Water Mixtures Research Articles

Flow-through microfluidic relative permittivity sensor using highly-doped silicon sidewall electrodes

Abstract This paper reports a flow-through sensor for the real-time measurement of the relative permittivity of a flowing fluid. The proposed sensor contains multiple parallel microchannels. Each channel acts as a parallel plate capacitor in which the electrodes are isolated from the fluid. This approach results in a low pressure drop and high sensitivity while the internal volume is only 50 nl. The fabrication technology allows for controllable scaling of the channel geometry. Equally deep microchannels with widths varying between 5 µm and 50 μ m are fabricated. The fabrication technology is compatible with other flow-through sensors, enabling further on-chip integration. The sensor has been characterised using 10 different fluids with relative permittivity values ranging from 1 to 80—including water and water-containing mixtures—at a measurement frequency of 300 kHz. The results show an accuracy within 3% of full scale and the repeated measurements with nitrogen and water show standard deviations of 1.20 and 1.03, respectively.

Thermodynamic modelling of systems involved in natural gas dehydration with triethylene glycol using a group contribution association model

Natural gas (NG) dehydration through absorption into Triethylene Glycol (TEG) is one of the most important applications in the NG industry. The optimal design of the TEG dehydration process requires a deep understanding of the thermodynamic behavior of mixtures containing TEG, water, hydrocarbons, and other compounds present in natural gas. In this work, the recently developed Universal Mixing Rule – Cubic Plus Association (UMR-CPA) group contribution equation of state (EoS) is extended to these systems. UMR-CPA combines the PR-CPA EoS with the UNIFAC group contribution activity coefficient model through the Universal Mixing Rules. Parameters for pure water, TEG and NG components were determined by accurately fitting vapor pressure, density and heat capacity data. For non-associating compounds, the model leads to overall deviations of 1.2 % in vapor pressures and 6.1 % in isobaric heat capacities. Water properties are also quite accurately described, with overall deviations of approximately 0.4 %, 1.2 % and 5.7 % in vapor pressures, liquid densities and isobaric heat capacities, respectively. The model was then applied to mixtures of water and TEG with gases and hydrocarbons by correlating the proper group interaction parameters. Very satisfactory results were obtained for both vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid phase equilibria in these systems, where also an adequate reproduction of the minimum of hydrocarbon solubility in water was noted. Finally, the UMR-CPA EoS was further validated through the prediction of the phase behavior of ternary systems including TEG and/or water and NG compounds. Very good predictions were achieved for the low TEG and water content in the vapor phase of the TEG-H2O-CH4 ternary system, with absolute deviations of around 0.05 and 23.26 ppm, respectively. Overall, the model yields accurate predictions, suggesting its suitability for designing the TEG dehydration process.

Liquid-Liquid equilibrium Behavior and intermolecular interactions of Levulinic acid and water with isopropyl ether and methyl Tert-Butyl ether

Levulinic acid (LA) is a crucial bio-based chemical with extensive industrial applications. Due to its significant share in the cost of production, the development of efficient techniques for the separation of LA is essential. Traditional separation using sulphuric acid raises environmental and cost concerns, making liquid–liquid extraction a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative. liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) investigation was carried out for two ternary mixtures of water + LA + isopropyl ether / methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) at two temperatures and 101.3 kPa. The results indicated that the solvent MTBE, as an extractant, showed a higher partition coefficient and selectivity for LA than isopropyl ether, demonstrating its superior effectiveness in recovering LA. The interaction insights between LA and the extractants were explored using quantum chemistry calculations, which aligned well with the collected results. The ascertained LLE data was modeled using the NRTL equation, achieving the RMSD values below 0.01, demonstrating a good concordance between the collected data and computed values. The fitted NRTL model parameters are conducive to the designing and optimizing the LA separation process.

Oriented 1D Metal-Organic Frameworks for Selective Chemisorption by a Substitution-Insertion Mechanism.

