Mixture Of Mono Research Articles

Mono- and diglycerides improve lutein absorption in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, cross-over, single-dose study.

With the association between increased carotenoid intake and lower risk of chronic diseases, the absorption of lutein from the diet becomes an important factor in its delivery and physiological action. The primary objective of this study was to gain an understanding of how a new formulation technology (mixture of mono- and diglycerides (MDG)), affected lutein absorption. Subjects (n 24) were randomised in a cross-over, double-blind study to receive a single dose of 6 mg lutein (FloraGLO 20 %) provided as capsules containing either high-oleic safflower (SAF) oil or a MDG oil. Subjects receiving a single dose of lutein in MDG showed a significantly greater change from baseline (0 h) to 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 336 h (P<0·05) and baseline adjusted AUC for plasma lutein at 48 and 336 h (P<0·001) as compared with subjects given lutein in SAF. Analysis of the 48 h absorption kinetics of lutein showed that the time to peak level of lutein (12 h) was the same for SAF and MDG groups, but the change in plasma lutein at 12 and 48 h were 129 and 320 % higher, respectively, for MDG compared with SAF. This difference continued as the adjusted AUC 0-48 and 0-336 h for the MDG group was 232 and 900 % higher, respectively, v. SAF. The study data show that by changing the lipid that is combined with a lutein supplement results in significant increases in lutein absorption in healthy adults.

Stoichiometry and kinetics of single and mixed substrate uptake in Aspergillus niger

In its natural environment, the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger grows on decaying fruits and plant material, thereby enzymatically degrading the lignocellulosic constituents (lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin) into a mixture of mono- and oligosaccharides. To investigate the kinetics and stoichiometry of growth of this fungus on lignocellulosic sugars, we carried out batch cultivations on six representative monosaccharides (glucose, xylose, mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, and galacturonic acid) and a mixture of these. Growth on these substrates was characterized in terms of biomass yields, oxygen/biomass ratios, and specific conversion rates. Interestingly, in combination, some of the carbon sources were consumed simultaneously and some sequentially. With a previously developed protocol, a sequential chemostat cultivation experiment was performed on a feed mixture of the six substrates. We found that the uptake of glucose, xylose, and mannose could be described with a Michaelis–Menten-type kinetics; however, these carbon sources seem to be competing for the same transport systems, while the uptake of arabinose, galacturonic acid, and rhamnose appeared to be repressed by the presence of other substrates.

Clathrochelate iron(II) tris-nioximates with non-equivalent capping groups and their precursors: synthetic strategies, X-ray structure, and reactivity

Template cross-linking of nioxime using equimolar amounts of boric and 4-vinylphenylboronic acids on an iron(II) ion as a matrix gave a mixture of mono- and divinyl-terminated clathrochelate products, which were chromatographically isolated in moderate yields and characterized by X-ray diffraction. The target complex FeNx3(BOCH3)(4-BC6H4CH=CH2) with non-equivalent capping groups was also obtained in a low yield using a transmetallation (re-boronation) of its dimethoxyboron-capped clathrochelate precursor. Re-boronation of the monomethoxyboron-capped cage complex with benzene-1,4-diboronic acid as a bifunctional Lewis-acidic agent afforded mainly the clathrochelate product of its 1:1 re-boronation having a terminal B(OH)2 group. The iron(II) clathrochelate with labile triethylantimony capping groups underwent a transmetallation on the surface of silica gel giving an immobilized Sb, Si-capped macrobicyclic intermediate. Its desorption with 4-vinylphenylboronic acid unexpectedly gave the monovinyl-terminated iron(II) semiclathrochelate as the major product, isolated in a high yield; it was X-ray structurally characterized. The geometry of FeN6-coordination polyhedra of the above semi- and clathrochelates is intermediate between a trigonal prism and a trigonal antiprism; that of the monocapped iron(II) semiclathrochelate is more TAP-distorted and its pseudoencapsulated iron(II) ion is shifted from the center of this polyhedron by 0.02 Å in the direction of the capping boron atom.

Preparation of monopodal and bipodal aluminum surface species by selective protonolysis of highly reactive [AlH3(NMe2Et)] on silica.

