Mixture Of Sucrose Research Articles

VIABILITY OF ORTHOPOXVIRUS STRAINS IN THE SELECTION OF A STABILIZER FOR LYOPHILIZATION, STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION

The article presents the results of research on the choice of a stabilizer for strains "CP-65K" and "BIEMG-51" orthopoxviruses, which helps to preserve their biological activity during lyophilization, storage in various temperature and time conditions and transportation. To select a stabilizing medium that ensures the greatest preservation of the virus during lyophilization and subsequent storage, depending on the composition of protective media, temperature and shelf life, we prepared 3 samples of each vaccine preparation with stabilizing additives: I and V samples consisted of 5 % peptone and 3 % sucrose; II and VI samples - of 3 % peptone and 2 % sucrose; III and VII samples - from skimmed milk; IV and VIII samples - control. All protective media were added to the viral materials in a 1:1 ratio. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that of the tested samples of stabilizing media, the most protective property for the strains «CP-65K» CPOX and "BIEMG-51" smallpox vaccine virus had a stabilizing medium consisting of a mixture of peptone (5 %) and sucrose (3 %) in the final concentration, which ensured the safety of vaccine strains for 12 months month. at a temperature of (2-8) °C and minus (40.0±1.0) °C without a significant decrease in their biological activity (6.50±0.14 lg TCID50/cm3 and 6.25±0.14 lg TCID50/cm3, respectively).

Characterization of Simulated Cytoplasmic Fluids

AbstractMolecularly crowded solutions have been used to simulate cytoplasmic fluids, but little justification is provided in the literature. This work compared three key physical properties of solutions containing polyethylene glycol and sucrose against those in the cytoplasmic fluid from bacteria Escherichia coli: fluid viscosity, relaxation time (T1 and T2) of water, and the diffusion coefficient of water. It was concluded that appropriate mixtures of sucrose and polyethylene glycol 10,000, such as 10% sucrose and 15% PEG10,000 and 7.5% sucrose and 19% PEG10,000, closely mimic these properties of cytoplasmic fluid from E. coli containing around 100 mg/mL of proteins.

Polycaprolactone Hybrid Scaffold Loaded With N,O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Aldehyde Hyaluronic Acid/Hydroxyapatite Hydrogel for Bone Regeneration.

Hydrogels have emerged as potential materials for bone grafting, thanks to their biocompatibility, biodegradation, and flexibility in filling irregular bone defects. In this study, we fabricated a novel NAH hydrogel system, composed of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC), aldehyde hyaluronic acid (AHA), and hydroxyapatite (HAp). To improve the mechanical strength of the fabricated hydrogel, a porous polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix was synthesized and used as a three-dimensional (3D) support template for NAH hydrogel loading, forming a novel PCL/NAH hybrid scaffold. A mixture of monosodium glutamate (M) and sucrose (S) at varied weight ratios (5M:5S, 7M:3S, and 9M:1S) was used for the fabrication of 3D PCL matrices. The morphology, interconnectivity, and water resistance of the porous PCL scaffolds were investigated for optimal hydrogel loading efficiency. The results demonstrated that PCL scaffolds with porogen ratios of 7M:3S and 9M:1S possessed better interconnectivity than 5M:5S ratio. The compressive strength of the PCL/NAH hybrid scaffolds with 9M:1S (561.6 ± 6.1 kPa) and 7M:3S (623.8 ± 6.8 kPa) ratios are similar to cancellous bone and all hybrid scaffolds were biocompatible. Rabbit models with tibial defects were implanted with the PCL/NAH scaffolds to assess the wound healing capability. The results suggest that the PCL/NAH hybrid scaffolds, specifically those with porogen ratio of 7M:3S, exhibit promising bone healing effects.

Combining Fast Pure Shift NMR and GEMSTONE-Based Selective TOCSY for Efficient NMR Analysis of Complex Systems.

