimicking milk liquid crystalline structuring by precisely tailoring the lipids in the digesting emulsions. In this work, the preparation of lipid emulsions that mimic lipid self-assembly in bovine and human milk was examined. Mixtures of between four and eight off-the-shelf homotriglycerides were prepared based on the total fatty acid content of bovine and human milks and these were emulsified using casein. If kept at or above body temperature after emulsification the emulsions were stable and 84 ± 6% (bovine) and 86 ± 3% (human) of the lipids could be digested under intestinal conditions over 2 h. The evolution of liquid crystalline phases was determined as a function of extent of lipid digestion enabled by the well-defined nature of the lipid emulsion and the emulsifying buffer solution. It was found that eight triglycerides with a fine balance of medium- and long-chain triglycerides were required to mimic the bicontinuous cubic phases observed in digesting commercial bovine milk. In contrast, the micellar cubic phases observed in the digestion of donor human milk could be mimicked with simpler lipid mixtures comprising four–seven triglycerides comprising mostly long chain and unsaturated triglycerides. These simplified mixtures are therefore representative colloidal structures that mimic the lipid self-assembly behaviour in digesting dairy emulsions, which can be used as oral delivery vehicles of fat-soluble bioactives targeted towards particular populations including infants in the first year of life.

Liquid Sampling-Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Ionization as a Technique for the Characterization of Salt-Containing Organic Samples.

Typical ionization techniques used for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis face challenges when trying to analyze organic species in a high-salt environment. Here, we present results using a recently developed ionization source, liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD), for marine-relevant salt-containing organic samples. Using two representative sample types, a triglyceride mixture and dissolved organic matter, this method is compared to traditional electrospray ionization (ESI) under saline and neat conditions. LS-APGD produced equal or higher (15%+) ion intensities than those of ESI for both salt-containing and neat samples, although important differences linked with adduct formation in high-salt conditions explain the molecular species observed. For all sample types, LS-APGD observed a higher diversity of molecules under optimized settings (0.25 mm electrode spacing at 20 mA) compared to traditional ESI. Furthermore, because the LS-APGD source ionizes molecular species in a ∼1 mm3 volume plasma using a low-power source, there is the potential for this method to be applied in field studies, eliminating desalting procedures, which can be time-consuming and nonideal for low-concentration species.

Plant-Derived Butters as Lipid Nanocarriers: A Systematic and Prospective Review.

Pharmaceutical nanotechnology represents an efficient alternative for the delivery of pharmacologically active plant-derived compounds, considering their protective capacity, oral bioavailability and drug vectorization capacity. In this context, butters obtained from plant seeds have emerged as promising products for the development of pharmacologically active nanostructures. They possess a complex lipid composition, allowing the formation of different emulsion systems with solid cores, since this mixture of different triglycerides is solid at room temperature and body temperature. Therefore, the systematic mapping around the technological development of nanostructures produced from plant-derived butters is potentially valuable for researchers interested in novel alternative formulations for pharmacological therapy, with potential industrial, economic, health and societal impacts. Systematic review was carried out by the search of scientific papers and patents deposited in official databases concerning the development of nanostructured pharmaceutical products using plantderived butters as starting material. The publications obtained were subjected to sorting and analysis by applying the following inclusion/exclusion criteria. The Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN) was the type of nanostructure produced in all the analyzed scientific papers, due to the physicochemical characteristics of the lipid constituents of plantderived butters. In this sense, 54% of the articles have reported the use of Cocoa Butter for the production of nanostructures; 28% for Shea Butter; 6% for Cupuacu Butter, 6% for Murumuru Butter and 6% for Bacuri Butter. In the technological prospection, only two patents exhibited SLN as an invention based on cocoa butter and on shea butter, respectively. The production methods employed have included: phase inversion temperature, microemulsion, hot high pressure homogenization, high shear homogenization and ultrasonication. In light of this prospective review, the encouragement of novel studies in lipids-based nanotechnology is evident, considering the small number of findings so far, in order to stimulate new research involving plant-derived butters from easily cultivated fruits in tropical regions, then stimulating the pharmaceutical development of new therapeutic alternatives using biocompatible and sustainable raw materials.