Chemisorption on organometallic-based adsorbents is crucial for the controlled separation and purification of targeted systems. Herein, oriented 1D NH2-CuBDC·H2O metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) featuring accessible CuII sites are successfully fabricated by bottom-up interfacial polymerization. The prepared MOFs, as deliberately self-assembled secondary particles, exhibit a visually detectable coordination-responsive characteristic induced by the nucleophilic substitution and competitive coordination of guest molecules. As a versatile phase-change chemosorbent, the MOFs exhibit unprecedented NH3 capture (18.83 mmol g-1 at 298 K) and bioethanol dehydration performance (enriching ethanol from 99% to 99.99% within 10 min by direct adsorption separation of liquid mixtures of ethanol and water). Furthermore, the raw materials for preparing the 1D MOFs are inexpensive and readily available, and the facile regeneration with water washing at room temperature effectively minimizes the energy consumption and cost of recycling, enabling it to be the most valuable adsorbent for the removal and separation of target substances.

Production of Defragmentable Bioplastic using Starch Extracted from Annona Muricata (Soursoup) Seed Reinforced with Bentonite Nanoclay

Abstract Seeds of Annona Muricata, often called soursop or guyabano were used as a source of starch for the production of defragmentable bioplastic. The researchers used mixture of water and starch content of 10 and 20 grams respectively from Annona Muricata (soursop) seeds with various concentration (20%, 25%, 30%) of glycerol (plasticizer) and reinforced with three different concentrations (0%, 3%, 6%) of bentonite nanoclay (filler). The characterization of the bioplastic was carried out by determining the effect of variation of the ratio between the quantity of starch from soursop seeds, bentonite nanoclay, and glycerol. The starch-based defragmentable bioplastic was evaluated with its water retention, degradation, and mechanical properties. The result showed that the tensile strength improved significantly with the addition of bentonite nanoclay and the elongation at break with the addition of glycerol. Same way in water retention test, where the presence of the bentonite nanoclay increased the strength of the bioplastic with its water solubility. In soil burial test, a higher level of glycerol concentration increased the rate of the bioplastic degradation. By adding the bentonite nanoclay as a filler, the rate of bioplastic degradation decreased compared to the bioplastic without filler. In shelf-life test, adding glycerol as plasticizer improved the shelf life of bioplastics. A high concentration of glycerol served as an anti-fungal for bioplastics.

Enhancing durability and oil-water separation efficiency with plasma-treated graphene oxide coated mesh

In recent years, there has been a surge in interest surrounding the fabrication and utilization of superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surfaces, driven by their exceptional functionalities and properties. Graphene Oxide (GO) has inherent hydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity, which has made this material a particularly capable candidate for oil-water separation. Addressing the persistent challenge of efficient oil-water separation in industrial contexts, this study presents the fabrication of a GO-coated stainless steel mesh via a facile dip coating method augmented by an intermediate two-step O2 plasma treatment. The coated meshes were tested with various oil and water mixtures, including neutral, acidic, saline, and hot water, to find separation efficiency and recyclability. Notably, the meshes can achieve excellent separation efficiency of approximately 98.9 % and a superior flux of 11,464 L m−2 h−1 driven by gravity. This is a significant improvement over GO-coated meshes without O2 plasma treatment. Moreover, the plasma-treated meshes exhibit robust long-term durability and chemical stability, maintaining high underwater oil contact angles ≥119° even after extended immersion in diverse pH mediums and salt solutions for 150 days. This work showcases the practical viability of plasma-treated GO-coated meshes for oil-water separation applications and establishes a framework for systematically evaluating their long-term performance in harsh immersion conditions.

Sm-MOF decorated cotton for efficient on-demand oil-water separation and organic pollutants removal

Complex wastewater containing oil–water and contaminant mixtures is a constant threat to ecosystems and public health. However, efficient water–oil separation and water treatment are required, with a preference for simple but universal matrices for possible large-scale applications. Herein, effective oil–water separation and organic pollutant removal are simultaneously realized on cotton balls decorated with polydimethylsiloxane combined with a samarium metal–organic framework. Cotton balls containing polydimethylsiloxane (10 %) and Sm-MOF (Synthesis temperature was 110 ℃, 15 mg/L) were successfully prepared by a simple precipitation method, with a high water contact angle of 150.75 ± 1.1°. After pre-wetting with a low surface energy solution, the modified cotton was endowed with repeatable super-wetting transitions between superhydrophobic/superoleophilic and superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic properties. In addition to on-demand separations of immiscible oil–water mixtures at a rate of 95 %, water-in-oil emulsions could be separated by the addition of different surfactants. The mechanism of demulsification of the treated cotton ball was studied based on the type of emulsifier and the results of emulsified oil separation. Cotton balls modified with 10 % PDMS and Sm-MOF (Synthesis temperature was 140 °C; 15 mg/L) showed higher adsorption capacity compared to pure cotton balls, adsorbing about 98.7 % of Eriochrome Black T within 2 h. Cotton balls modified by PDMS and Sm-MOF are an effective, safe and green material with promising applications in the simultaneous separation of oil–water mixtures and removal of organic pollutants from water systems.

