Mixture Of Potassium Chloride Research Articles

ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF MOLYBDATE IN THE PRESENCE OF ZINC CHLORIDE IN MOLTEN LITHIUM CHLORIDE‐POTASSIUM CHLORIDE EUTECTIC

AbstractBei der elektrochemischen Reduktion von Molybdat in Gegenwart von ZnCl2 in eutektischer LiCl/KCl‐ Schmelze (450°C) werden 2 chronopotentiometrische Stufen mit Viertelstufenpoten‐ tialen von ‐1,5 und ‐1 ,75 V gegen eine Pt(II)/Pt‐Bezugselektrode beobachtet.

Excess gibbs energies of aqueous mixtures of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium acetate, and potassium acetate at 25�C

Measurements have been made on the systems NaCl−NaOAc, NaOAc−KOAc, KCl−KOAc, NaCl−KOAc, and KCl−NaOAc. The results are consistent with binary Na−K and Cl−OAc interactions, and there is no evidence for triple-ion interaction.

Determination of potassium in mixtures of potassium chloride and basic slag by using natural radioactivity

AbstractA rapid method is described for the determination of potassium in mixtures containing potassium salts and basic slag. Four Geiger Muller tubes connected in parallel are used to measure the natural radioactivity of 40K and the potassium contents of the mixtures are evaluated from a previous calibration. The effects of variation of particle size of both the potassium source and the basic slag are demonstrated, the count rate varying in different directions as the fineness increases in the two cases.Use of the technique in the production of a mixture of potassium chloride and basic slag has shown that the results from the method are comparable with those of the flame photometer.

Osmotic and activity coefficients for mixtures of potassium chloride and strontium chloride in water at 298.15 K

Osmotic coefficients at 298.15 K for H 2O + KCl + SrCl 2 have been determined by the isopiestic vapour pressure method. Activity coefficients have been calculated from these results by the Scatchard treatment and are compared with published results for aqueous mixtures of potassium chloride with other alkaline-earth chlorides.

Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Human Hemoglobin

Abstract The kinetic basis for the reduction in the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin due to carbon dioxide at constant pH, is studied by measuring the deoxygenation rates of oxyhemoglobin with dithionite, as well as the rate of binding of carbon monoxide to deoxyhemoglobin. These studies were performed in buffer containing 0.05 m potassium phosphate, as well as various mixtures of potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate all at a constant pH of 7.5 and 23°. The results indicate that the reduction in the ligand affinity of hemoglobin by carbon dioxide is the result of a reduced rate of ligand binding with no significant change in the rate of release. It is pointed out that this result is in contrast to salts which reduce the ligand affinity of hemoglobin by increasing the rate of ligand dissociation as well as reducing the rate of ligand binding.

Adsorption of Thiourea and Derivatives at the In‐Hg Electrolyte Interface

The double layer capacitance and interfacial tension of polarized Hg, In, and In‐Hg (10 to 60 mole percent [m/o] In) electrodes were measured in 0.1M perchloric acid in a mixture of potassium chloride and hydrochloric acid (pH 1.6) and in the electrolytes containing thiourea and derivatives using the galvanostatic charging technique. Addition of thiourea increases the capacitance of the mercury electrode over the whole range of potentials. With the In‐Hg electrodes, thiourea addition depresses the capacitance over a range of anodic potentials and increases the values over a range of cathodic potentials. A pronounced hump in the capacitance curve is observed; the nature of the hump and the depression of the capacitance are markedly influenced by the presence of Cl−. These results are interpreted in terms of a reorientation of the adsorbed species in the interface. Effects of substituent groups on the above behavior were investigated using S‐methyl isothiourea and tetramethyl thiourea.

Sodium—Potassium Chloride Mixtures as Table Salt

Sodium—Potassium Chloride Mixtures as Table Salt

Densities of molten mixtures of potassium chloride and aluminum chloride

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDensities of molten mixtures of potassium chloride and aluminum chlorideJohn R. Morrey and Dan G. CarterCite this: J. Chem. Eng. Data 1968, 13, 1, 94–96Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1968https://doi.org/10.1021/je60036a028RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views42Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (297 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Electronic Spectra and Coordination Geometry of Nickel Centers in Liquid Mixtures of Magnesium Chloride and Potassium Chloride

The absorption spectra of nickel centers in MgCl2–KCl mixtures of various compositions were measured from about 5–28 kK at temperatures up to 1060°C. The observed behavior was qualitatively similar to that previously reported for nickel centers in liquid LiCl–KCl mixtures and, in a general way, fits the same model.

