Mixture Of Ethyl Alcohol Research Articles

New Methodology for Modifying Sodium Montmorillonite Using DMSO and Ethyl Alcohol.

Modified clays with organic molecules have many applications, such as the adsorption of pollutants, catalysts, and drug delivery systems. Different methodologies for intercalating these structures with organic moieties can be found in the literature with many purposes. In this paper, a new methodology of modifying Sodium Montmorillonite clays (Na-Mt) with a faster drying time was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), BET, and thermogravimetric analysis (TG and DTG). In the modification process, a mixture of ethyl alcohol, DMSO, and Na-Mt were kept under magnetic stirring for one hour. Statistical analysis was applied to evaluate the effects of the amount of DMSO, temperature, and sonication time on the modified clay (DMSO-SMAT) using a 23-factorial design. XRD and FTIR analyses showed the DMSO intercalation into sodium montmorillonite Argel-T (SMAT). An average increase of 0.57 nm for the interplanar distance was found after swelling with DMSO intercalation. BET analysis revealed a decrease in the surface area (from 41.8933 m2/g to 2.1572 m2/g) of Na-Mt when modified with DMSO. The porosity increased from 1.74 (SMAT) to 1.87 nm (DMSO-SMAT) after the application of the methodology. Thermal analysis showed a thermal stability for the DMSO-SMAT material, and this was used to calculate the DMSO-SMAT formula of Na[Al5Mg]Si12O30(OH)6 · 0.54 DMSO. Statistical analysis showed that only the effect of the amount of DMSO was significant for increasing the interlayer space of DMSO-SMAT. In addition, at room temperature, the drying time of the sample using this methodology was 30 min.

Solubility measurement of syringic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, and vanillin constituent of Deverra DC. genus in (ethyl acetate + ethyl alcohol) mixtures: Thermodynamic modeling and preferential solvation

This work aims firstly to measure the solubility of four natural phenolic compounds (syringic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, and vanillin) present in Deverra DC. Genus in (ethyl alcohol + ethyl acetate) using the gravimetric method from 283.15 to 323.15 K at normal pressure and then to analyze the solubility using the Jouyban-Acree and van't Hoff-Jouyban-Acree models. Secondly, based on the obtained solubility data, the preferential solvation parameters (δx1,3) of four natural phenolic compounds (PhC) in double solvent mixtures of ethyl alcohol (1) + ethyl acetate (2) were calculated using the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals method. The δx1,3 numbers differ indirectly with the co-solvent (1) fraction in all the binary mixtures. For the ethyl alcohol (1) + ethyl acetate (2) systems, the δx1,3 values are negative in ethyl acetate-rich mixtures and positive in constituents (x1) ranging from 0.59 to 1 for syringic acid, 0.51 to 0.63 trans-cinnamic acid, and 0.48 to 0.63 for vanillin in the mole fraction of ethyl alcohol. However, for the ethyl alcohol (1) + ethyl acetate (2) +p-coumaric acid (3) mixtures comprising 0 <x1 < 0.63, the values of δx1,3 are positive. This indicates that the co-solvent preferentially dissolved p-coumaric acid. The positive amounts of δx1,3 obtained are because the phenolic molecules that interact with the hydrogen acceptor groups existing in the co-solvent have higher acidic properties.

Mechanochemically Assisted Synthesis of Cu–Ag Microflakes

In this work, a simple, inexpensive, and eco-friendly synthesis method of Cu−Ag microflakes has been developed. Firstly, Cu nanoparticles were synthesized by the reduction of copper nitrate in ethylene glycol at 180 °C in the presence of NaOH. The as-synthesized Cu powder was then dispersed in a mixture of ethyl alcohol and a dispersant followed by the mechanochemical treatment of the dispersion in a ball mill resulting in the formation of Cu flakes of approximately 0.2 μm thick and 2.7 μm lateral size. Next, by adding AgNO3 dissolved in H2O into the Cu particle dispersion, the bimetallic Cu−Ag microflakes were prepared. The particles so prepared were investigated by X-ray phase analysis and electron microscopy. It was shown that the Cu−Ag bimetallic particles were also flake-like in shape and similar in size to the original Cu microflakes. The effect of synthesis conditions, including parameters of mechanochemical processing, on thickness, size, and uniformity of the bimetallic microflakes was studied. The results obtained in this study were compared with those obtained by wet chemical synthesis alone. The flake-like Cu–Ag particles are supposed to be used in the manufacture of conductive pastes, adhesives, and composites for printed electronics.

