Mixture Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Evaluation of Cretaceous-Tertiary Limestones and Clay for Portland Cement in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Due to the high demand for construction in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, it is economically natural resources used to minimize importing from other countries, and to increase working hands. Since, limestone is one of the basic raw materials in the cement industry, for this purpose, in the Harir anticline limestone of the Shiranish Formation was mixed with clay of Fatha Formation, in the Shakrok anticline limestone of the Shiranish Formation mixed with clay of Injana Formation, and in the Binabawi anticline limestone of the Shiranish Formation in mixed with clay of the Mukdadiya Formation, dependent on their suitable nearby site locations for factories from each other. The chemical analysis observed by XRF for specifying the major oxides content of CaO, MgO, SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3. three theoretical mixtures of the cement raw materials showed that they have lower liquid content and higher minimum burning temperature in the burning zone, this problem was solved by adding 0.5% iron ore. The Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy-Dispersive by X-Ray spectroscopy carried out for better observation of clinker phase formation showed that the major phases are alite and belite, which indicates suitable burning conditions. Presence of free lime after burning as shown in SEM is due to high CaO content in the limestone raw material.

СТЕНОВЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ ПОЛУСУХОГО ПРЕССОВАНИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ ГРАНУЛИРОВАННЫХ ИЗВЕСТНЯКОВЫХ ОТХОДОВ КАМНЕДОБЫЧИ

this article is devoted to the study of the processes of granulation of raw materials mixtures from limestone waste of stone mining and Portland cement and the production of wall materials based on them by semi-dry pressing. The optimal humidity-time parameters of the manufacture of granules were determined, laboratory samples of wall materials from granular mixtures with different contents of Portland cement were made. It was found that the compressive strength of samples from granulated raw materials exceeds the strength of samples from non-granulated raw materials by 3-12%. Subject of research: semi-dry pressed wall materials based on granular limestone waste from stone mining Materials and methods: Nummilite limestone waste from the Skalistoe deposit (Crimea) and Portland cement PC 500 DO from the Novorossiysk Cement Plant were used for the study. The physical and mechanical properties of the prototypes were determined by standard methods. Results: Experiments have shown that the compressive strength of samples made from granules containing 5-15% Portland cement and 85-95% of stone mining waste exceeds the strength of samples from non-granulated raw materials by 3-12%. Conclusions: The use of granular limestone waste from stone mining as the main component for the production of wall materials by semi-dry pressing makes it possible to increase their strength characteristics. The addition of Portland cement in certain proportions (5-15%) improves the strength characteristics of materials. Further research can be aimed at optimizing the composition of materials, studying their durability and adapting the production process to industrial scales.

Increasing softening point of isotropic spinnable asphalt by two-step preparation from ethylene tar residue modified with bio tar residue

Carbon fiber prepared from asphalt may be a critical type of low-weight chemical material of excellent mechanical performances. Here, an isotropic spinnable asphalt (EBA) was prepared from ethylene tar residue (ETR) by a two-step method of bio tar residue (BTR) through co-polymerization-air blowing, and isotropic asphalt carbon fibers were prepared from the product asphalt. The main types of molecules contained in the two feedstocks were determined by 1H NMR and LDI-TOF MS analyses. The co-polymerization behavior and thermal stability of the asphalt blends were analyzed using polarized light microscopy and thermogravimetric analyzer, respectively. Finally, the morphology and mechanical properties of carbon fibers made from EBA were evaluated by scanning electron microscope and universal testing machine. The results show that BTR contains much more oxygen-containing functional groups and unique long-chain sawtooth molecular structure; the former can promote the reactivity of the co-polymerization reaction, and the latter can limit the formation of large-plane cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon polymers due to the spatial resistance effect to greatly reduce the content of the mesophase. The softening point of the product asphalt shows a tendency of increasing and then decreasing with the increase of the proportion of BTR in the raw material mixture, and a reaction mechanism based on linear and bulky molecules is proposed to explain it by analogy with the structure of macromolecules. Consequently, the EBA made from a mixture of ETR and BTR at ideal moderate proportions has excellent performance in terms of softening point and mesophase content than ETRO made from ETR alone, and the carbon fiber made has a high tensile strength of 1.82 GPa with an elastic modulus of 38.9 GPa, which has reached the level of high tensile strength carbon fiber. Therefore, the use of inexpensive renewable energy bio-asphalt in the modification of heavy oil to obtain high softening point isotropic asphalt for preparing isotropic carbon fiber with excellent properties is achievable.

