Mixture Of Tobacco Research Articles

A Simple Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Trace Level of Cadmium in Real, Environmental, Biological, Tobacco, Fertilizer and Soil Samples Using 2⁄, 3, 4⁄, 5, 7 Pentahydroxyflavone

A very simple, ultra-sensitive and highly selective non-extractive spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amount of cadmium using 2, 3, 4, 5, 7pentahydroxyflavone (morin) has been developed. Morin reacts in a slightly acidic (0.000001-0.000012M H2SO4) in 50% ethanolic solution with cadmium to give a deep greenishyellow chelate which has an absorption maximum at 422 nm. The reaction is instantaneous and the absorbance remains stable for over 24 h. The average molar absorption co-efficient and Sandell’s sensitivity were found to be 4.09 × 10 L molcm and 4.0 ng cm of cadmium, respectively. Linear calibration graphs were obtained for 0.01 25 mg L of cadmium with a correlation co-efficient value 0.9996 for Cd-morin complex. The stoichiometric composition of the chelate is 1:2 (Cd:morin). The detection limit and quantification limit of the reaction system were found 1μg L and 10μg L, respectively. A large excess of over 50 cations, anions and complexing agents (like, chloride, tartrate, azide, citrate, EDTA, SCN etc.) do not interfere in the determination. The developed method was successfully used in the determination of cadmium in several Standard Original Research Article American Chemical Science Journal, 4(4): 481-503, 2014 482 Reference Materials (alloys and steels) as well as in some environmental waters (inland and surface), biological samples (human blood, urine and hair), tobacco, fertilizer, soil samples and complex synthetic mixtures. The results of the proposed method for biological samples were comparable with AAS and were found to be in good agreement. The method has high precision and accuracy (s = ±0.01 for 0.5 mg L).

TGA/FTIR study of tobacco and glycerol–tobacco mixtures

In this work, the evolution with temperature of the qualitative composition of the gases evolved in the pyrolysis of glycerol, tobacco and tobacco–glycerol mixtures has been studied. The pathways for different types of compounds (i.e., water, CO, CO2, carbonylic compounds, alkenyl or alkyl groups containing compounds, alcohols and phenols and aromatic compounds) have been established, and their relationship with the different reaction steps involved in the pyrolysis process have been suggested. The comparison among the behavior observed in the pyrolysis of tobacco, glycerol and a mixture glycerol–tobacco has permitted us to suggest possible interactions between tobacco and glycerol affecting the composition of the gases evolved.

The Determinants of Shisha Smoking in Medical Students

Abstract The shisha is a water pipe used to pass charcoal heated air through a flavored tobacco mixture. 1 Objectives: To determine the association between various psycho-social factors and shisha smoking among medical students aged 18 - 26 years living in Lahore during one year. Design: Case – control study. Place and Duration: King Edward Medical Univer-sity . From Jan 2012 to Dec 2012. Subjects and Methods: A case - control study with 1:1 case to control ratio was conducted. A total of 100 persons (50 cases and 50 controls) were recruited in the study. Selection was made on laid down criteria from the students of King Edward Medical University, Lahore after taking due consent.Interviews were con-ducted through a pretested questionnaire. Data was collected, compiled and analyzed through SPSS vers-ion 20. Results: All subjects were students of age 18 - 25 years. A total of 100 persons (50 cases and 50 con-trols) were recruited in the study. Shisha smoking was more prevalent in age group 18 - 22 years (67%), all were unmarried (100%). In bivariate analysis, shisha smoking in males was found to be significantly associ-ated with fashion/social influence (OR: 103.5, 95% CI: 26.103 - 410.379), economic stress (OR: 2.875, 95% CI: 0.837 - 9.881), parental smoking (OR: 3.22, 95% CI: 1.412 - 7.355), flavor preferences (OR: 18.857, 95% CI: 6.580 - 54.045), lack of parental guidance (OR: 3.273, 95% CI: 0.627 - 17.071), depression (OR: 3.692, 95% CI: 1.520 - 8.970), easy accessibility (OR: 24.00, 95% CI: 5.253 - 109.650), bad company (OR: 3.431, 95% CI: 1.461 - 8.057) and cultural influences (OR: 9.333, 95% CI: 1.994 - 43.681), However in multivariate analysis while controlling all other risk factors, fashion / social influence (OR: 59.030, CI: 10.390 - 335.363), flavor preferences (OR: 4.386, CI: 0.866 - 22.214) lack of parental guidance (OR: 13.031, CI: 0.756 - 224.518) and easy accessibility (OR: 18.579, CI: 1.742 - 198.118) were found signifi-cantly associated with shisha smoking in males. Conclusion: Shisha smoking in males was found sig-nificantly associated with fasion / social influence, fla-vor preferences, lack of parental guidance and easy accessibility. Key words: Bad company, depression, fashion,flavor preference, psychosocial, sheesha, smoking.