Numerical study on cavitation generation induced by the high-speed jet impact on the water surface

The complex interaction between shock waves and two-phase interfaces can generate cavitation. In this study, the cavitation induced by the high-speed jet impact on the water surface was investigated. The mixture fluid is modeled using the barotropic equation of state under the framework of the two-phase flow model, which can describe the mixture of air, water, and vapor with any proportion. Through constructing a 1D Riemann problem for the impact-induced cavitation phase transition, it indicates that the coupling effect of multiple rarefaction waves emitted from the two-phase interface is responsible for the cavitation phase transition inside the liquid. Then, a 3D (three-dimensional) simulation regarding the impact of a high-speed jet on the water surface was conducted and validated against previous experiments that captured the cavitation phase transition phenomenon in the central region after the jet impact. The 3D simulation results revealed the spatial structure and development process of shock waves in detail. The coupling effects of shock waves and two-phase interfaces generate a ring-shaped rarefaction wave, which develops radially inward and superimposes, resulting in the formation of acorn-shaped cavitation bubble nuclei inside the water. The 3D simulation can provide spatial shock/rarefaction wave structures and internal flow details that have never been obtained in experiments, such as shock generation and propagation, rarefaction wave generation and center convergence, and the internal structure of acorn-shaped cavitation nucleation. Furthermore, the influence of the jet velocity on the cavitation intensity was analyzed, and a quantitative relationship was provided.

Investigation into factors controlling groundwater evolution in mining areas with an integrated approach

The study of groundwater evolution is of great significance for water resource protection and management, groundwater pollution control, and ecological environment protection. Experts and scholars have found that the hydrochemical processes and evolutionary patterns of groundwater are determined by both natural processes and human activities. However, there is relatively little research on the evolution of groundwater in mining areas where human activities have a significant impact. Therefore, to study the main controlling factors affecting the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in mining areas, this paper proposes a method combining mixed ratio calculation and multivariate statistical analysis. Firstly, a total of 40 groundwater samples are classified into six clusters via hierarchical cluster analysis. By comprehensively analyzing the spatial location of the samples, it was found that there was no obvious distribution pattern of groundwater in space. Furthermore, the rationality of the cluster analysis is evaluated via principal component analysis. Next, hydrochemical and isotopic analyses were conducted to determine the source of groundwater in the mining area, and a three terminal element mixing model was established to identify the source of pollutants and calculate the terminal element mixing ratio. The research results indicate that groundwater in mining areas is formed by a mixture of shallow bedrock fissure water, deep bedrock fissure water, and rainwater, and the mixing effect is the main factor affecting the evolution of groundwater in mining areas, with a more significant impact than the depth of groundwater circulation. In addition, different types and degrees of water–rock interaction in different regions have altered the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in mining areas, such as the dissolution of multiple minerals, cation exchange, and common ion effects. Based on the above analysis results, a water circulation model for the mining area has been established. The findings of this study not only contribute to the protection of shallow fissure groundwater in the study area, but also provide a basis for investigating the groundwater evolution patterns in other metal mines.

Investigation of the physicochemical and thermodynamic characteristics of imidazole ionic liquids with water and ethanol mixtures

Investigation of the physicochemical and thermodynamic characteristics of imidazole ionic liquids with water and ethanol mixtures

Hydrothermal liquefaction of southern yellow pine with downstream processing for improved fuel grade chemicals production