Electronic Spectra and Coordination of Nickel Centers in Liquid Lithium Chloride—Potassium Chloride Mixtures

The electronic absorption spectra (4–28 kK) of dilute solutions of NiCl2 in liquid LiCl–KCl mixtures were measured at representative solvent compositions and temperatures from pure LiCl to pure KCl and and from 363° to 1070°C. Phenomenologically the spectra respond to changes in temperature at high temperature and changes in solvent composition at low temperatures in ways that are quantitatively very regular. At intermediate temperatures the behavior is more intricate. The data agree well with the following model. Nickel is partitioned between two types of centers, labeled T and O, which are in equilibrium. The T/O concentration ratio increases with increasing temperature and KCl content in the solvent. At low temperatures the fraction of each kind of center varies linearly with the mole fraction of KCl. The O-center concentration falls below the detection limit at 900°C in all solvents and in KCl at all temperatures. The coordination geometries of these centers are best described as being distributions about particular averages rather than as sharply defined arrangements. At low temperatures T centers have a distribution of coordination geometries that is narrow, composition invariant, and are clustered about a tetrahedral average. Their outer-shell cations are mostly K+. At high temperatures the distribution broadens and in LiCl-rich melts, Li+ ions invade their outer shells. The O centers are accurately studied only at rather low temperatures where they have a relatively broad coordination-geometry distribution with an average distinctively different from tetrahedral. Their outer shells consist largely of Li+ ions.

Raman Spectra and the Structure of Molten Stannous Chloride and Molten Mixtures of Stannous Chloride and Potassium Chloride

The Raman spectra of molten and crystalline stannous chloride and molten mixtures of stannous chloride and potassium chloride were measured at temperatures from 250° to 600°C. The results indicate that chain polymers of the type (SnCl2)n [with 3 coordination of Sn(II)] predominate in pure molten stannous chloride over a wide temperature range. The spectral changes observed on increasing the mole fraction of potassium chloride in the mixtures from 0 to 0.66 are interpreted as the result of gradual depolymerization with the ultimate formation of pyramidal SnCl3− ions.

Radioisotopic exchange between chlorine gas and molten PbCl 2KCl

Cl gas solubility in molten lead chloride- potassium chloride mixtures, temperature and KCl concentration dependence and existence of exchange process

A Long‐Life Thermal Cell

Cells consisting of magnesium anodes, mixed copper oxide cathodes, and an electrolyte of the eutectic mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride, had service lives measured in days. Seven cells were discharged at temperatures of 425°–535°C. Electrode efficiencies varied from 73% for a cell that was discharged over a period of six days to 93% for a cell that was discharged over a period of one day. For these nonoptimized research cells, energy densities of 28 whr/lb of total battery were shown.

Corrosion Resistance of Ta to Mixture of Phosphoric Acid and Potassium Chloride at 120 C

Abstract Corrosion resistance of commercially pure tantalum to the system KCl - H3PO4 - H2O, initially containing 60–260 ppm fluoride, has been investigated at 120 C (248 F) and at atmospheric pressure. Effect of the environment on the metal has been determined by visual and microscopic examination, by weight increments and chemical analysis. Confirmation of results was obtained radiochemically using Ta182 as radiotracer. Formation of a passive film, 13,000 Å thick, following a logarithmic growth law was detected. Corrosion rates calculated are of the order of 6 – 20 × 10−3 mpy, indicating good resistance to the system.

THE ABSORPTION OF LABELLED CHLORIDE AND BROMIDE IONS BY YOUNG INTACT BARLEY PLANTS

The techniques for cultivating the young intact barley seedlings used in these absorption experiments are described in some detail. Sets of twelve selected seedlings were used and all data obtained refer to these units. In the experiments, proper absorption took place from dilute solutions of either potassium chloride alone or a mixture of potassium bromide and chloride, the total concentration of which was 0.001 M. Calcium sulphate was also present in all experimental solutions. Chloride is absorbed from the medium at an almost constant speed for a number of hours. This absorption is not influenced by subsequent distribution. At first, the root tissue tends to retain a large proportion of the chloride absorbed at the expense of the transfer of ions to the shoots. Gradually the transfer increases until a constant value is reached within a few hours. Identical results were obtained for total halides if absorption took place from a mixture of chloride and bromide. In addition it was found that chloride and bromide were absorbed at a ratio, which was constant and about twice as high as the ratio for the ions present in the medium. This ratio remained constant even in the dark when total absorption tended to decline slightly. In the transport processes following primary absorption, further discrimination between chloride and bromide ions takes place. The additional screening effect of the root tissue is very small. Nevertheless, important conclusions could be drawn from the behaviour of the Cl/Br ratios of the halides found in roots and shoots. For root tissue this ratio, which must equal the ratio for total absorption at the beginning of the experiment, decreases slightly until a somewhat lower but constant level is reached after a few hours. Although there is no doubt about this decrease for the root tissue, it proved to be so small that the simultaneous increase of the ratio for the shoot tissue was hardly discernable under normal conditions. It became so, if the transfer of ions to the shoot was reduced by a dark treatment. These results could be explained by assuming that the root tissue consists of at least two compartments, differing with respect to the Cl/Br ratio. Ions are brought from the medium into the first compartment by the primary absorption process and then transferred to either the second compartment or via the xylem vessels to the shoots. It is tempting to identify the first compartment with the symplasm of the root tissue, the second one with the vacuole system. The process that takes ions out of the symplasm into the vacuoles prefers bromide ions to chloride ions. Little preference, if any, for either chloride or bromide ions was found for the secretion of ions from the symplasm into the xylem vessels. This is consistent with the idea that the secretion is a simple leakage of a solution out of the tissue. Under conditions of suppressed transfer to the shoots, the accumulation of ions from the symplasm into the vacuoles becomes relatively more important. This causes greater shifts in the Cl/Br ratios found in the different compartments.