Smoking water-pipe, chewing nass and prevalence of heart disease: a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran

ObjectiveWater-pipe and smokeless tobacco use have been associated with several adverse health outcomes. However, little information is available on the association between water-pipe use and heart disease (HD). Therefore, we...

Evolution of enzyme activities during composting of tobacco waste

Main characteristics of tobacco waste generated during the processing of tobacco for cigarette manufacture are a high content of nicotine and total organic C. Composting is a way for decreasing the levels of nicotine and total organic C in tobacco waste and for disposal of this kind of agro-industrial waste. Changes in pH and electrical conductivity and activities of dehydrogenase, protease, alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase were determined during composting of tobacco waste (TW) and mixtures of TW + grape pomace (GP) and TW + olive pomace (OP). The nicotine in the tobacco waste was completely decomposed by composting. In the final composts, total organic C content and C : N ratio decreased, whereas the contents of total N, P and K increased. The pH of the composts increased rapidly at first and then more slowly and the electrical conductivity first decreased and then increased during composting. Mixing the tobacco waste with the other compost materials decreased the electrical conductivity level by 32 and 46% in the final TW + GP and TW + OP composts, respectively. The highest activities of the studied enzymes were observed on the third week of the composting process for dehydrogenase, the fifth week for protease and β-glucosidase and the ninth week for alkaline phosphatase. All enzyme activities stabilized about in 4 months.

Influence of surfactants on the effectiveness of bleaching gels

This study evaluated the influence of surfactants on the effectiveness of 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) and 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) bleaching gels. One hundred and forty bovine teeth were used, which were stained by immersion in a coffee, red wine, and tobacco mixture for 7days. At the end of this process, the color measurement at baseline was taken with the Vita Easyshade spectrophotometer. The teeth were divided into seven groups: (a) negative control (NC), (b) positive control for HP (PC-35), (c) HP + Tween 20 (T20-35), (d) HP + laurel sodium sulfate (LSS-35), (e) positive control for CP (PC-10), (f) CP + Tween 20 (T20-10), and (g) CP + laurel sodium sulfate (LSS-10). Group NC was kept in artificial saliva for 21days. Groups PC-35, T20-35, and LSS 35 received three applications of bleaching gel for 10min; the process was repeated after 7days. Groups PC-10, T20-10, and LSS-10 received the gel for 8h per day for 14days. After the bleaching process, the final color was measured. The analysis of variance and Tukey tests showed statistically significant differences for the parameters of ∆L, ∆b, and ∆E of the HP gels with surfactant and positive control group (PC-35). Within the limits of this in vitro study, the addition of surfactants to HP bleaching gel increased the bleaching effectiveness.

Evaluation of a novel inhalation exposure system to determine acute respiratory responses to tobacco and polymer pyrolysate mixtures in Swiss-Webster mice