The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) technique for liquefying lignocellulose biomass feedstock is often associated with low biocrude yield and poor fuel properties. This study examined the HTL of southern yellow pine sawdust and the hydrotreatment (HYD) of produced biocrudes in an effort to address these challenges. Pine HTL treatment was performed within water and water–ethanol mixed reaction medium at 250, 300, and 350℃ temperatures using metallic iron (Fe) as a catalyst. The rising reaction temperature in a water medium and increasing ethanol content in a mixed reaction medium were found to be effective in enhancing the biocrude yield from the non-catalytic pine HTL process. Maximum non-catalytic biocrude yield of 18 wt.% was produced in water at 350℃, whereas the ethanol and water (1:1 on mass basis) mixture generated the highest biocrude yield of 34 wt.% at 300℃ without any catalyst. The iron catalyst facilitated a maximum of 29 wt.% of biocrude yield as opposed to 18 wt.% without the catalyst at 350℃ in water. The use of an iron catalyst also raised the calorific value of produced biocrudes by 2.5–14 % within 250-350℃ in both water and water–ethanol media. The catalytic and non-catalytic biocrude products were chosen to undergo HYD treatment at 400 °C under high hydrogen pressure (initial 1000 psi) using an alumina-supported cobalt-molybdenum catalyst. The HYD treatment reduced the oxygen content of upgraded oils by 36–60 % compared to the parent HTL biocrudes with 35–37 MJ/kg calorific values. The simulated distillation detected the maximum gasoline range compounds in upgraded oil from catalyst and water–ethanol conditions, whereas the GC–MS analysis revealed the production of increased aromatic hydrocarbons in all upgraded HYD oils. This work has demonstrated the potential of ethanol and inexpensive iron catalyst in enhancing the biocrude production from pine, which could be upgraded to better fuel using the HYD process.

Performance analysis of Plate type Steam Condenser Using Nano-fluid

Abstract This paper investigates the application of nanofluid coolant, specifically a mixture of water and aluminium dioxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles, to augment heat transfer efficiency within flat plate heat exchanger. Beginning with an introduction highlighting the pivotal role of heat exchangers in industrial processes, the study emphasizes the imperative for enhanced efficiency and reduced energy consumption. The system description delineates the components and functionality of flat plate heat exchanger, elucidating operational and experimental conditions including initial temperatures and subsequent temperature transitions during cooling. Key parameters such as effectiveness and overall heat transfer coefficient are identified, with an exploration of their variation when comparing water alone to nanofluid coolant. Comparative data showcases experimentally obtained effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient values for both coolant types, revealing a substantial enhancement in efficiency with nanofluid coolant. Like effectiveness for water was 18% while that for nanofluid was 35%. The future potential and broader applications of nanofluid coolant in heat transfer technologies, advocating for continued research to unlock further advancements and efficiencies in industrial processes. By this technology we can reduce water losses as well as reduce power consumption in plants.

Sensitized Reynolds stress modeling of a bubbly jet emerging into a water cross-flow

The present work is concerned with the computational study of an air–water mixture stream emanating from a nozzle submerged in a water cross-flow inside a rectangular open channel to form a curved, intensively dispersed, bubbly jet. The work focuses on evaluating the predictive performance of an eddy-resolving turbulence model applied to the described case of a multiphase gas-liquid flow system characterized by a variety of closely coupled phenomena, including: turbulence anisotropy-induced secondary motion, free surface flow, bubbly jet propagation, and the varying interaction dynamics of the carrier water flow with the air bubble dispersion. Correspondingly, an appropriately extended differential near-wall Reynolds stress model, which describes the dynamics of unresolved subscale structures within the Sensitized Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) computational framework, is currently used in conjunction with a two-way coupled Euler–Lagrange approach to simulate this gas-water bubbly flow, with the operating and boundary conditions following the experimental reference of Zhang and Zhu (2013). Accordingly, the conditions at the free surface are adequately derived for all components of the residual turbulence stress tensor and the corresponding length scale determining variable. It is shown that the statistics of the bubble phase can be accurately captured, and the proper-orthogonal-decomposition analysis of the dynamic properties of the flow reveals at least two large-scale transient effects associated with the bubbly jet. Furthermore, in the preliminary part of this work it is shown that the currently applied turbulence model can be successfully used to correctly capture the effects of Reynolds stress anisotropy in the single-phase open-channel configuration, representing the incoming flow field of the main two-phase flow configuration.

Automatic immunomagnetic beads cleanup and isotope dilution-based liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of aflatoxins in feed and feedstuff