A simple method for the dissolution of platinum metals

A method is described for the dissolution of platinum metals using potassium pyrosulfate containing potassium chloride. The oxidizing strength of fused potassium pyrosulfate increases with increasing temperature, and at 600 deg C chloride ion appears to be oxidized slowly to chlorine. When the platinum metals are fused with a mixture of potassium chloride and pyrosulfate, they dissolve rapidly. Presumably the chlorine formed acts on the metals directly and the presence of chloride ion removes and stabilizes the products as chloride complexes. Advantages of the method are given. (P.C.H.)

Influência da adubação com torta de café na germinação do algodoeiro

São apresentados os resultados de três ensaios com a finalidade de estudar o efeito da adubação com torta de café, na germinação do algodoeiro. Oa ensaios foram instalados em estufa, em 1961, utilizando-se a torta de café isoladamente e em combinação com fosforita de Olinda ou cloreto de potássio. Num dos ensaios foi testada uma mistura que continha 75%, em pêso, de torta de café e 25% de cloreto de potássio, em comparação com cloreto de potássio isoladamente. De modo geral, houve efeito prejudicial na aplicação da mistura de torta e cloreto de potássio, salvo no caso em que foi aplicada ao lado e abaixo do nível das sementes. O cloreto de potássio, isoladamente, não prejudicou a germinação. Num segundo ensaio foi estudada a mistura tendo 50% de torta de café e 50% de fosforita de Olinda. O efeito prejudicial foi menor que no ensaio anterior a presente mistura causou maiores prejuízos à germinação quando em contacto com as sementes; o mesmo não ocorreu quando aplicada ao lado do sulco de semeação. No terceiro ensaio foram testadas diversas épocas de aplicação, com as duas misturas acima citadas e torta de café. Notou-se uma tendência de melhoria na germinação quando os adubos foram aplicados com antecedência à semeação do algodoeiro.

The Physics of Tablet Compression XII : Extrusion and Flow Studies on Tablet Ingredients

A method for determining the force required to extrude materials through a hole in a tablet die by means of a high force hydraulic press is presented. Extrusion forces are given for various simple inorganic electrolytes and common tablet lubricants. Extrusion of organic tablet constituents was impossible with two exceptions. Either no extrusion could be obtained at the maximum force of the press, or implosion occurred. Mixtures of sodium chloride and potassium chloride, and sodium chloride and magnesium stearate were extruded and semiempirical equations expressing behavior were evolved. Resistance to extrusion seems to correlate with the hardness of the materials under test.

ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE ABSORPTION OF DIPHENYLPICRYLHYDRAZYL–ZINC OXIDE MIXTURES

Electron spin resonance measurements on mixtures of αα-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and zinc oxide when compared with corresponding determinations on DPPH itself, and with DPPH–potassium chloride mixtures, indicate that there is a transfer of electrons between the DPPH and the zinc oxide. These observations support earlier published views of Harrison and McDowell, who found that the above mixture was able to enhance the catalysis of the ortho–para hydrogen conversion, and the hydrogen–deuterium exchange reaction.

Impedance and Polarization Measurements in Fused Lithium Chloride‐Potassium Chloride

Impedance measurements with a platinum microelectrode in fused eutectic mixture of potassium chloride (41 mole %) and lithium chloride (59 mole %) are described. The residual resistance and capacitance showed frequency dispersion; probable causes are discussed.Most of the metal ions showed a tendency for “predeposition.” The faradaic admittance in the reduction of Pb++, Co++, Ni++, Zn++, and Cd++ ions had a phase angle of the combination greater than 45°, which has been ascribed to the adsorption of metal ions on the electrode surface. After application of an empirical correction for this effect, the faradaic admittance became normal and was used to calculate the rate constants for the above processes.The current‐potential curves showing the polarization behavior in the vicinity of equilibrium potential are described. By a curve fitting method the values of α, the transfer coefficient for the cathodic process, and , the exchange current, are computed. These values of are, however, much lower than those calculated by using the rate constants obtained from impedance measurements.