Modern cigarette production processes are highly automated and yield millions of cigarettes per day. The forming cigarette and its components contact many different materials in the production process, some of which may leave minute residues. The potential for small inclusions of non-cigarette materials such as wood, plastic, cardboard and other materials exists from the bulk handling and processing of tobacco, in spite of vigilant workers and numerous online systems designed to keep the tobacco stream clean. Currently, there are no published methods that describe an approach to evaluate the potential toxicological impact of these non-tobacco residues and inclusions on the biological activity from exposure to the complex mixture of tobacco smoke. There are, however, many methods which describe toxicological evaluation approaches for pure materials, particularly synthetic polymers. We used the Deutsche Institute fur Normung (DIN) 53-436 tube furnace and nose-only exposure chamber in combination to conduct pilot studies in Swiss-Webster mice in order to develop a standardized methodology for the evaluation of sensory irritation and other potentially useful biological endpoints for predicting any potential hazards. Sensory and/or pulmonary irritation was assessed based on respiratory function parameters using the ASTM E981-84 method described by in mice, exposed to test atmospheres of 100% tobacco pyrolysate or tobacco/polymer pyrolysate mixtures. Other biological evaluations included respiratory function parameters, clinical signs, body weights, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis, carboxyhemoglobin, blood cyanide concentrations and histopathology of the respiratory tract. These pilot studies have demonstrated that such an approach can detect biological changes resulting from exposure to unique tobacco/polymer pyrolysates. Small differences were detected in the sensory irritation responses (respiratory function), activation state of pulmonary macrophages, and histopathological findings in the nose of mice exposed to 100% tobacco or tobacco/polymer pyrolysates. Analytical measurements were also performed in order to characterize the test atmospheric changes that could occur from inclusion of the polymer into the tobacco. These included DIN-generated wet total particulate matter (TPM) DIN-Generated wet TPM (DWTPM), nicotine, cyanide, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. We attempted to correlate analyte differences in the test atmospheres with the resulting biological findings in the mice. The results demonstrated that this approach could detect minimal toxicological effects in mice exposed to test atmospheres of 100% tobacco or 70%/30% tobacco/polymer pyrolysates.

Induction of micronuclei in buccal mucosa on chewing a mixture of betel leaf, areca nut and tobacco

Betel quid containing areca nut and chewing tobacco is used in many parts of India. In this study we evaluated the micronuclei (MN) in buccal mucosa of healthy individuals from southern India, who were regularly chewing a mixture of betel leaf, areca nut and tobacco. A total of 44 subjects were examined. The study population included 15 chewers, 14 chewers with smoking habit and 15 controls with the mean age of 38.57 +/- 0.54, 34.50 +/- 0.95, and 33.28 +/- 0.89 years, respectively. The mean percentage of MN was 1.90 +/- 1.03 in chewers, 2.00 +/-1.12 in chewers with smoking habits and 0.81 +/- 0.66 in controls. There was no significant difference between the mean percentages of the two experimental groups. It can be concluded that a mixture of betel leaf, areca nut, and tobacco is unsafe for oral health.

Mixture of betel leaf, areca nut and tobacco chewing is a risk factor for cytogenetic damage in construction workers from south India

Aim: To determine the cytogenetic effect of betel leaf, areca nut and tobacco mixture usage among female construction workers in Tamilnadu, Southern India. Methods: Totally 236 buccal cells and blood samples were collected from 80 betel quid users and 76 users with tobacco snuffing habit which were compared with 80 healthy subjects. Peripheral blood leukocyte cultures were analyzed for chromosomal aberrations (CA) and exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa were examined for micronucleus (MN). Results: Statistically significant (p<0.01) increase in CA and MN were observed in users with snuffing habit when compared to users without snuffing habit and controls as confirmed by chi-square test. Therefore, specific biomarkers on cytogenetic endpoints might help in planning precautionary measures to reduce oral cancer risks. Conclusions: The present study can be concluded that a mixture of betel quid, areca nut and tobacco chewing/snuffing is unsafe for oral health. The genotoxic effect of smokeless tobacco should be considered in addition to other known hazards for assessing health risks.

Volatile aldehydes in the mainstream smoke of the narghile waterpipe

Very little is known about the quality and quantity of toxicants yielded by the narghile, a subject of increasing importance as this method of tobacco smoking has become popular all over the world. This study is concerned with the identification and quantification of volatile aldehydes in the gas and particle phases of mainstream narghile smoke generated using a popular type of flavored ma’ssel tobacco mixture. These compounds were analyzed based on a modified version of the Environmental Protection Agency compendium method TO-11A. Using a standardized smoking machine protocol consisting of 171 puffs, 2.6 s puff duration and 17 s inter puff interval, the average yields of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde and methacrolein were 630, 2520, 892, 403, and 106 μg/smoking session, respectively. The results showed that none of the aldehydes identified in this study are found in the particulate phase of the smoke, except for formaldehyde for which the partitioning coefficient was estimated as K p = 3.3 × 10 −8 μg/m 3. Given previously reported lung absorption fractions of circa 90% for volatile aldehydes, the yields measured in this study are sufficient to induce various diseases depending on the extent of exposure, and on the breathing patterns of the smokers.