The synthesis and characterization of silica-grafted monopodal and bipodal aluminum hydrides has been achieved starting from 200 °C- and 700 °C-annealed silica and [AlH3(NMe2Et)]. The mechanism by which aluminum trishydride reacts with isolated and vicinal silanols, assisted by the amine, has been investigated computationally at the ωB97XD-DFT level.

Novel amine modification of ZIF-8 for improving simultaneous removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions using supported liquid membrane

Effect of amine modification of ZIF-8 on pertraction of mixed Rhodamine B (RhB) and Methylene blue (MB) cationic dye in aqueous solution was studied using flat sheet supported liquid membrane (SLM). Mixtures of mono-(2-etylhexyl) ester of phosphoric acid (M2EHPA), bis-(2-etylhexyl) ester of phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and nanoparticles were used as carrier and Sesame oil as diluent. Microporous hydrophobic PTFE membrane was used as support for liquid membrane, and strip phase was acetic acid. It was found that loading of amine modified ZIF-8 nanoparticles in carrier, increases the dyes pertraction efficiency more than the pristine ZIF-8 nanoparticles and the optimum loading was obtained as 2000mgL−1.Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Benken design (BBD) with optimum amine modified ZIF-8 nanoparticles loading was used to design the experiments and analyze the effects of three major operating parameters including feed concentration, carrier concentration and initial feed phase pH. The optimum pertraction efficiency for MB and RhB were found as 88.3 and 99.1% respectively and obtained after 10h in feed concentration of 100mgL−1, carrier concentration of 35 vol.% and initial feed phase pH of 6.

Effect of phosphate and oleic acid capping on structure, magnetic properties and thermal stability of iron oxide nanoparticles

The thermal stability and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanomaterials under different environmental conditions are important for technological applications. Herein, we report the influence of dynamic capping of iron oxide nanoparticles with phosphate and oleic acid, on their structure, magnetic properties and thermal stability and compare the results with that of uncoated nanoparticles. The composition, structure, morphology, quality of capping, thermal stability and magnetic properties of prepared magnetite nanoparticles are evaluated by using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, Thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). Our results suggest that the rapid adsorption of phosphate ions onto specific crystal planes of nucleated magnetite enabled the growth of magnetite core into nearly cubic shape while the oleic acid capping enabled a homogeneous growth of magnetite core along all the crystallographic directions, enabling the formation of nearly spherical particles with narrow size distribution. On the contrary, the phosphate adsorbs as multilayer islands on nanoparticles, leading to a broader size distribution, identical to the uncoated particles. The HRTEM analysis showed dark areas with asymmetric contrast in uncoated nanoparticles, which was not observed in phosphate and oleic acid capped magnetite. The FTIR study on phosphate coated magnetite particles confirms that the surface capping is a mixture of mono and non-protonated monodentate phosphate complexes. The DSC studies confirm a 100 °C enhancement in the magnetic phase thermal stability in phosphate-coated particles, as compared to uncoated and oleic acid coated magnetite. The temperature dependant magnetization results showed a lower blocking temperature for phosphate capped nanoparticles due to the denser multilayer islands of phosphate over magnetite as compared to a uniform close packed monolayer coverage of oleic acid. These results are useful for tailoring stable superparamagnetic nanoparticles for technological applications.

Selective rejection of ions and correlation with surface properties of nanofiltration membranes

Abstract The selective ions permeation through nanofiltration (NF) membranes is the rationale of its application in different fields. However, the correlation of selectivity with membranes properties such as hydrophilicity, surface free energy and electrokinetic potential is not completely understood. Three negatively charged commercial NF membranes (NP010, NP030 and NF90) were characterized by scanning electronic microscopic (SEM), contact angle and zeta potential measurements. The rejection of salts typically present in seawater (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4, K2SO4, and CaSO4) was evaluated at various transmembrane pressures. Sieve mechanisms, ionic electrical exclusion, dielectric effects and permeate flux coupling of ions to keep electroneutrality contribute simultaneously to ions selective rejection. Permeation with mixture of mono and divalent ions through membranes with higher pore size, NP010 and NP030, showed that high sulfate exclusion leads to increase in the rejection of all cations present in the solution. Conversely, for NF90 membrane steric effects are predominant and high sulfate rejection leads to reduction of monovalent ions rejection.