Analysis of Calorific Value of Biopellet Diameter Variations through Proximate Test

This study aims to evaluate the quality of biopellets as biomass energy fuel, focusing on physical and chemical characteristics based on the SNI 8021:2014 standard. The research method used is experimental with a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The raw materials used are a mixture of rambutan wood waste (Nephelium lappaceum L) and bintaro (Cerbera manghas) with tapioca flour as an organic binder. Testing includes proximate analysis (moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon) and calorific value using an oxygen bomb calorimeter. The results show that the produced biopellets meet several parameters of the SNI 8021:2014 standard, such as moisture content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon. However, there is significant variation in ash test results among different diameters of biopellets tested. ANOVA test results indicate that mold diameter has a notation that has a significantly affect several biopellet characteristics, such as density and calorific value. This study also observed the potential for increased combustion efficiency of the produced biopellets. The results indicate that the raw material mixture used can reduce pollutant emissions during combustion. The conclusion of this study is that the use of a mixture of rambutan wood waste and bintaro with tapioca flour as an organic binder can produce biopellets with quality that meets standards for biomass energy applications.

Assessment of shielding efficiency of highly energetic electromagnetic radiation for lead-free cuprate-class material: Effect of MnFe2O4 ratios

In this work, efficient lead-free cuprate-based shielding materials mixed with different ratios (x = 0.1–2 wt%) of magnetic MnFe2O4 powder against nuclear radiation were proposed. The samples were prepared by using a mixture of raw materials of oxides for the preparation of the host cuprate Y1Ba2Cu3Oy materials and a mixture of nitrates in the presence of solvent for the formation of magnetic MnFe2O4 powder additive. The phase, crystalline structure, and composition were examined by X-ray diffraction. The main Y1Ba2Cu3Oy phase revealed good crystallinity and orthorhombic structure. As the ratio of magnetic MnFe2O4 powder additive increases, the orthorhombicity decreases. Gamma shielding performance was analyzed by using MNCP5 code. The analyses indicate that the addition of magnetic powder has an influence on the shielding performance of cuprate-class material. The radiation shielding performance of prepared materials is nearly the same with the low ratios of MnFe2O4 (i.e. x = 0.1 and 0.5 wt%). Yet, with further increasing the amount of MnFe2O4 beyond x = 0.5 wt%, a considerable detraction of shielding parameters was noticed, as estimated by the Monte Carlo simulation (MCNP-5 code). The linear attenuation coefficient of cuprate-class materials decreased by 19.6 %, 33.6 %, 19.3 %, and 19.7 %, respectively at 0.015 MeV, 0.1 MeV, 0.662 MeV, and 15 MeV when the MnFe2O4 concentration increased between 0.1 and 2 wt%.

Fine-grained concrete properties in depending on carbon black additive introducing methods

The object of research is fine-grained concrete with carbon black additive obtained from the recycling of rubber tires. This study aims to determine a method for introducing carbon black into fine-grained concrete that achieves the best strength characteristics. The first method involves the preliminary preparation of a suspension by mixing a superplasticizer, carbon black, and part of the water. The second is the granulation of carbon black together with a superplasticizer in the ratio water: superplasticizer = 9: 1, followed by its introduction into the dry mixture and the addition of water at the last stage of mixing the raw material mixture. The addition of carbon black in powder form to the concrete mixture resulted in a decrease in strength from 35.1 MPa (without carbon black) to 34.9–25.6 MPa (with 4–12% carbon black). The effectiveness of the method of introducing granular carbon black was established, with an increase in strength by 40% in relation to the mixture obtained by the first method. The best strength of 50 MPa was demonstrated by the mix with 4% granular carbon black, which was 6% higher than that of the reference mix. Granulation of carbon black makes it possible to reduce its hydrophobicity and solve the problem of uniform distribution of carbon particles during homogenization of the raw material mixture in the presence of water.

Study of the influence of aromatic hydrocarbons on the process of tar oxidation

Abstract This study examines the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the oxidation of petroleum tar. An aromatic hydrocarbon concentrates isolated from extracts of selective oil purification using the polar industrial solvent N-methylpyrrolidone was employed as an additive to tar. The relationship between the softening temperature of oxidized bitumen and both the duration of oxidation and the properties of the initial raw material mixture was investigated. It has been established that the introduction of 10 wt.% aromatic additive will increase the oxidation rate by 6 °C/h. The conditions for producing road bitumen from the proposed raw material compositions were identified. The influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrate on the qualitative characteristics of bitumen during the tar oxidation process was determined. Aromatic additive is similar to a plasticizer, and reduces the softening temperature of bitumen by 9 °C. But the combined oxidation of tar with an aromatic additive and a catalyst makes it possible to obtain bitumen with a softening point of 44 °C and a penetration of 80 x0.1 mm, which corresponds to the grade of bitumen 70/100. Analysis of the group composition of oxidized bitumen revealed that the aromatic additive facilitates the intensification of the tar oxidation process.