Radiological hazards of Narghile (hookah, shisha, goza) smoking: activity concentrations and dose assessment

Narghile (hookah, shisha, goza, “water-pipe”) smoking has become fashionable worldwide. Its tobacco pastes, known as moassel and jurak, are not standardized and generally contain about 30–50% (sometimes more) tobacco, molasses/juice of sugarcane, various spices and dried fruits (particularly in jurak) and, in the case of moassel, glycerol and flavoring essences. Tobacco contains minute amounts of radiotoxic elements such as 210Pb, 210Po and uranium, which are inhaled via smoking. Only very few data have been published on the concentrations of natural radionuclides in narghile tobacco mixtures. Consequently, the aim of this study was to draw first conclusions on the potential hazards of radioactivity in moassel tobacco in relation to narghile smoking. The results indicate the existence of a wide range in the radioactivity contents where the average (range) activity concentrations of 238U, 234Th 226Ra, 210Pb, 210Po, 232Th and 40K, in Bq/kg dry weight were 55 (19–93), 11 (3–23), 3 (1.2–8), 14 (3–29), 13 (7–32), 7 (4–10) and 719 (437–1044) Bq/kg dry weight, respectively. The average concentrations of natural radionuclides in moassel tobacco pastes are comparable to their concentration in Greek cigarettes and tobacco leaves, and lower than that of Brazilian tobacco leaves. The distribution pattern of these radionuclides after smoking, between smoke, ash and filter, is unknown, except for 210Po during cigarette smoking and from one existing study during moassel smoking. Radiological dose assessment due to intake of natural radionuclides was calculated and the possible radio-toxicity of the measured radionuclides is briefly discussed.

Charcoal emissions as a source of CO and carcinogenic PAH in mainstream narghile waterpipe smoke

Burning charcoal is normally placed atop the tobacco to smoke the narghile waterpipe. We investigated the importance of charcoal as a toxicant source in the mainstream smoke, with particular attention to two well-known charcoal emissions: carbon monoxide (CO) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). CO and PAH yields were compared when a waterpipe was machine smoked using charcoal and using an electrical heating element. The electrical heating element was designed to produce spatial and temporal temperature distributions similar to those measured using charcoal. With a popular type of ma’ assel tobacco mixture, and using a smoking regimen consisting of 105 puffs of 530 ml volume spaced 17 s apart, it was found that approximately 90% of the CO and 75–92% of the 4- and 5-membered ring PAH compounds originated in the charcoal. Greater than 95% of the benzo( a)pyrene in the smoke was attributable to the charcoal. It was also found that the relative proportions of individual PAH species, the “PAH fingerprint”, of the mainstream smoke were highly correlated to those extracted from the unburned charcoal ( R 2 > 0.94). In contrast, there was no correlation between the PAH fingerprint of the electrically heated and charcoal-heated conditions ( R 2 < 0.02). In addition to inhaling toxicants transferred from the tobacco, such as nicotine, “tar”, and nitrosamines, waterpipe smokers thus also inhale large quantities of combustion-generated toxicants. This explains why, despite the generally low temperatures attained in the narghile tobacco, large quantities of CO and PAH have been found in the smoke.

Effect of chewing a mixture of areca nut and tobacco on periodontal tissues and oral hygiene status

The present study was conducted to clarify the effects of chewing a quid containing areca nut and tobacco on periodontal tissue and oral hygiene status. A total of 365 subjects (168 chewers and 197 non-chewers with a mean age of 32.5 +/- 0.7 and 30.4 +/- 0.8 years, respectively) were enrolled. Clinical data on periodontal tissues, oral hygiene status, as well as information on bleeding from gums, ulcers in the oral cavity, or a burning sensation in the soft tissues, were collected as indicators of the possible presence and extent of periodontal lesions. The results indicated that a significantly higher number of quid-chewers suffered bleeding from the gums, halitosis, difficulty in opening the mouth and swallowing solid food, a burning sensation in the soft tissues, and ulcers in the oral cavity than non-chewers. There was no significant difference between quid-chewers and non-chewers with respect to oral hygiene measures adopted. However, clinical examination using the oral hygiene index score indicated that the oral hygiene status of quid-chewers was significantly deteriorated. The effect of quid-chewing on the periodontium, i.e. the occurrence of periodontal pockets, gingival lesions and gum recession, were significantly higher in quid-chewers than in non-chewers. Age, sex and smoking adjusted odds ratios for quid-chewers against non-chewers using logistic regression analysis indicated that, in general, chewers were at significantly higher risk for various oral complaints and periodontium status. The present data indicate that chewing quid comprising areca nut and tobacco has adverse effects on periodontal tissues, oral hygiene and incidence of oral lesions.