Solid Acid Catalysts: New Routes to Food Additives and Antibacterials

Mixture of mono- and di-glycerides can be obtained in the presence of solid acid catalysts starting from fatty acids and even in one single step starting from a residue of the edible oil industry, namely a mixture of free fatty acids and triglycerides. This is due to the Lewis acidity of amorphous solid catalysts promoting both the esterification of fatty acids and the transesterification of triglycerides. Selectivity to monoglycerides can be very high particularly in the case of butyric acid ones, useful as antibacterial and antiviral agents.

Pertraction of l-lysine by supported liquid membrane using D2EHPA/M2EHPA

In this paper, an experimental study regarding pertraction of l-lysine monohydrate (l-lys) was investigated in an aqueous medium through a flat sheet supported liquid membrane (SLM) using a mixture of mono-(2-etylhexyl) ester of phosphoric acid (M2EHPA) and bis-(2-etylhexyl) ester of phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as carriers and kerosene as diluent. Microporous hydrophobic PTFE membrane was used as support for the liquid membrane, and the strip phase was hydrochloric acid. The parameters affecting pertraction of l-lys, such as feed concentration, carrier concentration, initial feed pH, and stripper concentration were analyzed. It was found that these parameters strongly influence pertraction efficiency. Optimal experimental conditions for l-lys pertraction (pertraction efficiency of 33.4%) were obtained after a 4h separation with l-lys feed concentration of 150ppm, carrier concentration in the membrane phase of 35vol.%, initial feed phase pH of 3, and hydrochloric acid concentration in the strip phase of 1M. Stability of the SLM system was also studied. According to the stability experiments, it was observed that reduction of pertraction efficiency after 8h is less than 6.8%.

A comparison of mono- and multi-valent ions as stack feed solutions in microbial reverse-electrodialysis electrolysis cells and their effects on hydrogen generation

Microbial reverse-electrodialysis cells (MRECs) are an emerging technology combining microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) with reverse electrodialysis (RED) for the production of hydrogen gas. In this study, the MREC system used monovalent ions (Na+ and Cl−) and a mixture of mono- and multi-valent ions (Mg2+ and SO42−) as stack feed solutions, which were compared to determine the effect of the presence of multivalent ions on MREC performance. The MREC system operated under batch conditions using acetate as a substrate while the RED stack operated under continuous flow conditions using pure NaCl and a mixture with a 10% molar fraction of multivalent ions and a 90% molar fraction of monovalent ions as stack feed solutions (flow rate = 1.2 mL min−1). When using 10% of MgSO4 as a stack feed solution, the maximum current achieved for the MREC system decreased from 4.2 to 3.7 mA compared to the pure NaCl. Moreover, the quantity of hydrogen produced, the production rate, and yield also decreased by approximately 32, 35, and 23%, respectively. The results obtained from this study demonstrated that the presence of multivalent ions had an adverse effect on MREC performance.

Solvent Extraction of Mn(II) by Mixture of MEHPA and DEHPA (MDEHPA) from Sulfate Solution

The extraction of manganese from sulfate solution using mixture of mono and di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (MDEHPA) as extractant was experimentally studied in this work. The effect of various parameters including MDEHPA concentration, aqueous phase pH, phase ratio of organic/aqueous, aqueous and organic phases contact time, kind of diluent and temperature on the manganese extraction were investigated. Simultaneously, stripping of manganese from the manganese-loaded organic phase using a sulfuric acid solution as stripping reagent was studied. The results revealed that an extraction of 97.5 % was obtained with the extraction system composed of 0.4 M MDEHPA in diluent at a phase ratio of 1, pH 3.5, and contact time = 15 min. The stoichiometry of the extracted species as an appropriate design parameter was determined based on slope analysis approach. Results also revealed the capability of this system in manganese recovery.