Tannin-rich tree bark extracts inhibit the development of bacteria associated with bovine mastitis

Condensed tannins were quantified in the barks of selected tree species, and the antibacterial activity of these substances against clinical and subclinical isolates of bovine mastitis were evaluated. Tree barks from Mimosa tenuiflora, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, Anacardium occidentale, and Stryphnodendron adstringens were used, as well as commercial tannin from Acacia mearnsii. The tannins were extracted using a mixture of ethyl alcohol and acetone. The moisture content (MC), Stiasny index (SI), total solids content (TSC), and condensed tannins (CT) were measured. The evaluation of antimicrobial activity was determined by applying the disk diffusion test. The species that showed the highest CT were M. tenuiflora and A. occidentale, with 37.3% and 37.3%, respectively. The highest SI were obtained by the species A. occidentale and M. caesalpiniifolia, with values above 90%. The bacterium with the lowest resistance to the use of tannins was Streptococcus uberis. A. mearnsii was the only one capable of inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli, with a mean inhibition halo of 9 mm. All species under study showed high values of condensed tannins in their barks. In addition to showing good performance as antimicrobial agents, these tannins indicated potential applications in the development of natural medicines for the treatment of bovine mastitis.

Influence of the Heating Rate on the Activation of Coal and Lignite Oxidation by Copper Nitrate

Adding copper nitrate Cu(NO3)2 is known to activate the oxidation of coal and lignite. In the present work, the change in its activating properties with increase in the heating rate is studied. The Cu(NO3)2 is first dissolved in a 50/50 (by volume) mixture of ethyl alcohol and water. Then it is applied to the fuel by steeping, to a content of 5 wt %. Activated oxidation is studied by thermal analysis, with different heating rates (2.5, 10, 20, and 40°C/min) in the temperature range 25–1000°C, at atmospheric pressure. With increase in heating rate, the catalytic effect of the additive is intensified: the initial (30–115°C) and final (85–180°C) oxidation temperatures fall, with increase in the maximum reaction rate. Mass-spectrometric analysis of the gaseous oxidation products shows that, in the presence of copper nitrate, increase in the heating rate leads to greater CO2 emission, with shorter oxidation time. The dependence of the activation energy on the degree of fuel conversion is determined by the Friedman method. The decrease in the mean activation energy when using Cu(NO3)2 is ~14 kJ/mol for lignite and ~35 kJ/mol for coal.

Design of the conceptual implementation of an apparatus with the induced heat and mass transfer for vaporization and rectification

The need to find solutions to problems on the efficient use of energy resources has been substantiated, under conditions for meeting the requirements to the environmental sustainability of production in the process of executing such technological operations as vaporization and rectification. We have identified the prospects of searching for and applying the induced processes, which are characterized by high energy efficiency and are environmentally friendly. The kinetics of temperature have been investigated under the effect from the induced heat transfer of the components of the internal thermostat volume, under condition of using different liquids in its internal environment. Our study has established the impossibility for the liquid in the inner volume thermostat to achieve the boiling temperature under condition of the effect of the induced heat and mass transfer, proven by the visual observations and by the value of its temperature. In the experiment under atmospheric pressure, the thermostat temperature was equal to 115...116 °C, while the temperature of the volumetric water did not exceed 97 °C. It was established that at the thermostat temperature of 105...106 °C and under atmospheric pressure, the ethyl alcohol temperature did not exceed 72...73 °C, and for water ‒ 83...85 °C, under the condition of the effect of the induced heat-and-mass transfer. It was found that ethyl alcohol and water are transferred to the gas state under the effect of the induced heat-and-mass transfer separately. It is possible to register the removal of the liquid phase of the mixture components based on the jump-like transition in the kinetics of the fluid temperature. It was established that the liquid phase did not boil for a mixture of ethyl alcohol with water under the effect of the induced heat-and-mass transfer at the thermostat temperature of 105 °C and under atmospheric pressure. We have proposed a conceptual solution to the technical implementation of the universal device that employs the effect of the induced heat-and-mass transfer in order to execute technological operations of vaporization and rectification excluding the boiling phase. Based on a given conceptual solution, we have built a laboratory prototype of the installation, in which vaporization is carried out under atmospheric pressure at the liquid phase temperature of 83...85 °C. The economic effect from the installation is achieved through the simplified equipment and reduction in energy consumption per product unit by larger than 1.3 times compared to the vacuum-evaporator apparatus

