Mixture Of Nitrate Research Articles

Nitrate-mediated kinetic leaching for rare earth elements recovery from phosphogypsum

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a byproduct of the decomposition of phosphate rock with sulfuric acid during phosphoric acid synthesis. Various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scan electron microscope with electron dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) are utilized to characterize PG and rare earth concentrate. Heir, both nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), are used as leaching agents for rare earth elements (REEs) from Egyptian PG. The ideal working conditions for leaching about 85% of REEs from PG are 350 mg/kg REEs in PG, 149 μm grain size, 0.5M NH4NO3, 2M HNO3, 1/4 S/L, 30 minutes leaching time, 300 rpm, and 80°C. The data on the kinetic REEs leaching are matched to the diffusion control model. The kinetics of the applicable leaching activity and the reaction mechanism between the mixture of nitric acid and ammonium nitrate with REEs have been explored in detail. After concentration by vaporization to one liter, a final concentration of REEs reached ≈ 300 mg/L with a leachability of 85%. The REEs were precipitated using 20% oxalic acid at pH 2.5 as oxalate, and then the precipitate was calcined at 900°C in an electric oven, given a mixture of REEs oxides and CaO.

An-ecofriendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using microalga Desmodesmus protuberans and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity

Due to the numerous uses for nanoparticles, nanoparticle production is currently a particularly fascinating topic of research. Since no harmful chemicals are employed during the biological process, it is thought to be the safest and cleanest method. The strong ability of algae to absorb metals and decrease metal ions makes algal synthesis of Ag-NPs particularly intriguing. The current work concentrated on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the microalgae Desmodesmus protuberans. The preparation of nanoparticles was confirmed by the observation of the color change of the mixture of silver nitrate, after the addition of the cell free algal extract, from bright green to reddish yellow. The biosynthesis of AgNPs was further con􀂿rmed by scanning electron microscopic and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Furthermore, silver nanoparticles demonstrated a signi􀂿cant antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic microorganisms.

Regulations of the Influence of External Thermal Influences on Speed and Explosive Safe Combustion Modes of Pyrotechnic Nitrate-Metallized Mixtures with Metal Fluoride

A study was made of the regularities of the influence of the main parameters of external thermal effects (elevated heating temperatures and external pressures) on the rate and explosive modes of combustion development of compacted mixtures of magnesium, aluminum and sodium nitrate with fluoride additives metals for different values of technological parameters (excess ratio of the oxidizing agent, nature and content of the additive, dispersion of the components). The effect of technological parameters (ratio and dispersion of components, compaction coefficient, charge diameter, shell material, etc.) on the dependence of the burning rate of mixtures on elevated heating temperatures and external pressures was established; critical ranges of changes in these parameters are determined, the excess of which leads to premature explosive development of combustion of mixtures and fire hazardous destruction of products. On the basis of the research, methods were developed to prevent these destructions of products by regulating technological parameters at the stage of preparation of charge mixtures, which increases the stability of the combustion process of mixtures to external thermal influences. A database has been obtained on the burning rates of compacted mixtures of metal powders (Mg, Al), nitrate-containing oxidizer (NaNO3 ) and additives of inorganic substances (metal fluorides (LiF, NaF, BaF2 , SiF2 , SrF2 , AlF3 )) under conditions elevated heating temperatures and external pressures for various values of technological parameters, which makes it possible to determine the explosive modes of their combustion.

Evolution of the La(III) ion coordination sphere in ethylammonium nitrate solution upon water addition

A thorough structural study of La(NO3)3 salt solutions in mixtures of the ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) ionic liquid (IL) and water with EAN molar fraction (χEAN) ranging from 0 to 1 has been carried out by means of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements at the La K-edge and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Both the XAS and MD outcomes agree in finding that the composition of the La3+ ion first solvation shell undergoes steadily changes when moving from pure water to pure EAN. Upon increasing of the IL concentration, the La3+ solvation complexes progressively lose water molecules to accommodate more and more nitrate anions, and the ratio between the two ligands continuously changes across the explored composition range. The nitrate ligands coordinate the metal ion only in a monodentate fashion for the lower EAN contents, while the percentage of bidentate nitrates becomes more and more predominant as the EAN concentration increases. When moving from pure water to pure EAN, the La3+ ion coordination passes from a 9-fold tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry to a 12-fold icosahedral one, while a 10-fold coordination with bicapped square antiprism geometry is the dominant species for the mixed compositions. The remarkable flexibility of this solvation complex in accommodating a variable amount of water molecules and nitrate ligands at dependence of the system composition is key for its predominance in all the EAN/water mixtures.