Chemical Composition of an Aphid Antifeedant Extract from an Endophytic Fungus, Trichoderma sp. EFI671.

Botanical and fungal biopesticides, including endophytes, are in high demand given the current restrictive legislations on the use of chemical pesticides. As part of an ongoing search for new biopesticides, a series of fungal endophytes have been isolated from selected medicinal plants including Lauraceae species. In the current study, an extract from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma sp. EFI 671, isolated from the stem parts of the medicinal plant Laurus sp., was screened for bioactivity against plant pathogens (Fusarium graminearum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea), insect pests (Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum padi) and plant parasites (Meloidogyne javanica), with positive results against M. persicae. The chemical study of the neutral fraction of the active hexane extract resulted in the isolation of a triglyceride mixture (m1), eburicol (2), β-sitostenone (3), ergosterol (4) and ergosterol peroxide (5). The free fatty acids present in the acid fraction of the extract and in m1 (oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic) showed strong dose-dependent antifeedant effects against M. persicae. Liquid (potato dextrose broth, PDB and Sabouraud Broth, SDB) and solid (corn, sorghum, pearl millet and rice) growth media were tested in order to optimize the yield and bioactivity of the fungal extracts. Pearl millet and corn gave the highest extract yields. All the extracts from these solid media had strong effects against M. persicae, with sorghum being the most active. Corn media increased the methyl linoleate content of the extract, pearl millet media increased the oleic acid and sorghum media increased the oleic and linoleic acids compared to rice. The antifeedant effects of these extracts correlated with their content in methyl linoleate and linoleic acid. The phytotoxic effects of these extracts against ryegrass, Lolium perenne, and lettuce, Lactuca sativa, varied with culture media, with sorghum being non- toxic.

Metabolism of Exogenous D-Beta-Hydroxybutyrate, an Energy Substrate Avidly Consumed by the Heart and Kidney.

There is growing interest in the metabolism of ketones owing to their reported benefits in neurological and more recently in cardiovascular and renal diseases. As an alternative to a very high fat ketogenic diet, ketones precursors for oral intake are being developed to achieve ketosis without the need for dietary carbohydrate restriction. Here we report that an oral D-beta-hydroxybutyrate (D-BHB) supplement is rapidly absorbed and metabolized in humans and increases blood ketones to millimolar levels. At the same dose, D-BHB is significantly more ketogenic and provides fewer calories than a racemic mixture of BHB or medium chain triglyceride. In a whole body ketone positron emission tomography pilot study, we observed that after D-BHB consumption, the ketone tracer 11C-acetoacetate is rapidly metabolized, mostly by the heart and the kidneys. Beyond brain energy rescue, this opens additional opportunities for therapeutic exploration of D-BHB supplements as a “super fuel” in cardiac and chronic kidney diseases.

Lipid Use in Hospitalized Adults Requiring Parenteral Nutrition

In hospitalized patients, lipid emulsions are an integral part of balanced parenteral nutrition. Traditionally, a single lipid source, soybean oil, has been given to patients and was usually regarded as just a source of energy and to prevent essential fatty-acid deficiency. However, mixtures of different lipid emulsions have now become widely available, including mixtures of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil. Fish oil is high in the ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). There is a growing body of evidence that these ω-3 fatty acids can exert beneficial immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and inflammation-resolution effects across a wide range of patient groups including surgical, cancer, and critically ill patients. At least in part, these effects are realized via potent specialized pro-resolution mediators (SPMs). Moreover, parenteral nutrition including ω-3 fatty acids can result in additional clinical benefits over the use of standard lipid emulsions, such as reductions in infection rates and length of hospital and intensive care unit stay. Clinical and experimental evidence is reviewed regarding lipid emulsion use in a variety of hospitalized patient groups, including surgical, critically ill, sepsis, trauma, and acute pancreatitis patients. Practical aspects of lipid emulsion use in critically ill patients are also considered, such as how to determine and fulfill energy expenditure, how and when to consider parenteral nutrition, duration of infusion, and safety monitoring.