Comparisons of the Composition of Tobacco Smoke and the Smokes from Various Tobacco Substitutes

Abstract By the late 1970s, eight technologies in the design of a ‘less hazardous’ cigarette were classified as significant. The eight included: The tobacco blend, the filter tip, filter-tip additives, reconstituted tobacco sheet, paper additives, air dilution via paper porosity, expanded tobacco, and air dilution via filter-tip perforation. In addition to these eight cigarette-design technologies was another proposed technology which involved the incorporation of a substitute for some or all of the tobacco in the cigarette filler. Despite considerable research and development (R&amp;D) effort on various tobacco substitutes that indicated the replacements in most instances fulfilled the definition of a ‘less hazardous’ cigarette with regard to the chemical and biological properties of their mainstream smoke, tobacco substitute-containing cigarettes failed to attain consumer acceptability. As a result, several marketed products containing tobacco substitutes had an extremely brief tenure in the marketplace. Outlined herein is a summary of some detailed research conducted on the composition of the mainstream smokes from cigarettes containing either all-substitute filler or fillers comprising various substitute and tobacco mixtures as well as an all-tobacco cigarette.

The pyrolytic formation of formaldehyde from sugars and tobacco

Formaldehyde is a carcinogenic compound present in cigarette smoke. It is one of several constituents in cigarette smoke that is considered by health scientists and regulatory authorities to be relevant to the development of smoking-related diseases. In the present study, a thermogravimetric system connected to a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer has been used to examine aspects of the pyrolytic generation of formaldehyde from sugars and tobacco samples in order to provide pyrolytic information to explain some of the diverse observations and mechanistic factors involved in the generation of formaldehyde during cigarette smoking. Samples of 10 sugars, sugar/amino compound mixtures and tobacco mixtures have been pyrolysed under non-isothermal conditions in an atmosphere of 10% oxygen in nitrogen. These conditions were chosen so as to approximately mimic the smouldering conditions inside a burning cigarette. The sugars pyrolysed were fructose, glucose, invert sugar, white sugar, brown sugar, sugar cane syrup, sugar cane molasses, corn syrup, honey and maple syrup. All of them are used as tobacco ingredients. Formaldehyde was formed from all of the sugars at temperatures between 220 and 550 °C, probably as a primary product of the pyrolysis of each sugar. Pyrolysis of the amino acid l-proline, which is present in honey and maple syrup, generated formaldehyde between 220 °C, its melting/sublimation point, and 500 °C, probably as a secondary product from gaseous l-proline. The addition of diammonium hydrogen phosphate suppressed the generation of formaldehyde from the pyrolysis of glucose and fructose. The addition of l-proline increased the generation of formaldehyde, and then decreased it as the level was increased. Pyrolysis of a US tobacco blend generated formaldehyde in one major temperature range, 200–400 °C, with small formation regions at about 400–550 °C and above 600 °C. The addition of 7% glucose or invert sugar to the tobacco left the formaldehyde formation below about 450 °C relatively unaffected but increased that formed in the 400–550 °C region. Pre-heating tobacco or tobacco with added sugars to 250 °C for 10 min resulted in the evolution of formaldehyde during this period and lower amounts generated during the major formation region. All of these pyrolytic results have been used to explain the known characteristics of the generation of formaldehyde during cigarette smoking.

Boost to cancer care in India

54-year-old Ram Behari runs a small sweet shop in Meerut town, which is situated about 50 km from the Indian capital, New Delhi. A few years ago, some white patches appeared in his mouth, but he simply ignored them. When the problem got worse last year, a local physician referred him to Loknayak Jayaprakash Hospital in New Delhi. It was here that he was diagnosed with stage III oral cancer and was started on radiotherapy. The first advice his oncologist gave him was to stop eating gutkha, a mixture of tobacco, catechu, and areca nut.

