Mixture Of Acetone Research Articles

Viscosity Measurement of CO2-Solvent Mixtures for the Study of the Morphology and Size of Crystalline Particles Obtained Using Supercritical Antisolvent Precipitation.

The viscosity values of CO2-dimethylphormamide, chloroform, methanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, and dimethyl sulfoxide mixtures were measured at a pressure of 150 bar and a temperature of 313 K. The correlation of the mean size of levofloxacin hydrochloride and malonic acid particles precipitated using the SAS method with the viscosity of the used CO2-solvent mixtures is shown. The high viscosity of the mixtures leads to slower mixing of the solution and the antisolvent. Therefore, crystallization occurs at large fractions of the solvent, and as a consequence at a lower supersaturation. This causes the formation of larger particles when using more viscous solvents in SAS.

Optimizing Ultrasonic-Assisted and Microwave-Assisted Extraction Processes to Recover Phenolics and Flavonoids from Passion Fruit Peels.

This study optimized the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) processes to acquire phenolics and flavonoids from passion fruit peels using a mixture of ethanol, acetone, and water. An augmented simplex-centroid design was employed to find the suitable volume ratio among solvent ingredients to attain the highest extraction yield of phenolics and flavonoids. One-factor experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of UAE and MAE parameters on the recovery yield of phenolics and flavonoids before the two processes were optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) models. The optimal UAE conditions for recovering phenolics and flavonoids from passion fruit peel powder (PFP) were 28 mL/g of liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), 608 W of ultrasonic power, and 63 °C for 20 min to acquire total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) at 39.38 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried basis (mg GAE/g db) and 25.79 mg of rutin equivalents per gram of dried basis (mg RE/g db), respectively. MAE conditions for attaining phenolics and flavonoids from PFP were 26 mL/g of LSR and 606 W of microwave power for 2 min to recover TPC and TFC at 17.74 mg GAE/g db and 8.11 mg RE/g db, respectively. The second-order kinetic model was employed to determine the UAE and MAE mechanism of TPC and TFC and the thermodynamic parameters of the extraction processes. The antioxidant activities of passion fruit peel extracts at optimal conditions were examined to compare the efficiency of UAE and MAE. This study establishes an effective approach for obtaining phenolics and flavonoids from passion fruit peels.

Dynamics of Drop Formation in the Presence of Interfacial Mass Transfer.

The dynamics of drop formation have been investigated in the presence of interfacial mass transfer through controlled flow visualization experiments. The mixtures of n-hexane (solvent) and acetone (solute) were used as a dispersed phase, having different initial compositions varying over a broad range. Drops were formed at the submerged position in the continuous phase (water) at the same operating flow conditions. The unsteady force balance model is developed to analyze the implications of the simultaneously occurring interfacial transfer of the solute on the formation dynamics in real time, and predictions are validated with experimental results. Based on initial compositions, the analysis of the transient drop shape shows a sharp transition in the drop formation regime. At lower initial solute concentrations, i.e., ϕ0 < 0.2, axisymmetric drop formation occurs and the interfacial solute transfer has negligible effects on the formation dynamics. Over an intermediate range of solute concentrations, i.e., 0.2 < ϕ0 < 0.5, Marangoni instability is triggered along the evolving interface, and therefore, the interface deformations and contractions occur during the drop formation. At ϕ0 = 0.5, the drop takes highly nonaxisymmetric shapes and remains away from equilibrium until its detachment from an orifice. For ϕ0 > 0.5, the spontaneous ejection of plumes of the solute results in the rapid generation of multiple droplets of smaller size. This work shows that higher solute concentration gradients not only lead to faster solute transport but also induce strong interfacial instability simultaneously. Thus, the coupled effects of transient change in composition and fluid properties govern the drop size and its formation time in such systems under non-equilibrium.