Evaluation of the diesel engine feed by unified battlefield fuel F-34/F-35 mixed with biocomponents

The problem of the military vehicles engines fuelling increases with the growth of the amount of vehicles in the armies. At the same time, another problem with fuel supply in modern engines is the use of bio component additives, which changes characteristics (quality) of the used fuels. Therefore, it is important to take actions to adapt engines to powering with fuels coming from renewable sources.The aim of the research was to evaluate the possibility of feeding the diesel engine (influence on the useful parameters and composi-tion) with mixtures of the unified battlefield fuel F-34/F-35 with biocomponents in the form of anhydrous ethyl alcohol and RME. The tests were conducted during fuelling of the engine with six kinds of fuels: basic fuel (diesel oil), NATO code F-34/F-35 fuel, as well as fuel mixtures: F-34 and RME with different ratio and F-34/F-35 with bioethanol. In the result of the research it was concluded that the parameters of the G9T Renault engine with the common rail fuel system in terms of F-34 and RME consumption (using) decreased in comparison to diesel oil basic fuel. It is not possible to supply the engine with the mixture of ethyl alcohol and F-34 fuel – alcohol pre-cipitation and obliteration of fuel system components

Corrosion resistance of Al2O3‐Y2O3‐SiC coating on depleted uranium prepared by cathode plasma electrolytic deposition

AbstractAl2O3‐Y2O3‐SiC composite coatings were prepared on depleted uranium by cathode plasma electrolytic deposition in Al(NO3)3, Y(NO3)3, SiC nanoparticles and anhydrous ethyl alcohol mixture. The resulting coating consisted of an inner barrier layer and an outer porous layer. The SiC nanoparticles were incorporated into the composite coating and decreased the coating porosity by filling the pores. The potentiodynamic polarization test and neutral salt spray test revealed that the corrosion resistance of depleted uranium was enhanced by the composite coating. Moreover, with increasing the content of SiC nanoparticles in the coating, the coating corrosion resistance was improved gradually.

Description of jambolan (Syzygium cumini (L.)) anthocyanin extraction kinetics at different stirring frequencies of the medium using diffusion models

Anthocyanin extraction kinetics was described for jambolan fruits. The spherical granules obtained were dried at 40 °C and the average radius of the sphere equivalent to the granules was determined. Solid-solvent ratio was fixed at 1:20 and temperature at 35 °C. A mixture of ethyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid (85:15) was used as solvent. Experiments were conducted with the following stirring frequencies: 0, 50, 100 and 150 rpm. Two diffusion models were used to describe the extraction process. The first one used an analytical solution, with boundary condition of the first kind. The second one used a numerical solution, with boundary condition of the third kind. The second model was the most adequate, and its results were used to determine empirical equations relating the process parameters with the stirring frequency, allowing to simulate new extraction kinetics.