Comparative solvent extraction study of silver(I) by MEHPA and Cyanex 302 as acidic extractants in a new industrial diluent (MIPS)

The experimental results for the solvent extraction of silver ions from acidic aqueous media with bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) monothiophosphonic acid (Cyanex 302) and a mixture of mono and di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid and di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (MEHPA) as the ligand, diluted with an industrial paraffinic solvent are presented. The effects of the influential parameters such as pH, contact time, extractant type, extractant concentration and temperature were investigated. The results of the solvent extraction of silver ions from the solutions showed that extraction of the silver ions increased with increasing pH, extractant concentration and temperature. The stoichiometry of the extracted metal species by Cyanex 302 and MEHPA with silver ions was 1.0:1.5 and 1.0:4.0, respectively. The results of solvent extraction showed that a quantitative extraction of silver ions was feasible in a single stage within 3min only at the condition of O/A=1, silver ions concentration of 0.035molL−1, pHeq=7.0 for [MEHPA]=0.4M and pHeq=6.5 for [Cyanex 302]=0.05M, respectively. The stripping of silver from the loaded organic carried out with nitric acid showed quantitative stripping for MEHPA (97.2%).The composition of the extracted species in the organic phase was proposed to be AgL(HL)(4x−1)(org) and AgL(HL)(1.5x−1)(org), for MEHPA and Cyanex 302, respectively. The thermodynamic analysis of the temperature effects showed that the extraction processes were endothermic and standard enthalpy change for both extractants were positive.

Tribological Properties of Limonene Bisphosphonates

Limonene was chemically modified by reacting it with dialkyl phosphites of varying alkyl structures under inert atmosphere in the presence of free radical initiators. The reaction gave a mixture of mono- and di-adduct products and was optimized to produce only the di-adduct product limonene bisphosphonate by forcing both limonene double bonds to react completely. The product mixture was carefully characterized using a combination of gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 31P). The bisphosphonates were investigated for their physical and tribological properties. The alkyl bisphosphonates displayed density and viscosity that was a function of the alkyl structure (methyl, ethyl, n-butyl) and much higher than the values for the unreacted limonene. They also displayed improved oxidation stability but lower viscosity index and solubility in polyalphaolefin (PAO6) and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSuO) base oils. Tribological characterization of the neat modified oils on a four-ball tribometer showed improved extreme-pressure weld point by all three di-adducts and improved anti-wear coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD) by the n-butyl di-adduct only. The limonene bisphosphonates also displayed improved COF and WSD as additives in PAO6 and HOSuO base oils at low concentrations. The effects of chemical modifications on physical and tribological properties can be explained in terms of increased polarity of the modified products, insertion of heavy atoms (from PO3) into the limonene structure, and complete absence of unsaturation in the modified products.

Highly birefringent polymer films from the photo-crosslinking polymerisation of bistolane-based methacrylate monomers

The photo-polymerisation of mixtures of mono- and di-methacrylates, containing a bistolane moiety with a central fluorine-substituted benzene ring, resulted in the formation of highly birefringent polymer films (Δn = 0.40), which were obtained in a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) phase. While the dimethacrylate forms enantiotropic NLCs at T = 110–138°C, smectic phases at T = 50–138°C and crystallises at T = 50°C, whereas the monomethacrylate forms NLCs at a wider temperature range (T = 98–185°C) and crystallises at a lower temperature (T = 98°C). These methacrylates were infinitely miscible and a 20/80 (w/w) mixture of the dimethacrylate/monoacrylate was able to form an NLC phase over a broad temperature range (T = 73–179°C). The mixed NLC phase exhibited a Δn value of 0.36, even though the Δn values of the mono- and di-methacrylates were determined as 0.35 and 0.25, respectively, suggesting that the Δn of the mixture follows an additivity rule. Furthermore, the Δn of the NLC phase could be increased to 0.40 by photo-polymerisation.