Rare earth-doped Ni/MgAl2O4 catalysts prepared via a one-step sol–gel method for steam reforming of volatile organic solvents at low temperatures

To develop efficient steam reforming catalysts that are widely applicable to various volatile organic solvents under low temperatures, rare earth (La, Ce or Pr)-doped Ni/MgAl2O4 were prepared via a novel one-step sol–gel method. Through various characterizations and DFT calculations, it demonstrated that the rare earths not only improved the catalyst structure, but also promoted the dispersion, electron density and d-band center of Ni. Consequently, all the rare earth-doped Ni/MgAl2O4 catalysts exhibited higher catalytic activity in steam reforming of different volatile organic solvents than the Ni/MgAl2O4 in 500–550 °C. Thereinto, the 10Ni-2La/MgAl2O4 performed the best, achieving a conversion efficiency of 97.3% at 550 °C for the mixture of toluene, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, and n-hexane. The outstanding performance of Ni-La/MgAl2O4 catalyst arises from the structural compatibility between low-spin La atom and Ni cluster, which enables La to modify Ni dispersion and electronic structure more significantly than Ce or Pr.

Improving the performance of artificial neural networks trained on synthetic data in gas spectroscopy – a study on two sensing approaches

Abstract Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used in quantitative infrared gas spectroscopy to predict concentrations on multi-component absorption spectra. Training of ANNs requires vast amounts of labelled training data which may be elaborate and time consuming to obtain. Additional data can be gained by the utilization of synthetically generated spectra, but at the cost of systematic deviations to measured data. Here, we present two approaches to train ANNs with a combination of comparatively small, measured data sets and synthetically generated data. For the first approach a neural network is trained hybridly with synthetically generated infrared absorption spectra of mixtures of N2O and CO and measured zero-gas spectra, taken with a mid-infrared dual comb spectrometer. This improves the mean absolute error (MAE) of the network predictions from 0.46 to 0.01 ppmV and 0.24 to 0.01 ppmV for the concentration predictions of N2O and CO respectively for zero-gas measurements which was previously observed for training with purely synthetic data. At the same time a similar performance on spectra from gas mixtures of 0–100 ppmV N2O and 0 to 60 ppmV CO was achieved. For the second approach an ANN pre-trained on synthetic infrared spectra of mixtures of acetone and ethanol is retrained on a small dataset consisting of 26 spectra taken with a mid-infrared photoacoustic spectrometer. In this case the MAE for the concentration predictions of ethanol and acetone are improved by 45 % and 20 % in comparison to purely synthetic training. This shows the capability of using synthetically generated data to train ANNs in combination with small amounts of measured data to further improve neural networks for gas sensing and the transferability between different sensing approaches.

Gas phase multicomponent detection and analysis combining broadband dual-frequency comb absorption spectroscopy and deep learning

In absorption spectroscopy, analysis of multicomponent gas mixtures becomes challenging when absorption features overlap (blended spectra). Here we propose a gas sensor which can accurately identify the species and retrieve the concentrations of components in a gaseous mixture in a broad spectrum. The sensor integrates a mid-infrared dual-frequency comb laser source for spectrum acquisition and a deep learning algorithm for spectral analysis. The sensor was tested on gas phase mixtures of methane, acetone and water vapor. A prototype sensor was assessed in realistic scenarios in real time. We also systematically analyzed and presented explicit visualizations to explain the underlying working mechanism of the algorithms.

Multi residue analysis of persistent organochlorine pesticides in fish from Baro River, Gambella, Southwest Ethiopia

In this study, the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in thirty (30) randomly collected Tilapia Zilli fish samples from the Baro River, Ethiopia were determined. The pesticide residues were extracted by soxhlet extraction technique using a mixture of n-hexane and acetone. The extracts were cleaned with silica gel and analyzed using a GC-MS. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides were calculated from linear calibration curves of nine mixtures of standards with a concentration range of 5-200 μg/kg in the fish sample and had correlation coefficients of 0.999 for all concentrations. The ranges of the limit of detections (LODs) and limit of quantifications ( LOQs) were 0.008–0.017 μg/kg and 0.025–0.052 μg/kg respectively. Recovery was determined from spiked samples at concentrations of 5 μg/kg, 60 μg/kg, and 200 μg/kg. Recoveries of 90.87–102.6% were obtained and the method precision calculated from relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be 1.00–8.62%. Of the thirteen studied organochlorine pesticides five of them were detected in collected fish samples with concentrations of 67.08 μg/kg, 15.35 μg/kg, 16.6 μg/kg, 3.87 μg/kg, and 17.1 μg/kg for Endosulfan II, Endrin, Endosulfan I, 4,4’-DDD, and Chlordane, respectively. The occurrence of organochlorine pesticide residues in fish samples shows that these compounds have been used in the study areas. The levels of chlordane and Endosulfan II detected in fish samples were above the maximum residual limits (MRLs) set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Therefore public awareness of pesticide use and management needs to be worked on by concerned bodies.