In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method based on immunomagnetic bead cleanup and isotope dilution was established for the simultaneous detection of four aflatoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2) in feed and feedstuff. The samples were extracted with an acetonitrile–water mixture (84 + 16, v/v), purified using automatic immunomagnetic beads, and detected by LC-MS/MS. Under the optimal LC-MS/MS conditions, the four mycotoxins had a linear relationship in the concentration range of 0.5–50 µg/kg, and the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99. The limits of detection of the four aflatoxins ranged from 0.075–0.17 µg/kg, and the limits of quantification ranged from 0.25–0.5 µg/kg. The average spike recoveries of the four common feed and feedstuff matrices (corn, soybean meal, pig compound feed, and chicken compound feed) at three spiked levels (2, 10, and 50 µg/kg) ranged from 80.8–118.3 %, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were all less than 7.80 %. Thirty-two actual feed samples were analyzed for the four aflatoxins. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in nineteen samples (0.11–6.39 µg/kg); aflatoxin B2 was detected in four samples (0.12–0.43 µg/kg); aflatoxin G1 was detected in four samples (0.19–0.57 µg/kg), and aflatoxin G2 was not detected. The immunomagnetic beads cleanup system could automatically remove each of the four aflatoxins in feed and feedstuff and realize batch sample processing in 20 min. The established LC-MS/MS method has high accuracy and repeatability, and it can be used for the rapid and simultaneous determination of four aflatoxins in feed samples.

Oxidation of Airborne m-Xylene in Pulsed Corona Discharge: Impact of Water Sprinkling

Plasma from electric discharges can be used in the abatement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The application of gas-phase pulsed corona discharge (PCD) in air–water mixtures provides favorable conditions for the oxidation of VOCs at unsurpassed energy efficiency. This research investigates the impact of water sprinkling on PCD performance in the oxidation of m-xylene as a model compound. Experimental research into the plasma treatment of continuous air flow was undertaken using the PCD reactor in dry and water-sprinkled modes. Water sprinkling more than doubled the m-xylene oxidation rate, which can be attributed to abundant OH-radicals produced at the plasma–water interface. Water sprinkling substantially reduced the formation of nitrous oxide, which is considered to be a secondary pollutant in the outlet air. Ozone is considered a by-product helping the subsequent photocatalytic oxidation of potential residues and photocatalyst maintenance. The use of water-sprinkled PCD is a promising approach to energy-efficient abatement of VOCs.

Effect of solvent and temperature on the micellization and thermophysical properties of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

The Micellization is the fundamental phenomenon in colloid and surface chemistry which plays a pivotal role in a multitude of industrial processes, biological systems, and everyday applications. In this study, we investigate the micellization behavior of the cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) within aqueous and ethanol–water mixtures across a temperature range. The electrical conductivity measurements unveil insights into the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the degree of counterion dissociation (β) at each temperature. Notably, as ethanol content increases in the solvent, both CMC and β values exhibit a corresponding uptick. These findings enable the assessment of standard Gibbs free energy (ΔGmic0). Furthermore, our investigation extends to find out the thermophysical properties (viz., density, dynamic viscosity, and kinematic viscosity) assessments across varying ethanol compositions and temperatures. These metrics facilitate the calculation of activation energy for mixed systems. The implications of these results (data) could be useful for both the fundamental as well applied research, and promise valuable insights for future endeavors.

Green stability-indicating RP-HPTLC technique for determining croconazole hydrochloride

Abstract The objective of the proposed investigation is the development and validation of a green stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method to determine croconazole hydrochloride (CCZ). The developing system used was an 80:20 v/v mixture of acetone and water. The measurement of CCZ was done at 198 nm. With the use of the Analytical Eco-Scale (AES), ChlorTox, and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) tools, greenness was evaluated. The linearity was demonstrated by the present method in the 25–1,200 ng/band range. The present approach was additionally reliable, accurate, sensitive, precise, and green. An exceptional greenness profile was demonstrated by the AES, total ChlorTox, and AGREE scales, which were determined to be 89, 1.08 g, and 0.82, respectively. The greenness metrics of the present method were much better than the reported high-performance liquid chromatography approach. Under acid and oxidative degradation circumstances, CCZ was shown to be unstable, while under alkaline and thermal-stress settings, it was sufficiently stable. Furthermore, the stability-indicating component determined by analytical method identified CCZ in the presence of its degradation products. Commercial CCZ cream was found to contain 0.98% w/w of CCZ. The investigation’s results suggested that CCZ in commercially available creams might be regularly examined with the help of the recommended green technology.