Дослідження технологічних та фізико-хімічних властивостей жирної коріандрової олії у процесі рафінації

This article considers results of a research focused on refining process of fatty coriander oil (FCO) received as a by-product of coriander seed processing. The primary objective of Coriandrum sativum seed processing is coriander essence after stripping of which by water steam coriander oil meal is left. It contains up to 28 % of fatty coriander oil which is mainly used as a technical product in detergent production today. To extent a range of natural raw materials for human food we have improved technology aimed at processing of non-traditional vegetal resources – coriander seeds. Therefore the research is focused on refining process of fatty coriander oil to impart it nutritive properties. The main stage of nutritive FCO production is refining that allows to reduce an acid number (AN) of the oil from 17.0 mg KOH/G to 0.6 mg KOH/G. The authors have found out that refining process of FCO by ethyl alcohol at its boiling-point – 78 oС includes three stages of FCO mixing with ethyl alcohol in the ratio of 1:4. FCO refined in this way has the following physical and chemical properties: acid number – 0.6 mg KOH/G, peroxide number – 7 ½ mmole О/кkg, iodine number – 107 гJ 2 /100 g, anisidine number – 2,2; refraction index – 1.4631. To save evergy costs we have carried out a number of researches of FCO refining process and it has been established an opportunity to obtain refined FCO as a result of its purification at room temperature and the ratio of ethyl alcohol: FCO as 1:14. It has been studied a possibility to use an extraction agent of another nature than ethyl alcohol. Glycerin was chosen as a “nutritive” component. A mixture of ethyl alcohol and glycerin allows to get refined FCO with analogous quality indices if in the process only ethanol is used. Use of glycerin allows to reduce production costs of the finished product, however this process is complicated by labour intensity required for phase separation: refined FCO and a solvent. It is defined dependency of refined FCO quality indices on changes in temperature of its purification process and storage period.

Modified Fractionation Process via Organic Solvents for Wheat Straw and Ground Nut Shells

Modified organic solvent fractionation process involves the degradation of lignin, which is the main barrier of lignocelluloses biomass and the other two elements are cellulose and hemicelluloses. The treatment of organic solvent is given at a different concentration ratio, i.e. varies according to 10 ml mixture of ethyl alcohol and water, acetone and water is made for ground nut shells and wheat straw residues at elevated temperature and pressure conditions. Resulting in the decomposition of lignin and hemicelluloses hydrolysis and remaining solid residues mainly contains cellulose, which is further undergoing for enzymatic or microbial fermentation. The main aim of the study is to produce biodiesel in an efficient way by following the treatment of organic solvents. The present approach depends totally on the type of organic solvent and effect of process condition is highlighted that is useful for fractionation of lignocelluloses biomass. Statistical analysis is done to show the significant and non-significant values as well as standard deviation and standard errors are discussed here in this paper.

Impact of different cleaning processes on the laser damage threshold of antireflection coatings for Z-Backlighter optics at Sandia National Laboratories

We have examined how three different cleaning processes affect the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of antireflection coatings for large dimension, Z-Backlighter laser optics at Sandia National Laboratories. Laser damage thresholds were measured after the coatings were created, and again 4 months later to determine which cleaning processes were most effective. Coatings that received cleaning exhibited the highest LIDTs compared to coatings that were not cleaned. In some cases, there is nearly a twofold increase in the LIDT between the cleaned and uncleaned coatings (19.4 J/cm2 compared to 39.1 J/cm2). Higher LIDTs were realized after 4 months of aging. The most effective cleaning process involved washing the coated surface with mild detergent, and then soaking the optic in a mixture of ethyl alcohol and deionized water. Also, the laser damage results indicate that the presence of nonpropagating (NP) damage sites dominates the LIDTs of almost every optic, despite the cleaning process used. NP damage sites can be attributed to defects such as nodules in the coating or surface contamination, which suggests that pursuing further improvements to the deposition or cleaning processes are worthwhile to achieve even higher LIDTs.

Identification of Unknown Impurity of Azelaic Acid in Liposomal Formulation Assessed by HPLC-ELSD, GC-FID, and GC-MS