Investigation of Polyphenol Content and Antioxidative Activity of Cucurbita pepo L. Leaf Extracts Obtained by Ultrasonic Extraction

In this research, the antioxidant activity and its correlation with the polyphenolic content in pumpkin leaf extracts (Cucurbita pepo L.) were examined. Dried and pulverized pumpkin leaves were used as extraction material. Various solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, acetone) and their mixtures, in a ratio of 50:50 (v/v) (water: methanol, water: ethanol, water: acetone) were used for extraction. The solid-to-solvent ratio was 1:10. The influence of solvents on phenolic extraction, as well as the effect of ultrasonic extraction was investigated. The samples were subjected to ultrasound for 15 minutes. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant activity of the extracts by FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results indicate the importance of choosing an adequate extraction solvent for phenolic isolation from plant material. Mixtures of organic solvents and water, especially a mixture of water and acetone, are the most suitable for the extraction of phenolic compounds. At the same time, a positive correlation was established between the content of total phenols and the antioxidant activity of the extracts. This suggests that phenols contribute significantly to the antioxidant properties of pumpkin leaves. The results showed the potential medicinal properties of pumpkin leaves but further studies are needed to identify, characterize and isolate different bioactive components, which could be used as a basis for obtaining new drugs for the treatment of various diseases.

An environmentally benign, energy intensified single-column side stream extractive distillation (SC-SSED) process for Acetone/n-heptane separation

The single-column, side-stream extractive distillation (SSED) process has been proposed as a simple, novel, and energy-saving configuration for separating azeotropic mixtures, using an intermediate-boiling entrainer. However, within limited progress in separating the mixture of acetone (ACE) and n-heptane (HEP) through such processes, benzene (BEN), a human carcinogen, was frequently used as an entrainer. In view of this, our study aims to propose an environmentally benign SSED process to separate the same mixture. In the proposed process, 1-chlorobutane (CHL) is used as an entrainer. With thorough analysis, the economic performance of this process was found to outperform the other process using heavy entrainers (i.e. p-xylene and butyl propionate), while being economically comparable to the process using BEN as an entrainer. In addition, limited improvement is achieved by employing the SSED configuration for heavy entrainer-based processes, since a higher-grade steam is required at the reboiler of the extractive distillation column. Subsequently, a suitable control strategy with two temperature loops and three measurements (i.e. a side-stream temperature control loop, and a temperature difference control loop in the extractive section of the SSED column) was established. It can satisfactorily reject the specified feed disturbances (i.e. ±20% change in flowrate and composition). Compared to all other existing studies, the currently proposed control structure does not require any composition loop and, at the same time, is able to handle disturbances to a greater extent.

Effect on the Viscometric Properties of Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose in a Dimethylacetamide and Acetone Mixture

The main objective of our research described here was to determine the viscometric properties of polysaccharide solutions of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in dimethylacetamide (DMA)/acetone (A) mixtures. The evolution of the dynamic and intrinsic viscosities and the effect of the intrinsic Gibbs energy of CMC in DMA/A (44 ml/6 ml) were characterized as a function of the temperature (293.15 to 318.15) K, and concentration (1 to 10) g/l. We identified four main concentration regimes, corresponding to an absorption regime, a dilute regime, a critical regime, and the semi-dilute regime. The thermodynamic parameters of the viscosity also supported the obtained results. Exploiting our results, CMC/DMA/A is a promising solvent mixture for use in pharmaceutical and antibacterial applications.

Acetone diethyl ether-based biorefinery process for co-extraction of fucoxanthin, chlorophyll, DHA, and EPA from the diatom Thalassiosira lundiana

A mixture of acetone: diethyl ether solvent system (2: 6, v/v) was used to treat the diatom biomass (5 g dw), and water was used to phase partition. The upper nonpolar phase was collected and evaporated. The residual crude (300 mg) was dissolved in 100 % methanol and then eluted through a silica column with n-hexane: ethyl acetate in gradient mode (8: 2 to 8: 4 v/v). Four significant compounds were eluted, including DHA (6.41 mg/g dw), EPA (15.56 mg/g dw), chlorophyll a (7.22 mg/g dw), and fucoxanthin (11.1 mg/g dw). The molecular purity of each compound was evaluated using GC–MS, HPLC, and NMR. The remaining biomass waste was subjected to acid cleaning and recovered the porous biosilica. The acetone: diethyl ether solvent-based bioprocess increased the yield of DHA, EPA, and fucoxanthin by 1.75 fold, 1.73 fold, and 14.8 folds compared to the Bligh and Dyer method. This process might enhance the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical importance of diatoms.

A Simple Technique for Liquid–Liquid Percentage Determination Using Single-Frequency Amplitude Measurements

This letter presents a novel technique for the liquid–liquid percentage reading based on the measurement of the transmission amplitude at a single frequency in a cavity resonator with a small pipe where the liquids flow. The proposed approach represents an alternative to the conventional technique based on the determination of the resonance frequency shift and presents a number of advantages. First of all, the proposed technique requires just an oscillator and a power meter at a fixed frequency, instead of the complex equipment needed for the broadband measurement of the scattering parameters of the circuit, as in the conventional technique. Consequently, the proposed method is well-suited for the implementation of low-cost embedded sensors. Moreover, by avoiding the frequency sweep, the reading is instantaneous and therefore the real-time determination of the characteristics of flowing liquids is possible. Experimental results have been performed with a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity operating around the frequency of 2.48 GHz industrial scientific and medical (ISM) band, by comparing the performance of the proposed approach and the conventional one in the determination of the liquid–liquid percentage of mixtures of acetone and isopropanol.

Dynamic Breath Limonene Sensing at High Selectivity.

Liver diseases (e.g., cirrhosis, cancer) cause more than two million deaths per year worldwide. This is partly attributed to late diagnosis and insufficient screening techniques. A promising biomarker for noninvasive and inexpensive liver disease screening is breath limonene that can indicate a deficiency of the cytochrome P450 liver enzymes. Here, we introduce a compact and low-cost detector for dynamic and selective breath limonene sensing. It comprises a chemoresistive sensor based on Si/WO3 nanoparticles pre-screened by a packed bed Tenax separation column at room temperature. We demonstrate selective limonene detection down to 20 parts per billion over up to three orders of magnitude higher concentrated acetone, ethanol, hydrogen, methanol, and 2-propanol in gas mixtures, as well as robustness to 10-90% relative humidity. Most importantly, this detector recognizes the individual breath limonene dynamics of four healthy volunteers following the ingestion (swallowing or chewing) of a limonene capsule. Limonene release and subsequent metabolization are monitored from breath measurements in real time and in excellent agreement (R2 = 0.98) with high-resolution proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. This study demonstrates the potential of the detector as a simple-to-use and noninvasive device for the routine monitoring of limonene levels in exhaled breath to facilitate early diagnosis of liver dysfunction.

Coumarin 6 staining method to detect microplastics

Microplastics have contaminated the ocean in large quantities and are widely distributed throughout the world. Thus, our understanding of the concentration of microplastics in various environments should be increased. However, current methods to detect microplastics require considerable effort and expensive equipment. In this study, we developed a fluorescence staining technique using coumarin 6 and examined its effectiveness. A mixture of acetone and ethanol was used as the solvent, and 10 different types of plastics were able to be stained with coumarin 6. The fluorescence peak for coumarin 6 staining was approximately 500 nm for each plastic type. The optimal immersion time and coumarin 6 concentration for staining were determined to be 60 min and 1 mg L−1, respectively. Using this technique, we were able to stain all of the microplastics obtained from samples collected in Tokyo Bay seawater.

Analysis of tetrabromobisphenol A and bisphenol A in plant sample-method optimization and identification of the derivatives.

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is the most abundant brominated flame retardant and bisphenol A (BPA) is often identified as the metabolic product of TBBPA. Both of them are highly bioconcentrated and show serious biological toxicity. In this study, an analytical method was optimized to simultaneously determine TBBPA and BPA in plant samples. Moreover, the uptake and metabolism of TBBPA in maize were investigated through hydroponic exposure experiment. The whole analysis procedure included ultrasonic extraction, lipid removal, purification by solid-phase extraction cartridge, derivatization, and detection by GC/MS. Optimizations were conducted for each pretreatment step above. After improvement, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was chosen as the extraction solvent; the lipid removal was conducted by repartition between organic solvent and alkaline solution. The best suitable pH condition is 2-2.5 for the inorganic solvent before used for further purification by HLB and silica column with the optimized elute solvent of acetone and mixtures of acetone and hexane (1:1), respectively. The recoveries of TBBPA and BPA spiked in maize samples were 69±4% and 66±4% with the relative standard deviation less than 5%, respectively, for the entire treatment procedure. Limits of detections were 4.10 ng/g and 0.13 ng/g for TBBPA and BPA in plant samples, respectively. In the hydroponic exposure experiment (100 μg/L, 15 d), the concentrations of TBBPA in maize cultivated in pH 5.8 and pH 7.0 Hoagland solutions were 1.45 and 0.89 μg/g in roots and 8.45 and 6.34 ng/g in stems, while they were all below the detection limit for leaves, respectively. The distribution of TBBPA in different tissues was as the following order: root>>stem>leaf, illustrating the accumulation in the root and the translocation to the stem. The uptake variations under different pH conditions were attributed to the change of TBBPA species, now that it shows greater hydrophobicity at lower pH condition as a kind of ionic organic contaminant. Monobromobisphenol A and dibromobisphenol A were identified as metabolisms products of TBBPA in maize. The efficiency and simplicity of the method that we proposed characterize its potential application as a screening tool for environmental monitoring and contribute to a comprehensive study of the environmental behavior of TBBPA.

Evaluasi Konstanta Kecepatan Ekstraksi Beta (ß)-Karoten Berbasis Campuran Pelarut Aseton dan Dietil Eter

Research on the extraction of ß-carotene has been carried out intensively in recent years, considering the wide application of ß-carotene compounds, especially in the pharmaceutical and health fields. In the health sector, β-carotene has antioxidant compounds that can neutralize unstable molecules called free radicals. When the number of free radicals is too high in the body, it can cause cell and tissue damage which is known as oxidative stress. So the consumption of β-carotene should be increased. Various technologies are used for the isolation of ß-carotene from raw materials, such as maceration, soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and supercritical liquid extraction (SFE). This study uses the maceration method with the consideration that the energy used is relatively low and refers to the heat-resistant nature of β-carotene. The purpose of this study was to analyze the addition of co-solvent diethyl ether to acetone solvent to the value of the extraction rate constant (k). In this case, the addition of a co-solvent can help transport β-carotene to the solvent effectively by increasing the yield of β-carotene produced. Quantitative analysis was carried out using calculations based on mass balance, pseudo-second-order, and Peleg to then conclude which model is by the resulting data. The final yield of β-carotene was 34.395; 103.287 and 108.974 µg/g for diethyl ether, acetone, and a mixture of acetone with diethyl ether (24: 1) v/v respectively. The value of the extraction speed constant for each solvent diethyl ether, acetone, and a mixture of acetone with diethyl ether was 0.8913; 1.03975, and 2.0975 (minute-1) based on the Peleg model and 0.00738 for each solvent; 0.00828; 0.0141 (gram/mg.minute) based on the pseudo second-order model.

Separation Modeling and Simulation of Acetone and Acetic acid Mixtures by Pervaporation Process

Separation Modeling and Simulation of Acetone and Acetic acid Mixtures by Pervaporation Process

β-Cyclodextrin functionalized magnetic polyamine-amine dendrimers for high enrichment and effective analysis of trace bisphenolic pollutants in beverages

Bisphenols (BPs) are typical endocrine disruptors, which can cause great effects on environmental, organisms and human health. In this study, β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) functionalized polyamidoamine dendrimers-modified Fe3O4 nanomaterials (MNPs@PAMAM (G3.0)@β-CD) were facilely synthesized. It exhibited good adsorption capacities for BPs, which was utilized to construct a sensitive tool in combination with high performance liquid chromatography for monitoring BPs such as bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol AP (BPAP) in beverage samples. The factors affecting the enrichment were examined such as generation of adsorbent, dosage of adsorbent, type and volume of eluting solvent, elution time and pH value of sample solution. The optimal parameters for enrichment was as follows: dosage of adsorbent, 60 mg; adsorption time, 50min; sample pH, pH7; elutent, 9 mL mixture of methanol and acetone(1:1); elution time, 6min; sample volume, 60 mL. The experimental results demonstrated that the adsorption conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The results showed the maximum adsorption capacities of BPS, TBBPA, BPA, BPAF and BPAP were 131.80 μgg−1, 139.84 μgg−1, 157.08 μgg−1, 142.11 μgg−1 and 134.23 μgg−1, respectively. Under optimal conditions, BPS had good linear relationship over range from of 0.5–300 μgL−1, and the linear ranges of BPA, TBBPA, BPAF and BPAP ranged from 0.1 to 300 μgL−1. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) for BPs were good in range of 0.016–0.039 μgL−1. The spiked recoveries of target bisphenols (BPs) in beverages were approving over range from 92.3% to 99.2%. The established method possessed merits of easy to operate, good sensitivity, rapidness as well as environmental friendliness, and which earned great application potential for the enrichment and detection of trace BPs in practical samples.

Energy efficiency of diabatic distillation schemes for an acetone–toluene–n-butanol mixture with an entrainer in the first column

Objectives . To investigate the effectiveness of various options for organizing the process of diabatic distillation in the separation of a mixture of acetone–toluene–n-butanol by extractive distillation (ED) with dimethylformamide as an entrainer in a scheme where an entrainer is used in the first column. Methods . Mathematical modeling in the Aspen Plus v. 12.1 software package was used as the primary research method. The local Non-Random Two Liquid composition equation was used as a model for describing vapor–liquid equilibrium. Parametric optimization of diabatic schemes was carried out according to the criterion of reduced energy costs. Results . Based on ED scheme for an acetone–toluene–n-butanol mixture with an entrainer in the first column, four options for organizing diabatic distillation schemes were considered, both with and without increasing the temperature of the flows due to compression. Conclusion . It is shown that the use of diabatic schemes in the ED of an acetone–toluene– n -butanol mixture with dimethylformamide can decrease energy consumption by 11–17%. While the maximum reduction in energy consumption is achieved in a scheme using a compressor, the efficiency of schemes without a compressor is slightly lower. Nevertheless, the technological design of the latter is much simpler.

Evaluation of Helichrysum arenarium flower exudate as an inhibitor on Lolium perrene seed germination under laboratory conditions

Abstract Compounds accumulated on the surface of plant tissues and structures like glandular trichomes and thin epicuticular layer are defined as exudate, external, superficial. They exhibited important protective activities - antifungal, antibacterial, insect antifeedant, larvicidal, antiplasmodial, and UV protective. The exudate obtained from Helichrysum arenarium flowers was evaluated for its inhibitory activity on germination and initial radicle elongation of Lollium perrene seeds. The experiment was done in vitro in Petri dishes. The exudate, in water–acetone mixture (99.5:0.5), was assayed at concentrations of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mg/mL. The chemical composition of the exudate was analyzed by GC/MS. Exudate solution with 5 mg/mL concentration was found to cause more than 90% of seed germination inhibition. At the same concentration, complete inhibition of root growth was observed. The main bioactive component of exudate was identified as flavonoid aglycone–naringenin. The inhibitory activity of H. arenarium on seed germination was investigated for the first time in the present study.