Metod reverzne dijalize sa vrećicama za procenu in vitro oslobađanja lekovite supstance iz parenteralnih nanoemulzija - studija sa risperidonom

The present study describes the release pattern of risperidone, a poorly water-soluble psychopharmacological drug, from two parenteral nanoemulsions containing the mixture of medium-chain triglycerides and soybean oil as an oil phase, sodium oleate solution as an aqueous phase and lecithin alone or in combination with polysorbate 80 as emulsifiers/stabilizers. The nanoemulsions were prepared by hot high-pressure homogenization, and evaluated regarding physicochemical properties - a droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and viscosity, as well as biopharmaceutical performances - in vitro drug release by employing a reverse dialysis bag technique. Physicochemical characterization revealed a favorable mean droplet size (160-210 nm), narrow size distribution (<0.15), high surface charge (around -50 mV to -60 mV) and low apparent viscosity (4-6 mPa.s) of developed nanoemulsions, thus proving their suitability for parenteral administration of poorly water-soluble actives. The in vitro drug release study showed biphasic release profiles of risperidone, with significant differences between two investigated nanoemulsion formulations (differing only in the presence of polysorbate 80), indicating the influence of nanoemulsion matrix on drug release kinetics. However, the release of risperidone from investigated nanoemulsions was relatively rapid (more than 50% released within the first 5 min), suggesting their promising application in emergency situations. Furthermore, above 95% of the drug was released from both tested nanoemulsions within 180 min, while the kinetic release process could be described by Korsmeyer-Peppas model and supposed to be diffusion-controlled.Overall, it can be concluded that the reverse dialysis bag technique was the appropriate and enough discriminatory method to evaluate the in vitro release of risperidone from presented nanoemulsion systems.

Solubility of pharmaceutical ingredients in triglycerides

Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) are highly relevant as pharmaceutical formulations significantly enhancing the bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). These formulations often are complex mixtures of APIs, various lipids, and other excipients (e.g. surfactants). In their simplest form, LBDDS contain one API being dissolved in a pure lipid, which often is a triglyceride (TG). In this work, solubilities of the APIs indomethacin, ibuprofen, and fenofibrate in pure TGs of different chain lengths (C chain 8–18) and degree of saturation were investigated. Solubilities of APIs in TGs were measured via differential scanning calorimetry, hot-stage microscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and Raman spectroscopy. The influence of fatty-acid chain length and degree of saturation on the API solubility in the TGs was investigated. APIs showed a higher solubility in saturated (wIBU = 10.5 wt% at 25 °C in tricaprylin) TGs compared to unsaturated ones (wIBU = 4.0 wt% at 25 °C in triolein). The fatty-acid chain length of TGs only slightly affects the solubility of ibuprofen and fenofibrate, but strongly influences the eutectic temperature of the API/TG mixtures.API solubilities in TGs and TG mixtures (mixtures of tricaprylin and tricaprin) were successfully modeled using the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) accounting for the intermolecular API/TG interactions providing a deep understanding of the energetic and structural impact of the TGs on API solubility.

Biodiesel synthesis in DBD plasma reactor using triglyceride-methanol mixture contacted with CO2-steam gas mixture