The identification of new contaminants is critical in the development of new medicinal products. Many impurities, such as pentanedioic acid, hexanedioic acid, heptanedioic acid, octanedioic acid, decanedioic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, tridecanedioic acid, and tetradecanedioic acid, have been identified in samples of azelaic acid. The aim of this study was to identify impurities observed during the stability tests of a new liposomal dosage form of azelaic acid that is composed of phosphatidylcholine and a mixture of ethyl alcohol and water, using high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD), gas chromatography–flame ionisation detection (GC-FID), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. During the research and development of a new liposomal formulation of azelaic acid, we developed a method for determining the contamination of azelaic acid using HPLC-ELSD. During our analytical tests, we identified a previously unknown impurity of a liposomal preparation of azelaic acid that appeared in the liposomal formulation of azelaic acid during preliminary stability studies. The procedure led to the conclusion that the impurity was caused by the reaction of azelaic acid with one of the excipients that was applied in the product. The impurity was finally identified as an ethyl monoester of azelaic acid. The identification procedure of this compound was carried out in a series of experiments comparing the chromatograms that were obtained via the following chromatographic methods: HPLC-ELSD, GC-FID, and GC-MS. The final identification of the compound was carried out by GC with MS.

The discriminative stimulus effects of a nicotine-ethanol compound in rats: Extinction with the parts differs from the whole.

Nicotine and ethyl alcohol (EtOH) interact neurophysiologically and induce internal sensory states that contribute to their coabuse. Evaluating the combined internal sensory effects of nicotine and alcohol may be important for understanding this nexus. With rats, this investigation used an operant drug discrimination procedure to establish discriminative stimulus control with a mixture of nicotine plus EtOH (NE) at doses of nicotine (0.3 mg/kg) and EtOH (1.0 g/kg) that have previously been shown to be equally salient (Gauvin & Holloway, 1993). In Experiment (Exp) 1 the NE compound mixture continued to evoke responding despite extinction of responding with nicotine and EtOH alone. In Exp 2 the NE mixture was reliably discriminated from the nicotine and EtOH elements. Experiment 3 showed that the discriminative functions of the NE mixture emerged when the nicotine and EtOH elements were combined following their initial establishment as separate discriminative stimuli; however, nicotine evoked more control than EtOH. Extinction of responding with the NE mixture impacted rates of responding with nicotine and EtOH alone. The results of the all three studies parallel findings with exteroceptive Pavlovian literature in showing that extinction of responding with the elemental parts does not appear to impact the whole-but, extinction with the whole appears to affect its parts. The multielement discriminative function of a NE mixture appears to be a "unique cue" that differs qualitatively from nicotine or EtOH alone. Associative factors related to compound conditioning (i.e., configural learning) play an important role in mediating the discriminative functions of drug mixtures.

ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ И ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ АГАРИЦИНОВОЙ КИСЛОТЫ ИЗ МИЦЕЛИЯ FOMITOPSIS OFFICINALIS (VILL. FR.:) BOND. ET SING.

Agaric acid (2-hydroxy-1,2,3-nonadecane tricarboxylic acid) – a biologically active compound is isolated by the extraction with a mixture of ethyl alcohol 95% and chloroform, and subsequent purification of the mycelium of Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill Fr.:) Bond. et Sing), obtained by solid-phase cultivation. Its content in the mycelium is 5,8%. The study of the structure of the selected sample is performed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The spectra of selected samples and the standard agaric acid (Sigma Aldrich) are completely identical. Consequently, the mycelium Fomitopsis officinalis, along with the fruit bodies of tinder, can be used as a source of biologically active compounds, the main of which is agaric acid.

Synthesis of Small Silicate Spacers for Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays

In the presence of the aqueous solution of ammonia, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was hydrolyzed in the mixture of ethyl alcohol and water with the results of silica spacers. The spacer morphology and size distribution of the synthesized silica spacers were characterized with scanning electron microcopy and laser light scattering spectroscopy, respectively. Our results demonstrated that the synthesized silica spacers were monodispersed and were in perfect spherical shape with their sizes of about 0.7 m in diameter. The correlation between the spacer sizes and the amount of ammonia catalyst was examined, and the spacer sizes of the silica spacers strongly depended on the temperature of chemical reaction and the amount of catalyst. The diameter of silica spacers could be well controlled by controlling the amount of ammonia catalyst, and uniformly distributed silica spacers were produced. Behavior of the miscibility of the silica spacers with a nematic liquid crystal was examined.

Dielectric properties of binary and ternary mixtures of some aliphatic alcohols: analysis of H-bonded interaction in complex systems

The formation of the heterogeneous H-bonded interactions in binary mixtures of ethyl alcohol (EA) with ethylene glycol (EG), (EA + EG), and glycerol, (Gly) (EA + Gly); EG with Gly (EG + Gly); and ternary mixtures of equimolar EA + EG, EA + Gly and EG + Gly systems with Gly, EG and EA, respectively, have been investigated at 21 concentrations by precision dielectric measurements at 25°C. The concentration-dependent values of excess dielectric parameter, , and effective Kirkwood correlation factor, g eff, were determined using the measured values of the static dielectric constant, ε o , at 1 MHz, and the high-frequency limiting dielectric constant, ϵ∞ = n D², at optical frequency. The observed values of EA + EG and EA + Gly systems were found to be negative over the entire concentration range, which indicates the decrease of the total number of same direction-aligned effective dipoles due to heterogeneous H-bond interactions. In contrast to these binary systems, the values of the EG + Gly system were found to be positive, which confirms the increase in total number of effective dipoles aligned in the same direction due to H-bond interactions. In (EA + EG) + Gly ternary mixtures, the observed positive values also indicate the increase of an effective number of dipoles aligned in the same direction due to the formation of the complex H-bonded heterogeneous structures. The (EG + Gly) + EA system shows negative values at all EG concentrations, but in case of the (EA + Gly) + EG system, the values change from positive to negative with the increase in the concentration of EG. Results also show that the heterogeneous H-bond interactions in the presence of Gly molecules in the binary and ternary mixtures of alcohols significantly increase the strength of electronic polarisation.

A Fast and Accurate Amplitude-Only Transmission-Reflection Method for Complex Permittivity Determination of Lossy Materials

Complex scattering parameter measurements using expensive vector network analyzers make microwave techniques inconvenient for industrial-based applications. In industry, accurate and fast evaluation of materials' properties using a relatively inexpensive measurement setup is a key issue. In this paper, we derive an objective function for fast and accurate complex permittivity (epsiv) determination of lossy materials using amplitude-only reflection and transmission scattering parameter measurements. The measurements can be carried out by relatively inexpensive microwave instruments such as a scalar network analyzer. The domain for computations of the epsiv is significantly reduced to facilitate rapid epsiv determination. The objective function is verified by measurements of a commercially available antifreeze solution and binary mixture of ethyl alcohol and water solution.

Fabrication of zirconium carbide (ZrC) ultra-thin fibers by electrospinning

Zirconium carbide (ZrC) nanofibers were successfully fabricated by electrospinning and annealing. The electrospinning solution was prepared by dissolving zirconium acetyl acetonate, phenolic resins in a solvent mixture of ethyl alcohol and 2,4-pentanedione. Electrospinning was carried out successfully at a positive voltage of 26 kV, with a mass flow rate of 1.0 mL/h, and a working distance of 10 cm. The ZrC phase was produced by annealing the electrospun precursors at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1600 °C for 2 h in a flowing argon atmosphere. The ZrC nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.

Dielectric properties of binary and ternary mixtures of alcohols: Analysis of H-bonded interaction in complex systems

The heterogeneous H-bonded interactions in mixtures of glass-former liquids, i.e., binary mixtures of ethyl alcohol (EA) with ethylene glycol (EG) and ternary mixtures of equi-molar EA+EG system with glycerol (Gly) have been investigated at 21 concentrations by using precisely measured values of static and high frequency limiting dielectric constants at 25°C. Concentration dependent observed negative values of excess dielectric constant (εE) and effective Kirkwood correlation factor (geff) implies the formation of H-bonded complexes between EA and EG molecules which reduces the effective number of dipoles. The EA+EG system forms the strongest complexes corresponding to the molar ratio ∼1:1. The observed positive εE values of the (EA+EG)+Gly ternary mixtures confirm the increase in number of effective dipoles contributed to the dielectric constant values due to the formation of the ternary complexes. Critical analysis of the experimental results of the EA+EG and the (EA+EG)+Gly mixtures suggest the suitability of εE and geff study in order to explain the dipolar ordering mechanism formed during the complexes between the alcohol molecules in their ternary mixtures.