Electrochemical Reduction of 2,2′,6,6′-Tetrabromobisphenol A at Silver Cathodes in Dimethylformamide

2,2′,6,6′-Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a brominated flame retardant that is bonded chemically to epoxy resins in circuit boards and that is added to high-impact polystyrenes. TBBPA is found ubiquitously throughout the environment in sewage runoffs and in water and soil samples, as well as in living organisms. There have been many documented methods for the degradation of TBBPA, including both chemical and physical methods. In this study we have focused on the electrochemical degradation of TBBPA at silver electrodes in dimethylformamide (DMF) containing 0.10 M tetramethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TMABF4). Initially, cyclic voltammograms were recorded to characterize the electrochemical behavior of TBBPA at both glassy carbon and silver cathodes, as shown in the accompanying figure. At glassy carbon, only two irreversible cathodic peaks are observed. On the other hand, reduction of TBBPA at a silver cathode gives rise to three cathodic peaks, which appear at potentials significantly more positive than for glassy carbon. To investigate the possible debromination of TBBPA, controlled-potential (bulk) electrolyses have been performed with a silver gauze electrode in a DMF–0.10 M TMABF4. Using GC–MS for the separation, identification, and quantitation of products arising from bulk electrolyses, we have determined that mixtures of mono-, di-, and tribrominated species are produced. Figure 1

Temperature-dependent infrared and calorimetric studies on arsenicals adsorption from solution to hematite nanoparticles.

To address the lack of systematic and surface sensitive studies on the adsorption energetics of arsenic compounds on metal (oxyhydr)oxides, we conducted temperature-dependent ATR-FTIR studies for the adsorption of arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid on hematite nanoparticles at pH 7. Spectra were collected as a function of concentration and temperature in the range 5-50 °C (278-323 K). Adsorption isotherms were constructed from spectral features assigned to surface arsenic. Values of K(eq), adsorption enthalpy, and entropy were extracted from fitting the Langmuir model to the data and from custom-built triple-layer surface complexation models derived from our understanding of the adsorption mechanism of each arsenical. These spectroscopic and modeling results were complemented with flow-through calorimetric measurements of molar heats of adsorption. Endothermic adsorption processes were predicted from the application of mathematical models with a net positive change in adsorption entropy. However, experimentally measured heats of adsorption were exothermic for all three arsenicals studied herein, with arsenate releasing 1.6-1.9 times more heat than methylated arsenicals. These results highlight the role of hydration thermodynamics on the adsorption of arsenicals, and are consistent with the spectral interpretation of type of surface complexes each arsenical form in that arsenate is mostly dominated by bidentate, MMA by a mixture of mono- and bidentate, and DMA by mostly outer sphere.

Isomerization of anacardic acid: A possible route to the synthesis of an unsaturated benzolactone and a kairomone

Crystalline unsaturated lactone, 8‐hydroxy‐3‐tridecyl‐1H‐isochromen‐1‐one (6) has been synthesized by isomerization of anacardic acid having heterogeneous alkyl side chains (a mixture of mono‐, di‐, and tri‐unsaturated anacardic acid) (1). Hydrogenation of 8‐hydroxy‐3‐tridecyl‐1H‐isochromen‐1‐one produced a saturated lactone, 8‐hydroxy‐3‐tridecyl‐3,4‐dihydroisochromen‐1‐one (7). Isomerization of monoene anacardic acid resulted in a crystalline isoanacardic acid, (E)‐2‐hydroxy‐6‐(pentadec‐1‐enyl)benzoic acid (8) as a major product. This was then metathesized with 2‐butene to give 3‐prop‐1‐enylphenol (10). Both isomerization reactions used a 1,2‐bis(ditertiarybutylphosphinomethyl)benzene modified palladium catalyst. The two products, 8‐hydroxy‐3‐tridecyl‐1H‐isochromen‐1‐one and (E)‐2‐hydroxy‐6‐(pentadec‐1‐enyl)benzoic acid have been crystallographically characterized.Practical applications: Unsaturated lactones are structural elements often found in natural products, which have medicinal value. Benzolactones derived from anacardic acid reported in this work have some structural similarity with lactones such as massoia lactone having medicinal value. Therefore with this idea in mind, the unsaturated benzolactones reported in this work will be tested for their anti pathogenic activity. 3‐Propylphenol is used in combination with racemic 1‐octen‐3‐ol and p‐cresol to prepare a kairomone for tsetse fly traps. Results from this work describe the suitability of anacardic acid for synthesizing 3‐propylphenol. The fact that 3‐propylphenol can be synthesized from anacardic acid, a component of cashew nut shell liquid is of particular interest since most of the areas affected with tsetse flies are suitable for growing cashew plants. This means the raw materials (CNSL) for synthesis of 3‐propylphenol will be obtained from within the same region where the kairomone is to be applied, although we appreciate that specialized facilities would be required for the types of transformation described.Unsaturated benzolactone and a desired isomer of anacardic acid for synthesis of kairomone have been synthesized by isomerization of heterogeneous and monoene anacardic acid, respectively.