Effects of Si4+/Al3+ molar concentration ratio on the self-reduction process of Yb3+ to Yb2+ ions and optical properties of Bin+/Ybm+, Bin+/Er3+ and Bin+/Er3+/Ybm+ (n, m = 3, 2) co-doped magnesium aluminum silicate glass

In this paper, we investigate and report the effects of Si4+/Al3+ (SiO2/Al2O3) molar concentration ratio on the self-reduction process of Yb3+ to Yb2+ ions and upconversion (UC)-, visible (VIS)- emission spectra, direct optical bandgaps (DOB), indirect optical bandgaps (IOB) of Bin+/Ybm+, Er3+/Bin+, and Er3+/Bin+/Ybm+ (n, m = 3, 2) co-doped SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–TiO2 (SAMT) magnesium aluminum silicate glasses. The valence states of the bismuth (Bi), and Ytterbium (Yb) elements in the raw materials mixture existing in the SAMT glass were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra analysis. With the increase of Al3+ molar concentration from 16 mol. % up to 20, 24, 28 and 32 mol. % corresponding to the Si4+/Al3+ (SiO2/Al2O3) molar concentration ratio of 3.4, 2.5, 1.9, 1.5, and 1.2, the self-reduction process of Yb3+ to Yb2+ ions was enhanced and thus significantly affected the DOB, IOB, the intensities of UC-, VIS- emission spectra of Bin+/Ybm+, Bin+/Er3+, and Bin+/Er3+/Ybm+ (n = 2, 3) co-doped SAMT glasses under excitation of 473 nm, 808 laser diode (LD) and 980 nm LD. In addition, the CIE 1931(x, y) color coordinates for VIS- and UC- emissions spectra of Bin+/Ybm+, Bin+/Er3+ (n = 2, 3) co-doped SAMT under excitation of 473 nm and 808 nm LD are also calculated and determined in the CIE 1931(x, y) chromaticity diagram.

Characteristics of granulated activated carbon from a mixture of plant raw material waste

Relevance. The need to increase the use of renewable energy sources in the economy to reduce the harmful effects on the environment. Aim. To assess the possibility of obtaining by the thermochemical method high-quality carbon adsorbents from a granular mixture of various wastes of plant origin. Objects. Samples of illiquid lumpy birch wood, walnut shells, sunflower seed husks, flax fires, anthracite coal. Methods. Physical experiments: conductive pyrolysis, water-steam activation and differential thermal analysis. The ash content and moisture content of the samples were determined according to SS R 56881-2016 and SS 33503-2015. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms were measured using a NOVA-1200e analyzer. The equilibrium activity for toluene was determined according to SS 8703-74, the adsorption activity for iodine was determined according to SS 6217-74. The determination of the density of the granules was carried out according to SS 15139-69. Results. The authors have established rational parameters for obtaining carbon adsorbents from granules of vegetable raw materials. The specific yield of pyrolysis products of a mixture of vegetable raw materials with pyrolysis resin was determined. The specific yield of carbonization products of the granular compacted mass showed an increase of 25% in comparison with the non-compacted mixture of vegetable raw materials. Rational parameters for obtaining activated carbon with the highest adsorption capacity are granules with a density of 1200 kg/m3 with a degree of burnout of the carbonization product of 70%. It was established that the obtained samples of adsorbents from granules of plant raw materials have high adsorption characteristics comparable to activated carbons obtained from fossil raw materials.