Exposure pathways matter: Aquatic phototrophic communities respond differently to agricultural run‐off exposed via sediment or water

Abstract Small shallow ponds are widespread but understudied water bodies in agricultural landscapes. Agricultural run‐off (ARO) transports pesticides and nutrients into adjacent aquatic ecosystems where they occur dissolved in the water column or are bound to sediments. Consequently, aquatic communities are affected by ARO via different exposure pathways. We hypothesize that sediment‐bound ARO mainly affects submerged rooted macrophytes, while phytoplankton and periphyton are more prone to ARO in water. These primary producers compete for resources resulting in a regime shift between alternative stable states of macrophyte or phytoplankton dominance. We hypothesize that warming increases nutrient release from sediments and thereby facilitates the occurrence of phytoplankton dominance. Using a full‐factorial microcosm design, we exposed aquatic primary producers to either sediment or water application of a mixture of common pesticides (terbuthylazine, pirimicarb, tebuconazole and copper) and nitrate at two concentrations and two temperatures (22°C and 26°C) for 4 weeks. Initial and final concentrations of pesticides and nitrate, final biomass of macrophytes, periphyton and phytoplankton, pesticide accumulation in macrophytes and changes in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content and selected exoenzyme activities in the sediment were measured. We found lower final macrophyte biomass for both ARO treatments compared to controls, indicating a prevalence of negative effects by herbicides and competition for light with other phototrophs. In contrast, phytoplankton and periphyton biomass increased, but only when exposed to ARO via the water column, indicating a prevalence of positive effects by nutrient supply. Microbial carbon and nutrient cycling in sediments was not affected by ARO. Higher temperature mitigated ARO‐related effects on macrophytes under sediment exposure. Synthesis and application. ARO poses a strong risk of submerged macrophyte loss and establishment of turbid conditions with phytoplankton dominance in aquatic ecosystems. In conclusion, exposure pathways as well as indirect and interacting effects of multiple stressors need to be considered when designing appropriate mitigation measures. Under climate change, we suggest to prioritize local measures as buffer strips a reduced use of pesticides and fertilizers, and sediment removal as appropriate measures to protect these vulnerable but widespread aquatic systems, which are highly relevant for biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.

Improvement of melting performance in a longitudinal finned latent heat thermal energy storage unit

AbstractThis article presents an analysis and enhancement of the charging behavior of a double‐pipe LHTES unit with longitudinal fins for concentrated solar power applications using a finite element numerical analysis approach. The finite element approach is applied to this numerical analysis by using “COMSOL Multiphysics” software. The investigated LHTES system has an operating temperature range of 180°C‐300°C and uses “DelcoTerm Solar E 15” as the heat transfer fluid (HTF) with a eutectic inorganic mixture of sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate as the phase change material (PCM). While also taking into account the impact of the tube material and the number of fins, the primary goal of this study is to evaluate performance improvement by changing the thickness and number of fins in a linked manner without changing the storage unit capacity. The results show a maximal impact on thermal performance which decreased the melting time by 46% and the charging time by 49.6% for the configuration with a fin thickness of 1 mm, 27 longitudinal fins, an inner tube made of aluminum, and a mass flow rate of 60 kg/h.

Microwave-induced band gap attenuation of novel manganese zinc aluminum sulfide kesterite nanomaterials for optimal photovoltaics