Simultaneous determination of picroside I and picroside II in dietary supplements by high performance liquid chromatography with PDA detector

Picroside I and picroside II are two compounds found in the Picrorhiza Kurroa plant, which have anti-cirrhosis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, fever, and asthma effects, etc. They are included in the ingredients of many dietary supplement products that help protect the liver and bile, prevent oxidation, etc. Therefore, determining the content of these two active ingredients in dietary supplements is necessary to evaluate product quality. In this study, highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC-PDA) was used to simultaneously determine picroside I and picroside II in dietary supplements. The analytes in the samples were extracted with methanol for 60 min using a horizontal shaking technique. The extract was then filtered and determined by the HPLC–PDA method with the following conditions: C18 Column (250 mm x 4.6 mm; 5 µm) and a corresponding pre-column (3.9 mm x 5 mm; 5 µm), the mobile phase consists of a solvent mixture of acetonitrile and water according to the gradient program, detection wavelength 265 nm. The method has good specificity, the calibration curve of picroside I and picroside II has a linear coefficient R2 > 0.9999 and the repeatability and recovery meet the AOAC requirements. The method limits of detection (MDL) for these two substances were 4.3 mg/kg and 3.2 mg/kg, respectively. The method was applied to simultaneously determine picroside I and picroside II in 30 different dietary supplement products. The results detected analytes in 3 samples positive with picroside I and picroside II concentrations ranging from 98.8 to 148 mg/kg.

Experimental measurement, thermodynamic analysis, and mathematical modeling for budesonide solubility in 1-propanol + water mixtures at T = (293.2 to 313.2) K.

Budesonide (BDS) a steroid-based anti-inflammatory drug widely prescribed for various diseases, has a low aqueous solubility. In this study, we investigated cosolvency approach to study the thermodynamic specifications related to the solubility of BDS at the temperature range of 293.2-313.2K in (1-propanol + water) mixtures applying the shaking flask method. The predictive power of different mathematical models for experimental data in the cosolvency systems was evaluated. For this purpose, the linear and nonlinear mathematical equations such as van't Hoff model (as a linear model), Buchowski-Ksiazczak equation (as a non-linear), CNIBS/R-K and MRS models (as a linear model for solvent composition at an isothermal condition), modified Wilson model (as a non-linear model for isothermal condition), the Jouyban-Acree model (as a model that considers temperature and solvent composition), and Jouyban-Acree-van't Hoff model (as a model with no further input data) were studied. Also, the Williams-Amidon excess Gibbs energy model was investigated. In addition, the related apparent thermodynamics of the BDS dissolution process in the desired temperature such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy, were computed by the corresponding equations. Moreover, based on the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals, it is demonstrated that BDS is preferentially solvated by water in water-rich mixtures. The accuracy of the fitness was evaluated with mean relative deviations (MRDs%) for back-calculated molar BDS solubility data. The result showed that the maximum solubility of BDS was obtained at 0.7 mass fraction of 1-propanol at all temperatures. Thermodynamic studies demonstrated that BDS dissolution procedures were obtained as endothermic and entropy-driven in almost all cases. The overall MRDs% values for the back-computed BDS solubility in the aqueous mixture of 1-propanol based on van't Hoff model, Buchowski-Ksiazczak equation, CNIBS/R-K model, modified Wilson model, Jouyban-Acree model, Jouyban-Acree-van't Hoff model, MRS model, and Williams-Amidon excess Gibbs energy model were found 1.93%, 1.80%, 11.68%, 33.32%, 12.30%, 9.24%, 10.70%, and 6.57%, respectively.

Selective extraction of Quercetin from rose petal extracts using poly (acrylamide-co-ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate) based magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer

Under ultrasound irradiation, a highly selective Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MMIP) was synthesized by polymerizing monomers on magnetite. The Density Functional Theory was utilized for the selection of suitable monomers based on binding energy interaction between quercetin and monomers (Acrylamide, Acrylonitrile, Methacrylic Acid). Quercetin served as the template molecule, while acrylamide was used as the functional monomer, and a mixture of DMSO and water was employed as the porogen solvent. This study aims to synthesize and evaluate the effectiveness of MMIP and analyze its adsorption isotherm and kinetics. It was observed that the Freundlich model supports the adsorption of quercetin on MMIP, and the kinetic data correlates better with the Pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The MMIP exhibited a pronounced selectivity in the adsorption of quercetin with a maximum adsorption capacity of 10.07 mg g-1 in 30 min. Furthermore, the physiochemical properties of synthesized sorbent were undergone for characterization using FESEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, VSM, and TGA. Finally, real-time determination of quercetin was carried out using rose petal extract, integrating MMIP adsorption followed by HPLC detection. The results suggest that MMIP is a promising material for the real-time determination of quercetin from rose petal extract.