Mining Enterprise Production Line Optimal Load Modelling

The article is devoted to the issues of the mining enterprise production line optimal load model. A large number of issues to related to alternative production plan implementation transition are considered in various works. A mathematical model to form an optimal plan mining enterprise raw material mixture from deposits is proposed in the study. A method of multi-criteria alternative ranking in terms of integral efficiency indicator with the following problem solution of optimal plan determination for a raw material mixture from deposits was chosen for that purpose. The article proposes an approach to determine the production line optimal loading plan of a mining enterprise based on the creation of an ore mixture with the highest utility. The value of a particular deposit is determined by a variety of factors, including the distance from the production line, the ore content in the rock, and the volume of the deposit. The paper shows that the development of a specified field management can be implemented based on solving linear programming problems. The hierarchy contains three levels: the system purpose; the factors influencing the deposit appeal (the metal content, the deposit volume, and transport accessibility); alternatives (deposits of raw materials directly). Let's assume that it is necessary to find the maximum efficiency by means of an ore mixture from the given deposits. Resource restrictions are imposed on the task: the work and machine time fund, the amount of first type reagent, and the amount of second type reagent. The composition of the constraint vector can be set depending on the value of the resources. The study found that the optimal plan is implemented under the complete resource utilization both of the first and the second types and a fifty-three percent level of the third resource utilization. Despite the low integral assessment of the raw material value of the fourth deposit, which is mainly determined by the low ore content in the rock, with respect to other deposits, its maximum utilization is also recommended, which in turn, is determined by the low resource intensity of ore extraction from this rock.

Production of Composite Cement Clinker Based on Industrial Waste

The possibility of producing cement clinker using low-energy, resource-saving technologies is studied. The composition of industrial waste for low-energy-intensive production of Portland cement clinker at factories in Southern Kazakhstan is analyzed. The possibility of replacing the deficient iron-containing corrective additive with “Waelz clinker for zinc ores” is shown. “Waeltz clinker from zinc ores” as part of the raw material charge performs several tasks: it is a ferrous corrective additive, works as a mineralizer for clinker formation processes, introduces coal into the charge and allows one to reduce the consumption of natural fuel. The processes of burning raw mixtures, wholly or partially consisting of industrial waste, are completed at 1350 °C. This reduces the consumption of main burner fuel for clinker burning and reduces CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. High-quality cement clinker is obtained based on raw material mixtures with Waeltz clinker from zinc ores from the Achisai Metallurgical Plant, phosphorus slag, coal mining waste from Lenger mines and sodium fluoride. The phase composition and microstructure of low-energy clinkers are revealed. Involving industrial waste in raw material circulation will reduce environmental pollution and improve the environment.

СИНТЕЗ И СВОЙСТВА КАЛЬЦИЕВО-АЛЮМОФЕРРИТОВОГО ЦЕМЕНТА С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ТЕХНОГЕННЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

The article discusses the production of calcium-aluminoferrite clinker (cement) from a three-component mixture (by sin-tering), where 56.2-57.4 wt.% of the mixture consists of aluminum– and iron-containing man-made waste. It was found that the use of man-made waste as a component of the raw material mixture leads to a decrease in the amount of waste generat-ed by 4.9-5.4%, based on the production of 300,000 tons of calcium-alumoferrite cement per year. The results of qualitative and quantitative X–ray phase analysis of the clinkers obtained are presented, which indicate the formation of calcium aluminates (CA,C3A,C12A7), calcium aluminoferrite(Ca2(Al,Fe)2O5) and calcium silicate (α-, β-C2S) as the main clinker phases in all samples. Clinker phases of aluminate and calcium aluminoferrite are formed not in pure form, but with the introduction of impurity elements (Mg2+, Ti4+). Determination of the hydration activity of CAFC showed that the quantitative ratio of clinker phases CA:Ca2(Al,Fe)2O5 = 38.8:33.8 (CAFC I) and CA:Ca2(Al,Fe)2O5 = 27.6:23.9 (CAFC II) leads to an increase in the strength of cement stone in the initial periods of hardening by 48 and 32 MPa, and in later periods (28 days) - to an increase in strength by 28 and 8 MPa, respectively.