The conventional method of biodiesel synthesis is known to have a few drawbacks. With the intent of reversing the drawbacks, a research on biodiesel synthesis from triglycerides and methanol using cold plasma Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) reactors was conducted by using two types of plasma carrier gas, namely argon (Ar) and a mixture of Ar + CO2 + H2O (vapor) by varying the temperature and reaction time systematically. The major products obtained from the cold plasma dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor consists of four primary components: FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) or biodiesel, alkane (paraffin) and fatty alcohol and/or other side products which were analysed using GC-MS and FT-IR. The analysis was carried out mainly to determine the chemical conversion associated with reactant or biodiesel products. The types of triglycerides used in this research are (a). used cooking oil, (b). used mixtures of used palm oil and fresh palm oil, and (c). used mixtures of used palm oil and fresh castor oil. With the synthesis time for 2 hours, it was found that the cold plasma DBD reactor was able to change about 47- 89 % mixture of triglycerides (without catalyst and excess methanol) to various product such as FAME, greendiesel paraffin and fatty alcohols. It seems the uses of Argon Gas produce a 23.7% higher yield of FAME and paraffin than the mixture of argon and CO2.

Development of an oil suspension containing granisetron hydrochloride as a sustained-release parenteral formulation for enhancement of pharmacokinetic properties

A sustained-release parenteral formulation of granisetron hydrochloride, a water-soluble drug, was developed in the form of an oil suspension loaded with microparticles. Spray drying technique was employed to prepare microparticles of polymers and the drug without using organic solvents. The effects of polymers and oils on the drug release were evaluated. Methylcellulose was found to be the most effective among various polymers examined for the drug sustained-release. Physicochemical characterization suggested that methylcellulose and granisetron hydrochloride interacted within the microparticles via hydrogen bonds and that the drug was transformed to an amorphous state. The optimum sustained-release parenteral formulation was the suspension of the spray-dried microparticles of methylcellulose and granisetron hydrochloride (ratio 5:1) in the mixture of medium-chain triglycerides and castor oil (40:60, V/V). In vitro release study showed the sustained-release characteristics of the optimized formulation up to 72 h. The results of pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed the sustained-release characteristic of the optimized formulation with an extended Tmax and the enhanced systemic exposure compared to the drug solution. Encapsulation of hydrophilic drugs with methylcellulose into microparticles combined with the preparation of oil suspensions is a promising approach for the development of sustained-release parenteral formulations.

Production and Characterization of Nanoparticle Based Hyaluronate Gel Containing Retinyl Palmitate for Wound Healing.

Wound healing is a biological process that can get in a state of pathologic inflammation, requiring the use of specific medications able to promote proper tissue repair. The study describes the production and characterization of nanoparticle based gel for wound healing treatment designed to deliver hyaluronic acid and retinyl palmitate onto the skin. Tristearin solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers based on a tristearin and caprylic/capric triglyceride mixture were produced and characterized. Gel spreadability and viscosity were investigated. Drug diffusion and "in vitro" wound healing were assessed by Franz cell and scratch wound assay in keratinocytes. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy evidenced flat discoid nanoparticles. Photon correlation spectroscopy analysis indicated homogeneous dimensional distribution and mean diameter 132±46 nm. X-ray evidenced a lamellar inner structure of lipid nanoparticles. Nanostructured lipid carriers, being based on a heterogeneous solid/ liquid lipid mixture, could better solubilize retinyl palmitate and control its stability. The hyaluronic acid directly added into nanoparticles' dispersion enabled to obtain a shear-thinning gel suitable for cutaneous administration. Retynil palmitate diffusion was slower from the nanoparticulate gel with respect to the plain nanoparticle dispersion. The "wound healing" effect of nanoparticulate gel containing retinyl palmitate and hyaluronic acid, analyzed in HaCaT cells, showed significant differences in wounded areas between treated and control cells during the first 24 h postwounding suggesting a synergic effect of retinyl palmitate and hyaluronic acid in "in vitro" wound healing. This study suggests that a nanoparticle based hyaluronate gel containing retinyl palmitate can be efficiently used for wound healing.

Chemical Study, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Oil Seeds of Spondias tuberosa (Anacardiaceae)

ABSTRACTSpondias tuberosa Arr. Cam (Anacardiaceae) is a tree which fruits are popularly known as “umbu”. The crude methanolic extract of S. tuberosa was subjected to a solvent partition, obtaining different organic soluble portions. Chloroform and ethyl acetate soluble fractions proved to be moderately toxic in lethality test compared to Artemia salina. Regarding antioxidant activity, the ethyl acetate fraction proved to be the most active. From the crude hexane extract, a mixture of triglycerides was obtained and, from the chloroform fraction, mixture of free fatty acids and sitosterol and stigmasterol were obtained. From ethyl acetate fraction’s chromatographic procedures, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde was isolated.