Iqmik – A form of smokeless tobacco used by pregnant Alaska natives: Nicotine exposure in their neonates

Objective. To determine the concentration of nicotine and cotinine in maternal blood and neonatal cord blood among pregnant Alaska Native women and to assess the neonates for neurobehavioral effects.Methods. In a nonrandomized, clinical observational pilot trial, 60 pregnant Alaska Native women were enrolled for assessment of Iqmik (a mixture of leaf tobacco and ash) and other tobacco use during pregnancy and at delivery. Neonatal cord blood, nicotine and cotinine concentrations were obtained, and neonatal neurobehavioral effects were assessed using the Lipsitz scale.Results. At delivery, there were 22 subjects who reported using only Iqmik, and 10 who used other tobacco products. Subjects who reported using only Iqmik prior to delivery had higher concentrations of cotinine (167 ± 116 vs. 81 ± 100) in maternal blood (rank sum test, p = 0.036) and higher concentrations of nicotine (8.4 ± 7.3 vs. 4.4 ± 5.1, p = 0.048) and cotinine (153 ± 115 vs. 70 ± 95, p = 0.048) in cord blood compared to subjects who reported using other tobacco products. Neurobehavioral signs as assessed by the Lipsitz score were increased in neonates born to mothers using only Iqmik (3.7 ± 1.8, p = 0.011), or to mothers using other tobacco products (3.4 ± 1.4, p = 0.034) compared to neonates born to women who reported no tobacco use (1.8 ± 1.4).Conclusions. Mothers who use Iqmik and their neonates have higher cotinine concentrations compared to mothers who use cigarettes and/or other forms of tobacco. Neurobehavioral signs occur in neonates born to women who use Iqmik but also in neonates born to mothers who use other forms of tobacco during pregnancy.

Discrimination of three tobacco types (Burley, Virginia and Oriental) by pyrolysis single-photon ionisation?time-of-flight mass spectrometry and advanced statistical methods

Pyrolysis single-photon ionisation (SPI)-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) and statistical analysis techniques have been applied to differentiate three major tobacco types, Burley, Virginia and Oriental, by means of the gas phase. SPI is known as a soft ionisation technique that allows fast and comprehensive on-line monitoring of a large variety of aliphatic and aromatic substances without fragmentation of the molecule ions. The tobacco samples were pyrolysed at 800 degrees C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting pyrolysis gas contained signals from more than 70 masses between m/z 5 and 170. Mass spectra obtained were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to distinguish between different tobacco types. Prior variable reduction of the data set was carried out by calculation of the Fisher ratios. Results achieved give information about chemical composition and characteristics of the smoke derived from each tobacco type and enable conclusions on plant cultivation to be drawn. Based on LDA, a model for tobacco type recognition of unknown samples was established, which was cross-checked by additional measurements of each tobacco type. Furthermore, first results on the recognition of tobacco mixtures based on principal component regression (PCR) are presented.

The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part I: Flavourings and additives