Changes in the Composition of Aromatherapeutic Citrus Oils during Evaporation.

The composition of some commercial Citrus oils, lemon, sweet orange, and tangerine, designated for aromatherapy, was examined before and after partial evaporation in a stream of nitrogen. The intact oils contained the expected mixtures of mono- and sesquiterpenes, with hydrocarbons dominating and lesser amounts of oxygenated analogues making up the remainder. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to follow alterations in the relative amounts of the various components present as evaporation proceeded. Changes were marked, and in particular more volatile components present in the intact oils rapidly disappeared. Thus the balance of content was shifted away from monoterpene hydrocarbons towards the analogous alcohols and carbonyl compounds. The results of this differential evaporation are discussed and possible consequences for aromatherapy use are noted. The case of lemon oil was especially interesting as the relative amount of citral, a known sensitizer, remaining as time elapsed represented an increasing percentage of the total oil.

Enhanced multi-phosphopeptide enrichment and Nano LC-ESI-qTOF-MS detection strategy using click OEG-CD matrix

Detection and determination of multi-phosphopeptides from protein digestion products are difficult due to the low abundance and ion-suppression effect arised from the existence of their high-abundance counterparts. Click OEG-CD[olio(ethylene glycol)(OEG) linked,beta-cyclodextrin(CD)] matrix has shown excellent performance in phosphopeptide enrichment. However, few multi-phosphopeptides were detected previously. In this investigation, an improved method aiming at enhancing the enrichment selectivity and mass spectrometry(MS) detection of multi-phosphopeptide was developed via optimizing the sample loading amount on per mg of matrix. Mass spectra were obtained on a Nano liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-qTOE-MS). The enrichment selectivity of double-phosphopeptide could be enhanced with the increase of loading amount on per mg of matrix when taking the mixture of mono-, double-, and non-phosphopeptides as probe. Furthermore, the multi-phosphopeptide enrichment selectivity was enhanced under the condition of optimized loading amount when taking the product of typtic digestion a-casein as test sample. When the loading amount was 573 pmol/mg matrix, up to 20 a-casein phosphopeptide signals(including 15 multi-phosphopeptides) were detected. The result is much better than that of our previous report. The reduction of ion-suppression effect arised from the existence of high-abundance non- or mono-phosphopeptides and the stronger interactions between multi-phosphopepides and the matrix were contributed to the result. The study could be helpful to the better utilization of Click OEG,CD matrix in the enrichment of multi-phosphopeptide from complex biosamples in the subsequent investigation.

Stabilization of air bubbles in oil by surfactant crystals: A route to produce air-in-oil foams and air-in-oil-in-water emulsions

The incorporation of air in vegetable oils is highly sought after as it allows reducing the total fat content, while providing a light and pleasant texture. To meet consumers' requirements, nonaqueous foams must remain kinetically stable for several months and must withstand large deformations and flows. In this paper, we describe the fabrication of air-in-oil foams of outstanding stability, both at rest and under flow, based on the use of crystallizable surfactants (mixture of mono- and diglycerides). The air volume fraction is close to 55%, irrespective of the surfactant concentration. The air bubbles are protected against coalescence and Ostwald ripening by a dense layer of crystals. Moreover, the firmness of the surfactant crystal network formed in the oil bulk is large enough to hinder buoyancy driven phenomena. Finally, we demonstrate that the oil foams can be dispersed in an aqueous phase containing hydrocolloids to form a novel type of material: air-in-oil-in-water (A/O/W) emulsions.