Recently, kesterite (copper zinc tin sulfide, CZTS) have emerged as a promising alternative active layer to cadmium telluride and copper indium gallium selenide for low-cost thin films for solar cell applications due to its high absorption coefficient, direct band gap, natural abundance, and low toxicity. The photovoltaic power conversion efficiency achieved with CZTS is still very low when compared to silicon, thereby hindering its commercialization. Developing new materials with improved optical and photovoltaic properties is, therefore, encouraged. Here, we report for the first time the microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of novel manganese zinc aluminum sulfide using chlorides, sulfates, nitrates and a mixture of chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates in ratio 1:1:1 as cation precursor salts. The influence of microwave reaction temperatures from 100 to 190 °C for 5–60 min were investigated on the crystal structure, morphology, composition, optical, and electrochemical properties. It has been found out that the microwave reaction temperature and time have potential effect on the overall reaction. The optimum temperature and time were found to be 190 °C for 5 min and 150 °C for 20 min for our studies. The obtained powder samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet-visible, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Structural characterization using X-ray diffraction revealed that the samples synthesized with chlorides, nitrates, and mixtures of the precursor salts were all amorphous while samples synthesized with sulfate precursor salts have a kesterite crystal structure. Raman spectroscopy shows major intense peaks between 326 and 331 cm for all the nanomaterials which could be assigned to the Raman A mode of kesterite CZTS. The morphological features revealed spherical shapes with little agglomeration for all the synthesized materials except for that synthesized with sulfate precursor salts at 190 °C revealing a rod-like morphology with a width of 0.780–1.200 μm, a length of 1.90–2.5 μm and attached to the surface are agglomerated nanospheres. Small-angle X-ray spectroscopy revealed a core-shell shape for most of the nanomaterials with an average particle size between 10 and 100 nm. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that electron transfer is faster in the nanomaterials synthesized with the chloride precursor salts at both temperatures studied. The band gap falls within the range of 1.2–1.7 eV. The nanomaterials presented in this study possess the desirable properties for application in photoelectrochemical and solar cells.

Extraction of humic acid from peat and lignite and the thermal behavior of their mixtures with ammonium nitrate

Due to the positive effect on soil structure and the influence on improving the efficiency of plant roots nutrient uptake, humic acids (HA) are widely considered for fertilizer production. Especially, it seems to be particularly promising to use them as additives in technologies of mineral fertilizer production. One of the common mineral fertilizer components, due to its good water solubility and the presence of nitrogen in two forms, is ammonium nitrate (AN). The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the humic acids extracted from peat and lignite on the thermal decomposition of HA and the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate and humic acids mixtures. For the quality assessment of HA, spectroscopic methods (FTIR/ATR and CP/MAS 13C NMR) and analysis of elemental composition were used. The analysis of the spectra showed differences in the degree of humification of humic acids extracted from various raw materials. HA isolated from peat were distinguished by the presence of peptides, polysaccharides, and lignin residues. Elemental analysis showed the higher carbon and sulfur content in the extracted HA compared to the reference samples. The results of the TG-DTA-MS analysis confirmed the influence of differences in the molecular structure of humic acids, especially in the aliphatic and aromatic carbon content, on the thermal decomposition process. Total content of carboxylic and/or hydroxylic functional groups had a significant impact on the start of the decomposition temperature. Their increase visibly influenced the acceleration of the exothermic decomposition of AN.

Efficient purification of a nitrate and chlorate mixture in water via photoredox activated intermediate coupling-decoupling pathway

Nitrate (NO3-) is a widespread contaminant that threatens human health and ecological safety. Meanwhile, the disinfection byproducts chlorate (ClO3-) is generated inevitably in conventional wastewater treatment. Therefore, the contaminants mixture of NO3- and ClO3- are universal in common emission units. Photocatalysis technology is a feasible approach for the synergistic abatement of contaminant mixture, where matching suitable oxidation reactions is a potential strategy to improve the photocatalytic reduction reactions. Herein, formate (HCOOH) oxidation is introduced to facilitate the photocatalytic reduction of the NO3- and ClO3- mixture. As a result, high purification efficiency of NO3- and ClO3- mixture are achieved, evidenced by 84.6% e--dependent removal of the mixture at a reaction time of 30 min, with 94.5% N2 selectivity and 100% Cl- selectivity, respectively. Specifically, by the close combination of in-situ characterizations and theoretical calculations, the detailed reaction mechanism is revealed, in which the intermediate coupling-decoupling route from NO3- reduction and HCOOH oxidation is established by the chlorate-induced photoredox activation, leading to the significantly enhanced efficiency for the wastewater mixture purification. The practical application of this pathway is established for simulated wastewater to show its wide applicability. This work provides new insights into photoredox catalysis technology for its environmental application.

Mixtures of ethylammonium nitrate and ethylene carbonate: Bulk and interfacial analysis

The structure and dynamics of binary mixtures of a protic ionic liquid (ethylammonium nitrate) and ethylene carbonate are studied by means of atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and experimental measurements both in bulk and at the electrochemical interface. The solubility limit was experimentally found at 0.6 carbonate molar fraction. Likewise, density and conductivity experimental data are compared with computational results. Also, distribution and correlation functions obtained from bulk simulations are analyzed in the miscible range to clarify the role of the carbonate in the coordination and diffusion of ionic species. Understanding the evolution of the hydrogen bond network is of particular importance since its strength is detected as the most relevant feature in the structural organization of the mixture. Regarding the effects of the presence of an interface, the orientations of the molecules and the density and charge profiles are calculated both in the absence and in the presence of an electric field. This analysis reveals the tendency of the carbonate to displace the ionic liquid from the near-wall region when concentration is increased.

Synthesis of Co―N―C catalysts from a glucose hydrochar and their efficient hydrogenation of nitrobenzene

A low-cost, green catalyst for nitrobenzene (NB) hydrogenation is needed for aniline production. We report the preparation of highly-dispersed Co particles supported on N-doped carbons by the hydrothermal treatment of glucose, followed by the pyrolysis of a mixture of urea, glucose hydrochar and cobalt nitrate in one-pot. The effect of the pyrolysis temperature on the microstructure of the catalysts was studied. Results indicated that the activity for NB hydrogenation was highly affected by the surface area, Co-loading level and Co-Nx coordination in the catalysts. Co@NCG-800 pyrolyzed at 800 °C with 10% Co in the precursor had extraordinary activity for NB hydrogenation, achieving full conversion and 99% aniline selectivity in isopropanol at 100 °C and 1 MPa H2 pressure for 2.5 h. NB conversion and aniline selectivity over the catalysts remained almost unchanged after six recycles, due to the strong coordination between the N- and Co-species. The reaction system showed not only a high NB activity but also a green and durable catalytic process, with easy operation, easy separation and catalyst reusability.

Silver chloride as sacrificial template to form silver chloride and gold-silver alloy hybrid nanocages for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol

Hollow cubic silver chloride and gold-silver alloy hybrid nanocages (AgCl-AuAg HNCs) were synthesized using silver chloride as a sacrificial template. AgCl nanostructures were readily synthesized by a mixture of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. Chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) and ascorbic acid (AA) served as the gold precursor and reducing agent. Due to the capping and directing effect of Ag+ and Cl− ions, gold-silver alloy nanocages were formed. The particle size and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of AgCl-AuAg HNCs can be tunable from 97 to 116 nm, and 600 nm to 740 nm with different molar ratio of AgNO3 and HAuCl4. The average particle size and shell thickness were 113.5 ± 19.6 nm and 14.2 ± 5.2 nm at molar ratio of 1:1.225, respectively. The synthesized AgCl-AuAg HNCs exhibited excellent catalytic properties and the apparent rate constant (Kapp) increased from 0.2046 min−1 to 1.8894 min−1 with increasing catalyst valume from 10 to 70 μL. The maximum turnover frequency (TOF) of the AgCl-AuAg HNCs reached up to 6.51 min −1 (390.6 h − 1) with 50 μL of AgCl-AuAg HNCs solution. It is expected that these AgCl-AuAg HNCs can be applied in water pollution control and environmental detection applications.

Experimental characterization, parameter identification and numerical sensitivity analysis of a novel hybrid sensible/latent thermal energy storage prototype for industrial retrofit applications

Hybrid design combinations of sensible and latent heat thermal energy storage (TES) leverage the advantages and reduce the disadvantages of both types. Thus, the range of application of said individual storage types is extended and crucial retrofit opportunities are enabled. Such hybrid TES concept consisting of a Ruths steam storage (RSS) and a surrounding layer of storage containers filled with an eutectic mixture of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and lithium nitrate (LiNO3) as phase change material (PCM) was for the first time realized and investigated during operation in a steel production plant.In this work, the hybrid TES prototype is characterized with the help of detailed modelling and real measurement results. Uncertain model parameters are identified via parameter optimization and the numerical models show satisfactory validation results. Additional 30% of thermal energy could be stored in the PCM containers retrofitted to the lab-scale RSS. Charging/discharging times and specific thermal power of the PCM containers were roughly measured as 8h and 12h and 560kWm−3/−802kWm−3, respectively, in the typical operation region. A sensitivity analysis of the performance indicators reveals potential but also engineering challenges for following generations of the hybrid TES concept. Compared to the achieved experimental results, charging/discharging power could be increased by up to 10 and 5 times, respectively, in the future by adequate measures to increase heat transfer between both storage types.

Evaluation of cross-contamination in indirect thermal storage system in concentrated solar plants

Solar concentration technology is fully dispatchable due to the use of thermal energy storage systems, in particular, commercial parabolic trough power plants use indirect storage systems based on molten salts. This system includes a heat exchanger to transfer energy between the thermal oil from the solar field and the salts used in storage. In addition, some content of water is considered by cross-contamination in the steam generator of the power block. This study analyses the compatibility between both fluids in the event of cross-contamination in the equipment. The degree of compatibility between a triphasic system made up of a mixture of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate salts (60:40), heat transfer fluid (DP:DPO), and water, when they were subjected to 390 °C for a period of 312 h (two weeks). The study shows how thermal oil undergoes complete thermal-oxidative degradation without high impact on the composition of the salts.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH OF SPINACIA OLERACEA L.

The comparative effects of organic and inorganic fertilisers on spinach are the basis of this study. Biological insecticides and fertilisers made from plant or animal waste are used in organic farming as a farming method. Inorganic fertilisers such as muriate of potash, urea, urea-ammonium nitrate mixtures, and anhydrous ammonia (potassium chloride). The experiment was conducted on Spinacia olearcea L. and various parameters such as root length, shoot length, leaf length, root weight, shoot weight, leaf weight and number of leaves were considered in this experiment. After meticulous observations and study, it was concluded that organic farming showed better results in terms of growth as compared to inorganic farming of spinach with chemical fertiliser.

Bio-oil as a carbon source for synthesis of pin-like cobalt catalyst for hydrogenation of o-chloronitrobenzene

Bio-oil as a carbon source can be used to prepare hybrid metal@carbon material while the polymerization of which generally prevents metals from exposure. In this study, melamine was used as a structural regulating agent for preparing Co/N/C catalyst via heating the mixture of cobalt nitrate, melamine and bio-oil for hydrogenation of o-chloronitrobenzene (o-CNB). The results showed that the Co species was encapsulated in the carbon structure from cross-polymerization of melamine and bio-oil at 600 °C. The further heating to 900 °C led to decomposition of melamine-derived substance, and meanwhile cobalt oxide was reduced and confined in the resulting carbon structure. The formed metallic Co catalyzed the growth of long carbon nanotube with cobalt on the tip, forming the Co/N/C catalyst of higher specific surface area (128.2 m2/g) and metallic Co dispersion (3.7%), rendering the superior activity for hydrogenation of o-CNB with the yield of o-chloroaniline up to 90.2%. The encapsulation or exposure of Co species was closely related to relative ratio of bio-oil and melamine in the catalyst precursors. Additionally, leaching of cobalt, due to dechlorination of o-CNB, was found to be an issue of Co/N/C catalyst but not for that of Ni/N/C catalyst.

Sulfate formation via aerosol-phase SO2 oxidation by model biomass burning photosensitizers: 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, vanillin and syringaldehyde using single-particle mixing-state analysis

Abstract. Atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to sulfate has been widely investigated by means of gas-phase and in-cloud chemistry studies. Recent field measurements have shown significant sulfate formation in cloud-free environments with high aerosol loadings. As an important fraction of biomass burning aerosol components, particulate phenolic and non-phenolic aromatic carbonyls may initiate photosensitized multiphase oxidation of SO2 in aerosols, of which our knowledge however is still in its nascent stage. In this study, on the basis of single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS) measurements, we find evident sulfate formation in the biomass-burning-derived photosensitizer particles under UV and SO2 exposure, attributable to photosensitized oxidation of S(IV), while almost no sulfate was observed under dark conditions. The efficiency of sulfate production by photosensitizer particles under UV irradiation, represented by the number percentage of sulfate-containing particles (99 %–43 %) and the relative peak area (RPA) of sulfate (0.67–0.12) in single-particle spectra, in descending order, were 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (DMB), vanillin (VL) and syringaldehyde (SyrAld). Internal mixtures of VL and potassium nitrate (KNO3) gave a slightly lower number percentage and RPA of sulfate than VL particles alone. In externally mixed VL and KNO3 particles, sulfate was predominantly formed on the former, confirming that sulfate formation via photosensitization prevails over that via nitrate photolysis. Our results suggest that photosensitized oxidation of S(IV) could make an important contribution to aerosol sulfate formation, especially in areas influenced by biomass burning.

Design and testing of an electromechanical engine for a small solid-propellant rocket using non-metal materials

In this paper an engine prototype of 2 degrees of freedom from a work still in progress that helps a solid fuel rocket to stay vertical during motor operation is presented. One of the philosophies of this paper consists in using cheap and accessible materials, as well as avoiding the use of industrial machinery for its manufacture. This paper describes the procedure to generate solid fuel from a mixture of sugar and potassium nitrate. Subsequently, the design of the engine and tests conserning reusability with the prototype are presented. The design is based solely on obtaining the torques required to keep the prototype rocket moving in a vertical direction. The corresponding equations are written and after linearization, the transfer function is presented and the system is simulated using a PID control. The electromechanical system (ES) as well as the solid fuel motor were manufactured, and even though the ES is not coupled to the motor so the control actions are not evaluated, the performance of the rocket motor is measured using different design options and the propulsion times were evaluated. To measure the orientation and position the BMP280 and MPU6050 sensors were selected, and their stabilization time after turning them on was evaluated. It was found that the materials can be reused at least once for tests up to 23 grams of solid fuel, and that the selected electronic devices must have a stabilization time before ignition.

Crosstalk Between miRNA and Protein Expression Profiles in Nitrate-Exposed Brain Cells.

Growing evidence reported a strong association between the nitrate ingestion and adverse health consequences in humans, including its detrimental impact on the developing brain. The present study identified miRNAs and proteins in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and HMC3 human microglial cells using high-throughput techniques in response to nitrate level most prevalent in the environment (India) as X dose and an exceptionally high nitrate level as 5X dose that can be reached in the near future. Cells were exposed to mixtures of nitrates for 72 h at doses of X and 5X, 320 mg/L and 1600 mg/L, respectively. OpenArray and LCMS analysis revealed maximum deregulation in miRNAs and proteins in cells exposed to 5X dose. Top deregulated miRNAs include miR-34b, miR-34c, miR-155, miR-143, and miR-145. The proteomic profiles of both cell types include proteins that are potential targets of deregulated miRNAs. These miRNAs and their targeted proteins involve in multiple functions, including metabolic processes, mitochondrial functions, autophagy, necroptosis, apoptosis, neuronal disorders, brain development, and homeostasis. Furthermore, measuring mitochondrial bioenergetics in cells exposed to nitrate revealed that a 5X dose causes a significant reduction in oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and other bioenergetic parameters in both cell types. In summary, our studies have demonstrated that a 5X dose of nitrate significantly alters cellular physiology and functions by deregulating several miRNAs and proteins. However, X dose of nitrate has not caused any adverse effects on any cell type.

Associations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate with metabolic syndrome and its components among US adults: A cross-sectional study from NHANES

Perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate are common endocrine disruptors. Herein, this study was undertaken to evaluate the associations between perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposures (alone or in combination) and risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among adults, which has not been explored so far. Analytical data were extracted from different datasets in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to investigate the associations between perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposures, and the prevalence of MetS. Subsequently, odds ratios (OR) and their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were adopted to represent the magnitude of the effect size. We performed a series of subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses as well. Moreover, three commonly used mixture modeling strategies [Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, quantile-based g-computation (Qgcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR)] were utilized to evaluate the joint mixture effect on MetS. This study included 12,007 participants in the subsequent analyses. After adjustment for confounding factors, higher levels of perchlorate, and thiocyanate concentrations were significantly associated with the risk of MetS (OR = 1.15, 95%CI:1.00, 1.32; OR = 1.21, 95%CI:1.04, 1.41, respectively). Analyses of WQS and Qgcomp showed that a quartile increase in chemical mixture was correlated with the occurrence of MetS with ORs of 1.07 (95%CI: 0.99, 1.16) and 1.07 (95%CI: 1.00, 1.14), respectively. This positive association was mainly driven by perchlorate and thiocyanate. Analysis of BKMR revealed that perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate mixture was positively associated with the risk of MetS while perchlorate, and thiocyanate were major predictors in the mixture. In summary, our study reveals positive relationships between perchlorate, thiocyanate and MetS. Co-exposure to perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate is positively associated with the risk of MetS, with perchlorate and thiocyanate contributing the most to the overall mixture effect.