Effect of preparation process on purity of tricalcium aluminate

In the realm of cement production, traditional fuels are steadily giving way to alternative sources. While this shift yields economic and ecological advantages, it introduces notable technological challenges. Specifically, there is an escalation in certain chemical elements, leading to variability in the mineralogical composition. This variability is subsequently manifested in the characteristics of Portland clinker. It becomes imperative, therefore, to synthesize pure clinker minerals. This synthesis is essential for both understanding their behavior in industrially manufactured cement and creating analytical standards for mineral identification through XRD. The primary focus of the research is on the production of pure tricalcium aluminate, a key clinker mineral, within laboratory conditions. A direct laboratory methodology involving solid-phase synthesis is used. The investigation meticulously tracks the impact of homogenizing the raw material mixture on the resultant mineral’s purity. To achieve this, a high-speed Pulverisette 6 planetary mill is utilized along with two types of grinding bodies. A corundum grinding capsule with corundum grinding bodies is employed to prevent contamination by foreign ions. Simultaneously, a highly efficient steel grinding capsule with steel grinding bodies is utilized. The raw material mixture is then subjected to sintering at six different temperatures ranging from 1 200 to 1 450 °C, and the purity of the produced mineral is quantified using Rietveld analysis. Laser granulometry results indicate a strikingly similar comminution of the raw material in both grinding cases. Iron contamination, as revealed by XRF analysis, is minimal, accounting for only 0.21 %. The purity of 97.6% C3A, is achieved at 1 450 °C using a steel grinding capsule, with 2.4% unreacted lime Conversely, when using a corundum capsule, a purity of 93.6 % is achieved, accompanied by residues of 2.2 % mayenite and 3.8 % lime. This discrepancy may be attributed to an insufficient degree of raw material comminution in the corundum capsule. Intriguingly, a slight iron contamination during the grinding of the raw material mixture exerts a positive influence on purity. In this case, iron acts as a flux, fostering a more favorable reaction of the mineral mayenite. This multifaceted exploration enhances our understanding of clinker mineral synthesis, offering insights into optimizing purity based on grinding methods, sintering temperatures, and the impact of minor contaminants.

Properties of Verkhnealkunsky deposit mudstones used as raw materials to manufacture clinker tiles

The article writes about the development of mudstone-based raw material compositions used to manufacture clinker tiles with improved physical and technical properties. Clinker tiles are one of the popular roofing materials. Compared to other roofing covering options, clinker tiles have higher strength, more resistance to aggressive environments, and better aesthetic characteristics. Clinker tile production is relevant due to the fact that currently architects and building constructors are showing great interest in such an elite roofing material, but due to the economic situation, this roofing material is no longer imported to Russia, with an empty market niche having been formed. Many Russian brick factories are planning to install additional technological lines to manufacture ceramic tiles, but the current demand is to produce clinker tiles. The main unresolved issue concerns raw materials since traditional raw materials – loams and clays – are very rarely suitable for the production of low-temperature sintering clinker tiles. Having studied a large amount of academic literature and carried out the necessary laboratory studies, the authors of this article, under the guidance of the Chair of the Construction Materials Department, Prof. V.D. Kotlyar, pay serious attention to such raw materials as mudstones from the Verkhnealkunsky deposit of the Russian Republic of Ingushetia. The article provides a general description of mudstones, including their chemical and mineral composition as well as their structural features for the production of clinker tiles. It has been experimentally established that the degree of their grinding has a significant influence on technological properties of both mudstones and the end products. Based on raw material mixtures with a grain composition of 0-0.16 and 0-0.08 mm, it is possible to manufacture clinker tiles using the extrusion molding method without introducing corrective additives. The data obtained will make it possible to develop technological regulations to manufacture clinker tiles based on Verkhnealkunsky deposit mudstones.

Frost Resistance of Silicate Bricks

The article presents the results of a research frost resistance of silicate bricks one of the Russian factories produced in different periods. The change in appearance, weight and strength of silicate bricks during alternate freezing-thawing was evaluated. It has been established that silicate bricks, can meet high frost resistance grades F150-200, in terms of appearance, while the reduction in compressive strength does not exceed 9%. Some increase in brick strength at the initial stage of testing was noted, which is probably explained by the processes of carbonization of free calcium hydroxide and high-basic calcium hydrosilicates, accompanied by their recrystallization into low-basic ones, which is confirmed by the results of differential-thermal and X-ray phase analysis. It is concluded that the frost resistance of silicate bricks is decisively influenced by the mineralogical composition of the cementitious bond. High strength and frost resistance of silicate concrete is provided by the simultaneous presence of low-basic calcium hydrosilicates and α-C2S hydrate in the composition of the new formations. The condition for the formation of such composition of neoplasms is excessive content of lime in the composition of the raw material mixture.