Observation of chitosan coated lipid nanoparticles with different lipid compositions under simulated in vitro digestion system

The effects of lipid composition and chitosan coating on lipid digestion ability were investigated using a simulated in vitro digestion system, including oral, gastric, and small intestine stages. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were prepared with only palm oil and the mixture of palm oil and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil, respectively. Chitosan-coated SLNs (CS-SLNs) and NLCs (CS-NLCs) were prepared with a drop-wise method. CS-NLCs were more completely digested than the NLCs, while the NLCs showed higher free fatty acid release than SLNs. Chitosan coating increased the particle size of both SLNs and NLCs from 100.0 to 104.9 nm to 130.0 and 146.5 nm, respectively. Chitosan coating also increased the initial digestion rate of NLCs by modulating lipid droplet aggregation. But, chitosan coating showed little impact on the digestion of SLNs because SLNs did not strongly impact the lipid droplet aggregation state. These results have important implications for the fabrication of functional foods and beverages to achieve control of lipid digestion in the gastrointestinal tract.

Nonclinical safety and pharmacokinetics of Miglyol 812: A medium chain triglyceride in exenatide once weekly suspension.

Exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist was originally developed as either a twice daily or once weekly injectable therapeutic for patients with type 2 diabetes. Exenatide QW suspension was developed for use with an autoinjector device, in which the microspheres are suspended in Miglyol 812, a mixture of medium chain triglycerides (MCTs). MCTs are a class of lipids whose fatty acid chains contain from six to 12 carbon atoms (medium chain fatty acids or MCFAs). While MCTs are edible oils present in many foods, including foodstuffs containing coconut and palm kernel oils, limited information is available regarding the oral and subcutaneous bioavailability of MCTs as well as safety following subcutaneous injection. These studies were designed to investigate the non-clinical pharmacokinetics and safety of MCTs. In a single dose pharmacokinetic study, MCFAs were rapidly detected in the plasma of rats following oral administration of either Miglyol 812 or tricaprylin at doses of 10 or 9.48gkg-1 , respectively. Following subcutaneous dosing with Miglyol 812, MCFAs were rapidly absorbed with a similar profile to that following oral dosing. Furthermore, the toxicity of Miglyol 812 alone was evaluated in a 3month repeat dose toxicology studies in cynomolgus monkeys. In this study, weekly subcutaneous doses of 0.15gkg-1 did not elicit any treatment-related effects in cynomolgus monkeys. In conclusion, these studies alongside the available literature data show that Miglyol 812 is a safe excipient for use in subcutaneously administered therapeutics.

Technoeconomic analysis of Jatropha curcas integral valorization

AbstractIn this paper, the technoeconomical assessment of a Jatropha curcas plant was conducted, taking into account three different raw materials from Jatropha curcas in an integral valorization process: crude oil, seed shell, and de‐oiled seed cake. In this way, all the solid waste produced after the extraction process could be pelletized and exploited in a biodiesel plant generating electricity, greatly improving the overall process economically and environmentally. Crude oil can also be transformed to biodiesel through a simultaneous esterification‐transesterification of a mixture of free fatty acids and triglycerides using bioethanol with a 5% water content and a heterogeneous catalyst.The economic sensitivity analysis was carried out using two different parameters that determine the profitability of the process: the internal rate of return (IRR) and the payback time. On one hand, the variable that has the highest impact over the process is the electricity price because it is the main source of revenue in the plant; on the other hand, the variable with the lowest impact on the process is the bioethanol price because of the high ratio proposed (20 : 1) and because over 80% of this alcohol is recycled at the beginning of the process. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd