Strength Of Mixtures Research Articles

Monotonic and cyclic behaviour of sand-silt mixtures through the equivalent state parameter

This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation into the effect of non-plastic fines on the monotonic and cyclic behaviour of sand-silt mixtures. For this purpose, drained and undrained triaxial monotonic and undrained stresscontrolled cyclic triaxial tests were performed on clean sand and its mixtures with non-plastic silt. The Critical State theory known as a characteristic state of soil behaviour and the equivalent state concept were used to the interpretation of the laboratory tests results. By estimating parameter b, which recognizes that different percentages of fines contribute differently to the strength of the sand and consequently the equivalent intergranular void ratio, (eg)eq, a single Critical State Line, CSL, is determined in the (eg)eq-log(p΄) plane, and a single liquefaction resistance curve at the CRR15-(eg)eq, independently of fines content, fc, based on the monotonic and cyclic tests results, respectively. It is shown that parameter b depends on the fines content, fc, and on the loading type of the laboratory test conducted, while (eg)eq proves to be a suitable parameter for the estimation of the monotonic behavior and undrained critical state strength as well as the liquefaction resistance of granular mixtures up to the threshold fines content value, fcth, independently of their fines content. The effectiveness of state parameter, ψ, and equivalent state parameter, (ψg)eq, in the estimation of the undrained critical state strength and liquefaction resistance of sand-silt mixtures is confirmed.

Evaluation of self-compacting concrete for concrete repair applications

This study investigates the suitability of utilizing Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) as a repair material for concrete structures. Various SCC mixtures were formulated with different compositions, including 100% cement, 30% limestone fillers, 40% blast furnace slag, and 10% silica fume. The fresh properties, such as fluidity, deformability, and stability, were evaluated to optimize the SCC mixtures for repair applications. The mechanical properties, including compressive strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus, were assessed and compared to vibrated ordinary concrete (VOC). Additionally, the bond strength between the SCC repair material and the existing concrete substrate was investigated using simulated repair specimens subjected to indirect tensile bond and splitting tensile bond tests. The results demonstrated the superior mechanical performance of SCC compared to VOC, with higher compressive and tensile strengths. Furthermore, the incorporation of mineral additives, such as limestone fillers, slag, and silica fume, enhanced the mechanical properties and bond strength of the SCC mixtures. The study highlights the potential advantages of using SCC over VOC for concrete repair applications, offering improved mechanical performance and adhesion characteristics.

Unified Characterization of Rubber Asphalt Mixture Strength under Different Stress Loading Paths

Unified Characterization of Rubber Asphalt Mixture Strength under Different Stress Loading Paths

Evaluating the Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures Containing RCA and Modified by Waste Alumina

The management of building and demolition waste is an important subject in the government's sustainability efforts. Today, recycling and reusing industrial waste and by-products is a topic of considerable relevance in every industry, but it is especially important in cement and concrete technology. Within the asphalt pavement sector, the necessity for environmentally friendly highway design and construction is at the top of the priority list. Nevertheless, due to the inferior behavior of the resulting recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) mixes, additional enhancement materials are needed. In this study, the effect of using alumina waste in the form of secondary aluminum dross (SAD) in the asphalt compacted specimens that contained RCA as coarse aggregate was discussed. The conventional limestone dust filler is replaced by SAD at rates of 10, 20, and 30% by filler weight in the control mix, and then the best percentage is used in mixtures containing RCA at rates of 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The experimental work includes volumetric properties by employing the Marshall design method, indirect tensile strength (ITS), and compressive strength. All the used percent of SAD enhanced the properties of the asphalt mixture; the tensile strength ratio (TSR) of the control mixture increased by 4.58%, 8.52%, and 7.64% for SAD rates (10, 20, and 30%), respectively. The best dosage of SAD was added to the mixture containing RCA at different specified rates. The maximum TSR (13.92%) was obtained at 25% RCA. The same steps were followed in the compressive strength test; adding SAD increased the index of retained strength (IRS) of the control mixture by 55.11, 13.42, and 9.13% for 10, 20, and 30%, respectively. Thereafter, the best dosage of 20% SAD was added to the hot mix asphalt (HMA) containing different RCA percents. The maximum IRS (17.43%) was also obtained at a 25% RCA. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-019 Full Text: PDF

New biopolymers as viscosity-modifying admixtures to improve the rheological properties of cement-based materials

The performance of various new biopolymers as viscosity-modifying admixtures (VMAs), including tragacanth, almond, and locust bean gums and giant kelp extract, in addition to two commercial biopolymer-VMAs, welan and guar gums in cement-based materials was evaluated. The effect of the preparation/addition method, type, and dosage of the investigated biopolymers on rheology, hydration kinetics, stability, and compressive strength of various cement paste mixtures was evaluated. The pre-dispersion and pre-dispersion/pre-hydration techniques showed greater influence on the rheology of the investigated mixtures compared to dry addition. Moreover, the investigated biopolymers led to a shear-thinning response with higher viscoplastic properties than the reference. The structural build-up of the mixtures was mainly influenced by the type and dosage of the biopolymers, observing higher performances in mixtures containing guar gum, giant kelp extract, and welan gum. The use of the investigated biopolymers enhanced the stability of the paste mixtures, while negatively influenced the early-age strength development.

Study of Crumb Rubber as Binder Material in Asphalt

Asphalt is a mixture of aggregates, bitumen, quarry dust, and cement. As an addition in hot mix asphalt mixtures, recycled tire rubber known as "crumb rubber" is regarded as an environmentally friendly building practice. The laboratory hot mix asphalt design tests were conducted according to Marshall method procedure. In this study, three different crumb rubber contents (10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of bitumen), and three different bitumen contents (4%, 5%, and 6%) with a penetration grade 60/70 were investigated. The Marshall stability value and durability properties were taken into account in a comparison study between the standard and modified asphalt concrete mixtures. The strength and performance of asphalt mixtures tended to improve with the addition of crumb rubber. As some of the test results were within the acceptable range, the findings indicated that crumb rubber is advised for use as an addition in asphalt mixtures. Besides, the durability of asphalt mixtures also needed to be concerned.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Geopolymer Mixtures Containing Chronologically Aged Basic Oxygen Furnace Slags

Applying industrial by-products as a substitution for conventional construction materials (natural resources) is a superior solution for the environment in terms of waste management and reduction in greenhouse emissions and for the construction industry in terms of cost and expenditure. Applying basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS), one of the metallurgical industry by-products, as a construction material can be a high-potential and promising idea. However, the utilization of BOFS in construction applications is considerably limited because of its inherent characteristics leading to volumetric expansion behavior caused by the chemical reaction between free lime (f-CaO) and water. This study used geopolymer technology to stabilize the expansive behavior of chronologically aged BOFS aggregates. The compressive strength, expansion behavior, and drying shrinkage characteristics of a normal ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mixture and a geopolymer mixture containing siliceous river sand and chronologically aged BOFS aggregates were investigated. The test results showed that the compressive strength of geopolymer mixtures containing chronologically aged BOFS aggregate achieved 64.02 MPa, and the expansion behavior of geopolymer mixtures was improved compared with normal OPC mixtures containing the same BOFS aggregates, reaching 0.02% and 0.44%, respectively. However, due to the air-curing method, geopolymer mixtures had higher drying shrinkage values than normal OPC mixtures. Therefore, further studies should be conducted to investigate how to control the drying shrinkage of geopolymer mixtures containing chronologically aged BOFS aggregate.

Investigating the phase behaviour of binary suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals and montmorillonite with nonlinear rheology, SAXS and polarized optical microscopy

Using microscopy imaging techniques, X-ray scattering, and nonlinear rheological measurements, we have examined microstructural changes, and phase behavior of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)/montmorillonite (MMT) composite colloidal systems. Fourier-transform (FT) rheology-stress decomposition methods, Lissajous-Bowditch plots, and other techniques are used to both qualitatively and quantitatively determine the various phases that the suspensions exhibit. In the MAOS (medium amplitude oscillatory shear) region, multiple scaling regions, as well as quadratic scaling regions are obtained. The dependence of the normalized third relative intensity (I3/1) values on angular frequency (ω) also provided new insights into how nonlinear parameters depend on the various CNC/MMT phases. These findings allow us to differentiate various phases exhibited by the composite system, including the isotropic, biphasic, and chiral nematic liquid crystalline (LC) phases. The CNC/MMT nanocomposite system exhibits a variety of liquid crystalline phases, which may contribute to improved mechanical properties for the system, including increased mixture strength, stiffness, and toughness because of the particle alignment in the LC phase. Additionally, the field of optics and photonics may find use for this nanocomposite system in the fabrication of sensors, polarizers, and optical films; energy storage applications where the aligned structures facilitate ion transport; and the formulation of paints and coatings where the strain stiffening and shear thinning behavior of the CNC/MMT composite system are critical.

Preparation and Performance Investigation of Epoxy Resin-Based Permeable Concrete Containing Ceramsite.

Permeable concrete is an innovative type of concrete that provides a sustainable solution for stormwater management by allowing water to seep through and be filtered naturally. This study focuses on the preparation and performance investigation of an epoxy resin-based permeable concrete containing ceramsite. In this study, ceramsite, a lightweight aggregate, is used as a substitute for conventional aggregates in the concrete mixture. The epoxy resin is then added to improve the strength and durability of the concrete. A series of tests, including compressive strength, water permeability, and freeze-thaw resistance tests, are conducted to evaluate the performance of the epoxy resin-based permeable concrete. The results show that with an increasing epoxy resin binder-aggregate ratio, the compressive strength of the epoxy resin-based permeable concrete significantly increases while the permeability coefficient decreases. Different types of aggregates have varying effects on the compressive strength and permeability coefficient of epoxy resin-based permeable concrete, with high-strength clay ceramsite providing the highest compressive strength and lightweight ceramsite having the highest permeability coefficient. In addition, the discrete element simulation method effectively and feasibly determines the ultimate load and accurately simulates the compressive strength of the permeable cement-based mixture, consistent with the measured compressive strength. A quadratic polynomial regression analysis yielded an R2 value of around 0.93, showing a strong relationship between durability and freeze-thaw cycles. The findings contribute to the development of sustainable construction materials for stormwater management and offer potential applications in various infrastructure projects.

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DESIGN RATIOS ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE: A PARAMETRIC STUDY USING THE TAGUCHI METHOD

This paper presents the influence of numerous limits on compressive strength of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete mixtures optimized by Taguchi method using Minitab program. The major goal is to find the optimal ratios that may give the greatest compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. A total of twenty fife mixtures of geopolymer concrete with fife mixtures of normal concrete were assessed considering the effect of inclusion of Alkali-Activator to binder ratio (AA/B), NaOH concentration (M), Influence of Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio (SS/SH) and effect of binder content (B). Different molarities was used in this study: 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16. Flay ash by way of waste material is used in ratios of (15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, and 25) % and substituted via 90 % of ordinary Portland cement to output the geopolymer concrete. Also, sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide are utilized in ratios of 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3. The alkali activator was made using sodium silicate, sodium hydroxide, and water in ratios of (0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, and 0.5). One type of locally crushed coarse aggregate was used instead of normal coarse aggregate that has sizes of 19 mm, as well as, fine aggregate. The examined mechanical property is characterized by compressive strength. The outcomes specify that the geopolymer concrete exhibits The highest compressive strength has been reached when the alkali-activator to binder ratio equal to 0.45, NaOH concentrations equal to 16, Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio equal to 1 and binder content reached to 25 %. Also, the result showed that the compressive increases as the curing age increases. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy was evaluated to show the geopolymer concrete microstructure.

Microstructure, hydration process, and compressive strength assessment of ternary mixtures containing Portland cement, recycled concrete powder, and metakaolin

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of recycled concrete powder (RCP) and metakaolin (MK) on the microstructure, hydration, and compressive strength of ternary mixtures containing Portland. The methodology involved producing cementitious pastes with different combinations of RCP + MK, where Portland cement was substituted by 30 %, and three sources of RCP were considered: construction, demolition, and laboratory. The materials were characterized physically, chemically, and mineralogically. The characterization of the fresh state properties was done using a rotational viscometer. The hydration of the pastes was evaluated by isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetry. The compressive strength and elastic modulus were determined for 1, 7, 28, and 120 days. Finally, an analysis of the microstructure of the prepared pastes was conducted by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that RCP and MK have negative influence on the fresh state properties, increasing both the yield stress and plastic viscosity. The additions also promote early hydration of Portland cement (first hours), which decreases due to the dilution effect. The quantity of hydrated products tends to be comparable to the reference, except for calcium hydroxide, which is reduced due to the pozzolanic activity of MK. The compressive strength and elastic modulus of the RCP + MK mixtures can be equal and/or superior the reference, demonstrating a synergistic effect between both materials. The use of RCP + MK mixtures is presented as a technically viable alternative to replace Portland cement without compromising performance.

Tension and bond characteristics of foam concrete for repair applications

In this study, foam concretes (FCs) were developed, and their tension, shear, and bond properties were investigated for potential repair applications. Seven FC mixtures with varying combinations of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash (FA) were prepared, along with one M25-grade conventional concrete mixture. The tension properties of both types of concrete were assessed through split tensile strength, flexural strength, and a pull-off test while the shear and bond strength (with reinforcing bars) were determined using the slant shear test and pull-out test, respectively. The results indicated that the compressive strength of the FC mixtures at 28 days ranged from 21.98 to 40.08 MPa, satisfying the requirements of IS 456: 2000 for M15 to M30-grade concrete. Furthermore, the split tensile strength of FC was in the range of 2.21 MPa to 2.83 MPa, while M25-grade concrete showed a strength of 2.24 MPa. Shear strength for FCs ranged between 6.67 MPa and 8.08 MPa while that of the M25-grade concrete was 5.49 MPa. Additionally, the tensile bond strength of FCs fell within the range of 0.67 MPa to 1.46 MPa while that of the M25-grade concrete was 1.12 MPa. The bond strength obtained from the pull-out test for FCs was observed to vary within the range of 11.87 MPa to 23.26 MPa while that of the M25-grade concrete was 14.14 MPa. FCs exhibited superior bond strength compared to M25-grade concrete with both the concrete substrate and reinforcing bars. It was also noted that the tension and bond strength of FC were linearly correlated with its compressive strength. Microstructure analysis indicated that macropores were isolated and discontinuous in all FC mixtures. The improvement in mechanical and bond properties was attributed to enhancements in the microstructure, and the ability of GGBS and FA particles to fill pores in the cementitious paste regions. In conclusion, FC developed using the GGBS and FA as substitutes for cement and sand, respectively showed promise as an alternative concrete repair material, with comparable or superior tensile and bonding properties compared to M25-grade concrete.

Non-convex shape effects on the biaxial compression of granular materials composed of monophasic packing and binary mixture

Driven by external compressions or shears, the granular material composed of non-convex shapes often undergoes self-assembly and becomes entangled, resulting in denser packings. In this work, the biaxial compression of monophasic and binary mixture composed of 2D intersecting crosses have been simulated via the discrete element method. As the aspect ratio increases, both the yield strength and elastic modulus initially increase before reaching a peak at w = 0.5. In binary mixtures, an antagonistic effect has been observed in mechanical properties of granular material. The decrease in strength and stiffness in binary mixtures can be attributed to the constraints imposed by multi-point contacts, along with the local order degree, which is particularly unique for non-convex particle packings. Building upon this understanding, we have extended the empirical formula into predicting the mechanical behavior of non-convex binary mixtures. This extension incorporates an additional non-linear term determined by both the shape factor and component fraction.

Unconfined compressive strength assessment of soil-cement mixtures in Hai Duong city

The unconfined compressive strength (qu) of the soil-cement mixture (S-CM) depends on many factors, in which the soil type and the cement content (%CM) are very important factors. The soil type determines the fine particle content and affects the effectiveness of soil-cement mixture. Meanwhile, %CM has a direct influence on the qu of the S-CM. The cost of foundation treatment methods for small and medium-sized constructions depends on the reasonable cement content. This paper presents the unconfined compressive strength of S-CM for five common cohesive soils in Hai Duong city (soft clay, soft clayey sand, soft sandy clay, clayey sand mud, and sandy clay mud) with four cement contents (7%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The research results show that the clayey sand (mbQ21-2hh) has the highest improvement efficiency compared to other soils, i.e., soft sandy clay (abQ23tb), soft clay (mQ21-2hh), sandy clay mud (mbQ21-2hh), and clayey sand mud (amQ21-2hh). The clay content has a great influence on the qu of S-CM. With the required value of qu28 = (8.0÷10.0) kG/cm2 (at 28 curing days), the reasonable cement content (% CM) is varied from 8% to 13% for soft sandy clay (abQ23tb), soft clay (mQ21-2hh), sandy clay mud (mbQ21-2hh), and clayey sand mud (amQ21-2hh); with the same value of qu28, the reasonable %CM is from 7.5 to 9.0% for clayey sand (mbQ21-2hh). The results are the scientific basis for recommending a reasonable %CM for each type of soil when designing to reinforce the foundation with soil-cement columns in Hai Duong city.

Study on induction healing properties of OGFC asphalt mixture with high elasticity and high viscosity modifier

Induction healing is a promising preventive maintenance method of asphalt pavement, but the healing properties of Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) asphalt mixture with high elasticity and high viscosity modifier (HEV) were not clear. OGFC asphalt mixture used for induction heating was prepared by adding steel wool fibers and HEV. The effects of HEV and steel wool on the properties of OGFC mixture were studied. The particle loss resistance, water stability, porosity, induction heating and self-healing properties of OGFC-13 asphalt mixture with different steel wool contents were measured. The results showed that HEV slightly improved the properties of resistance to particle loss, fracture strength and water stability of OGFC-13 asphalt mixture, had little effect on the induction heating rate and porosity, but reduced the healing rate by 10%. The addition of steel wool to OGFC-13 can enhance the particle loss resistance, heating rate and healing effect, and the optimal dosage is 8% of the volume fraction of bituminous binder. The healing rate rose steadily as the heating temperature increased. At the optimal healing temperature of 110 ℃, healing depth ratios of the mixtures without and with HEV were 56.3% and 43%, respectively, and the fracture energy healing rates were 72.4% and 63.1%, both at a high healing level. The incorporation of steel fibers and HEV reduced the porosity and water permeability of OGFC very slightly, and the porosity and water permeability of OGFC did not change significantly after induction heating. It is concluded that induction heating has a potential to heal the cracks within OGFC mixture with HEV to prevent surface raveling which is the primary damage of OGFC.

Investigation of Affecting Factors on Drying Shrinkage and Compressive Strength of Slag Geopolymer Mortar Mixture

Investigation of Affecting Factors on Drying Shrinkage and Compressive Strength of Slag Geopolymer Mortar Mixture

EXPERIMENTS USING ABS PLASTIC SEEDS (ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE) AS ADDITIONAL MATERIALS IN PORUS ASPHALT MIXTURE

Increasing the strength of the porous asphalt mixture in the field of road contraction, in this context, porous asphalt is often used as road pavement. ABS plastic pellets (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) have the same properties as asphalt, namely, thermoplastic has a penetration value equivalent to asphalt pen 60/70, plays an important role in road pavement adhesives as an alternative and has high strength and is resistant to deformation itself. The objective of the experiment was to determine the characteristics of Marshall on optimum asphalt content (KAO) and the effect of adding ABS plastic pellets on the performance of porous asphalt was reviewed based on the Marshall test, Cantabro Loss and Asphalt Flow Down. The research used experimental testing methods in the laboratory. The research was conducted with asphalt pen content of 60/70, namely 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5% 6% and additional levels of ABS plastic pellets 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%. From the planned grade for the addition of ABS plastic pellets mentioned above, the optimum bitumen content is obtained, namely 6% with a VIM value at 6% content of 23.61%, for a VMA value of 27.20%, for a stability value of 924.95 kg and the flow value obtained was 3.23 mm while the MQ value was 311.15 kg/mm. with standard or parameters namely AAPA 2004(Australian Asphalt Pavement Association).

Performance of Hybrid Asphalt Mixture through the Stability and Tensile Strength

Introduction: The stability and tensile strength of asphalt mixtures play a crucial role in pavement durability, primarily due to the challenges associated with cracking. This study investigates the utilization of a hybrid asphalt mixture comprising hybrid materials: Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), garnet waste and sawdust to enhance the modified asphalt performance. Aims: The objective is to examine the hybrid materials’ influence towards the mechanical properties of the hybrid asphalt mixture, specifically focusing on the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) as well as the Marshall stability test. Methods: To achieve this, hybrid materials were finely ground and sieved to 25µm before being incorporated into the mixture. The Marshall mix design procedure was conducted, utilizing hybrid binders at concentrations of 0% (control), 3% 6%, and 9%. The effects of the hybrid asphalt mixture on stability, flow, stiffness, and ITS were assessed at the optimal binder content. Results: The findings indicate that the hybrid asphalt mixture reveals enhanced Marshall stability, stiffness, flow, and ITS values compared to conventional asphalt mixtures. Notably, hybrid asphalt mixtures with 6% binder concentration demonstrate the most significant enhancement in terms of Marshall stability and ITS. Conclusion: This correlation suggests that the incorporation of POFA, garnet waste, and sawdust as hybrid materials in the hybrid asphalt mixture possesses a positive effect on the overall mechanical properties of the pavement. Highlights: • POFA, garnet waste, and sawdust increased the stability of the hybrid asphalt mixture. • POFA, garnet waste, and sawdust increased the tensile strength of the hybrid asphalt mixture. • Hybrid asphalt mixture performs positively towards flow and stiffness.

Molecular dynamics models to investigate the diffusion behavior of emulsified asphalt

The utilization of emulsified asphalt is widespread in the recycling of asphalt pavement due to its eco-friendliness and energy efficiency. While numerous research studies have been conducted on the mixture design and strength assessment of emulsified asphalt, the mechanism by which it diffuses and adheres to the aggregate surface remains inadequately comprehended. This study developed molecular dynamics models to investigate the diffusion behavior of emulsified asphalt on the aggregate surface to clarify the role of emulsifier, water, and asphalt in the adsorption process from a molecular perspective. Interface models are established according to the diffusion state for interfacial adhesion evaluation. The results show that the movement of water molecules is the driving force for the entire emulsified asphalt to adsorb to the aggregate surface, whether the aggregate is silica or reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Compared with anionic surfactant Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate (SDBS), cationic emulsifier Cetyltrimethylammonium Chloride (CTAC) has a better affinity, stronger adsorption, and higher interfacial adhesion energy with silica. Compared with RAP, emulsified asphalt is more readily adsorbed to the surface of silica. It is concluded that emulsifiers have two distribution conformations during the adsorption process, delamination, and aggregation, with delamination exhibiting stronger interface strength with silica than aggregation. When the emulsified asphalt spreads on the RAP surface, the penetration of water molecules into the aged asphalt layer in the RAP structure reduces the structure's water resistance. These results can provide a molecular perspective for understanding the internal structure of emulsified cold recycle mixture (ECRM) and link the adsorption behavior of emulsified asphalt on aggregate surfaces with the internal interface strength of ECRM.

Rheology and 3D printing of alginate bio-stabilized earth concrete

Driven by the need for sustainable construction solutions, there is renewed interest in earth-based materials. Biopolymer stabilizers can enhance the rheological and structural properties of these materials to facilitate their use in 3D printing. This research examined the influence of sodium alginate on the stability, particle interaction, rheology, and 3D printability of kaolinite, a commonly found clay in soils deemed suitable for construction. Findings revealed that sodium alginate could boost electrostatic interactions to enhance the stability of kaolinite suspensions. This rise in repulsive potential energy could reduce storage modulus and yield stress by orders of magnitude. However, as the alginate content increased beyond its critical overlapping concentration (0.12 %–0.6 %), a reverse trend was observed, which was attributed to the formation of a three-dimensional polymer network. Furthermore, alginate addition shifted the “printability window” of kaolinite mixtures to higher solid contents, which has positive implications on the strength and shrinkage of the printable mixtures.