Transformation of biomass and waste plastic mixtures into hydrocarbon oils and gases by pyrolysis using different reactor temperatures and pressures

In this work the laboratory scale pyrolysis and gasification of biomass and plastic waste mixtures were investigated at different temperatures (450°C and 750°C) and reactor pressures (0.1 bar and 1.0 bar). The main decomposition reactions and the effect of the process parameters were followed through the product yields and compositions of gases and pyrolysis oils. Less residue and significantly more gases had been found at higher temperature, which phenomena was more notable in case of higher proportion of plastic waste in the raw material mixtures. The concentration of hydrogen in gases changed by opposite trend at 450°C and 750°C as function of biomass ratios. The hydrogen and CO ratio can also increase by the increasing in plastic proportion of raw materials at both temperatures and pressures. Regarding the pressure, it can increase the pyrolysis and gasification reactions resulted higher yields of gases and lower oil/water ratios. More hydrogen and less C2-C6 compounds were found using 0.1 bar reactor pressure. Pyrolysis-oil contained aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons; n-paraffin, n-olefin, aldehyde, ketones, alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, etc. Due to deoxygenation reactions, hydrocarbons with less oxygen-containing compounds were found at 0.1 bar pressure.

The effect of Al3+ ions on the self-reduction process of Yb3+ to Yb2+ ions and optical properties of Nd3+/Ybn+ (n = 3, 2) co-doped transparent silicate glass-ceramics containing Ba2LaF7 nanocrystals and Ag nanoparticles

The effect of Al3+ ions in the AlF3 compound on the reduction process of Yb3+ to Yb2+ ions in SiO2–AlF3–BaF2–TiO2–LaF3 (SABTL) transparent silicate glass-ceramics was investigated. The valence states of the elements in the raw materials mixture existing in the transparent silicate glass-ceramics were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum analysis. The transparent silicate glass-ceramics SABTL containing Ba2LaF7 nanocrystals and Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (AgNPs) were identified through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image. With the increase of Al3+ ions molar concentration, the self-reduction process of Yb3+ to Yb2+ ions was enhanced and thus significantly affected the optical bandgaps and upconversion (UC)-, near-infrared (NIR)- emissions of Nd3+/Yb3+ co-doped in SABTL containing Ba2LaF7 nanocrystals and AgNPs under excitation of 980 nm laser diode (LD). The optimal molar concentration ratio between SiO2 and AlF3 compound was determined such that the NIR bandwidth flatness of Nd3+/Yb3+ co-doped in SABTL containing Ba2LaF7 nanocrystals in the wavelength range of 1000–1200 nm was the flattest. In addition, the CIE 1931 (x, y) color coordinates for UC- and visible (VIS)- emissions of Nd3+/Yb3+ co-doped SABTL-0.5Nd2Yb-xAg (x = 0, 2, 3, 4, and 5) glass-ceramics samples are also calculated and determined the color region for light-emitting diode (LED) application.

Perancangan Alat Cetak Pelet Ayam Portabel Guna Mengurangi Biaya Pembelian Pakan (Studi KAsus: Peternakan Pak Musraji)

The design of a pellet molding tool is a solution to reduce the burden of broiler feed production and reduce the cost of purchasing feed. In this design I innovated a portable chicken pellet molding tool that can be used without having to have an electrical outlet nearby. The working principle of this pellet molding tool is sequentially when the electric motor is turned on, the feed raw material mixture is fed into the funnel, the engine power will be distributed to the axle screw via a v-belt transmission by moving the roller press which functions to stir the pellet raw material. Pellet raw materials that have been thoroughly mixed will fall down to the end of the output funnel. The pellet raw material mixture will come out through the hole screen to form pellets. The results of the trial of a chicken pellet press with a 5Kw motor can produce 100 kg/hour of chicken pellets and a cost efficiency of IDR 25,920,000/month is also obtained.

Investigation on chloride releasing from coral aggregates to cement paste in coral aggregate concrete

Coral aggregate concrete (CAC) is one of the most commonly used building materials in construction on marine islands, but the chlorides contained in the coral aggregates (CA) could affect the durability of CAC with steel bars embedded. In this paper, an analytical solution for the diffusion of chlorides from CA into the cement paste in CAC was derivated and the model was established. Studies on chloride releasing behaviours in CAC through an experimental setup of CAC interface specimens with five mixes were conducted. From the analytical model, the chloride diffusion coefficient DCl can be obtained and, different from other reported chloride diffusion coefficient from harden specimen, this coefficient could be the only factor that describes the chloride transport in CAC from the mixing stage. The chloride releasing rate αCl from CA was also calculated and quantified. The results show that the chloride release rate from CA decayed with time and significant chloride release occurred in the first 30 days from the mixture of raw materials, the released amount of chlorides from CA was positively correlated to the average pore size of cement pastes, and the chloride diffusion coefficient of CA in this study was 2–3 magnitudes higher than that of hardened cement paste.

Evaluation of the quality of brynza cheese from a mixture of dairy raw materials

Evaluation of the quality of brynza cheese from a mixture of dairy raw materials