The effects of 450 tobacco ingredients added to tobacco on the forty-four “Hoffmann analytes” in mainstream cigarette smoke have been determined. These analytes are believed by regulatory authorities in the USA and Canada to be relevant to smoking-related diseases. They are based on lists published by D. Hoffmann and co-workers of the American Health Foundation in New York. The ingredients comprised 431 flavours, 1 flavour/solvent, 1 solvent, 7 preservatives, 5 binders, 2 humectants, 2 process aids and 1 filler. The cigarettes containing mixtures of the ingredients were smoked using the standard ISO smoking machine conditions. The levels of the “Hoffmann analytes” in the smoke from the test cigarettes containing the ingredient mixture were compared to those from control cigarettes without the ingredients. In practice, flavouring ingredients are typically added to tobacco that also contains casing ingredients and reconstituted tobacco materials. In order to keep the tobacco mixtures as authentic as possible, three comparisons have been made in this study. These are: (a) control cigarette containing a typical US blended, cased tobacco incorporating reconstituted tobacco versus test cigarettes that had flavouring ingredients added to this tobacco; (b) control cigarette containing tobacco only versus test cigarettes with the tobacco cased and incorporating flavourings; (c) control cigarette containing tobacco only versus test cigarette incorporating additives made in an experimental sheet material. The significances of differences between the test and control cigarettes were determined using both the variability of the data on the specific occasion of the measurement, and also taking into account the long-term variability of the analytical measurements over the one-year period in which analyses were determined in the present study. This long-term variability was determined by measuring the levels of the 44 “Hoffmann analytes” in a reference cigarette on many occasions over the one-year period of this study. The ingredients were added to the experimental cigarettes at or above the maximum levels used commercially by British American Tobacco. The effect of the ingredient mixtures on total particulate matter and carbon monoxide levels in smoke was not significantly different to the control in most cases, and was never more than 10% with any ingredient mixture. It was found that, in most cases, the mixtures of flavouring ingredients (generally added in parts per million levels) had no statistically significant effect on the analyte smoke yields relative to the control cigarette. Occasionally with some of the mixtures, both increases and decreases were observed for some smoke analyte levels relative to the control cigarette. These differences were generally up to about 15% with the mixtures containing flavouring ingredients. The significance of many of the differences was not present when the long-term variability of the analytical methodology was taken into account. For the test cigarettes with ingredient mixtures containing casing ingredients, there were again no significant changes in smoke analyte levels in most cases. Those changes that were observed are as follows. Decreases in smoke levels were observed with some ingredient mixtures for most of the tobacco specific nitrosamines (up to 24%), NO x , most of the phenols (up to 34%), benzo[ a]pyrene, and some of the aromatic amines and miscellaneous organic compounds on the “Hoffmann list”. Increases were observed for some test cigarettes in smoke ammonia, HCN, formaldehyde and lead levels (up to 24%). The significance of the ammonia and lead increases was not present when the long-term variability of the analytical methodology was taken into account. The yields of some carbonyl compounds in smoke were increased in one comparison with an additives mixture containing cellulosic components; in particular, formaldehyde was increased by 68%. This was the largest single change seen in any smoke analyte level in this study. These carbonyls are produced from the pyrolysis of cellulosic and other polysaccharide materials, present in the additives mixture. With this test cigarette, all tobacco specific nitrosamines, phenols, semi-volatile bases, NO x and some aromatic amines and miscellaneous organic compounds on the “Hoffmann list” were decreased, by up to 22%. The significance of many of these differences remained even when the long-term variability of the analytical methodology was taken into account. The levels of all other “Hoffmann analytes” in the smoke were not significantly different to those of the control cigarette. With the exception of the determinations of “tar”, nicotine and carbon monoxide, there are currently no internationally recognised standard methods for measurement of the other “Hoffmann analytes”. Each laboratory uses its own methods and there are large laboratory-to-laboratory variations, as well as variations over time in a given laboratory. Therefore, it is important that in any comparison of smoke analytes amongst different cigarettes, all the analytes should be measured in the same laboratory and at the same time. This was the case in the present study and all the methods have been validated internally.

Investigation of mainstream smoke aerosol of the argileh water pipe

A first-generation smoking machine and protocol have been developed in order to study the mainstream smoke aerosol and elucidate thermal-fluid processes of the argileh water pipe. Results using a common mo'assel tobacco mixture show that, contrary to popular perceptions, the mainstream smoke contains significant amounts of nicotine, “tar” and heavy metals. With a standard smoking protocol of 100 puffs of 3 s duration spaced at 30-s intervals, the following results were obtained in a single smoking session: 2.25 mg nicotine, 242 mg nicotine-free dry particulate matter (NFDPM), and relative to the smoke of a single cigarette, high levels of arsenic, chromium and lead. It was found that increasing puff frequency increased the NFDPM but had little effect on nicotine delivery, while removing the water from the bowl increased by several-fold the nicotine, but had little effect on NFDPM. It was also found that the charcoal disk heat source contributed less than 2% of total particulate matter (TPM), and that characteristic temperatures of the tobacco varied from 450 °C nearest the heat source to 50 °C furthest away, indicating that the NFDPM is likely a result of devolatilization rather than chemical reaction, and will thus differ significantly in composition from that of cigarette smoke.