As one of the commonly used intact detection techniques, liquid NMR spectroscopy offers unparalleled insights into the chemical environments, structures, and dynamics of molecules. However, it generally encounters the challenges of crowded or even overlapped spectra, especially when probing complex sample systems containing numerous components and complicated molecular structures. Herein, we exploit a general NMR protocol for efficient NMR analysis of complex systems by combining fast pure shift NMR and GEMSTONE-based selective TOCSY. First, this protocol enables ultrahigh-selective observation on the coupling networks that are totally correlated with targeted resonances or components, even where they are situated in severely overlapped spectral regions. Second, pure shift simplification is introduced to enhance the spectral resolution and further resolve the subspectra containing spectral congestion, thus facilitating the dissection of overlapped spectra. Additionally, sparse sampling accompanied by spectral reconstruction is adopted to significantly accelerate acquisition and improve spectral quality. The advantages of this protocol were demonstrated on different complex sample systems, including a challenging compound of estradiol, a mixture of sucrose and d-glucose, and natural grape juice, verifying its feasibility and power, and boosting the potential application landscapes in various chemical fields.

Kappa-carrageenan and xylooligosaccharide effect on water mobility and structural changes in silver carp proteins during frozen storage.

The cryoprotective effect of xylooligosaccharide (XO) and kappa-carrageenan (KC) mixture on silver carp proteins in fluctuated frozen storage from 4 to -18 °C was analyzed. Positive control as a conventional cryoprotectant mixture of sucrose (4%) and sorbitol (4%), KC (3%) and XO/KC (3%) treatments were incorporated in silver carp surimi and myofibrillar proteins to analyze the water mobility and its influence on structural attributes. The temperature fluctuation significantly increased the structural alteration in samples with no treatments due to oxidative changes, protein denaturation and recrystallization. Meanwhile, the mixture of XO and KC (XO/KC 3%) significantly reduced the tertiary and secondary structural alterations by preventing the oxidative changes in α-helix and tryptophan (Trp) residues. Moreover, XO/KC (3%) inhibited water mobility, hindering the T22 relaxation time, as compared to the samples added with KC (3%) and the positive control. Interestingly, the XO/KC (3%) mixture significantly reduced the formation of extracellular spaces and recrystallization by restricting the partial dehydration of muscles and extracellular solution concentration. From the current results, it can be concluded that the XO/KC mixture could be efficient in protecting aquatic food proteins during fluctuating frozen storage by preventing the exposure of Trp residues and α-helix contents. Moreover, XO/KC restricted the water mobility by establishing a bond and making water unavailable for crystallization and recrystallization. Therefore, XO/KC could be used as an effective mixture to prevent fluctuated and frozen storage changes in aquatic foods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Current state of research in the field of lollipop adjusted dosage form and the possibility of using alcohol-water extract from hawthorn fruits in this dosage form (review)

Lollipops are a solid dosage form obtained by pouring, containing one or more active ingredients evenly distributed in an appropriate base, and intended for oral disintegration in order to provide a topical effect in the oral cavity and pharynx. As a rule, lollipops have a round shape and a smooth and uniform surface. Technological solutions for obtaining lollipops involve pouring. As a basis for the production of lollipops, a mixture of sucrose and a mixture of glucose, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides (liquid glucose) are most commonly used (in an approximate ratio of 60:40). The range of this dosage form is small. These are mainly lollipops and lozenges with sage («Natur Produkt Europe B. V.», the Netherlands, OOO «Valent», Russia), hematogen candy (OOO «Vozrozhdenie and Razvitie», Russia), Lasolvan lozenges (Ambroxol) (AO «Sanofi Russia», Russia, «Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH», Germany). Purpose of the study: to summarize the available literature data on lollipops as a dosage form and the possibilities of their use. Materials and methods. We conducted a literature review of scientific papers over the last 20 years, using the resources of the PubMed and eLIBRARY search engines with the key words below. For this meta-analysis, we used articles that provided evidence on the most current issues regarding lollipops as a dosage form. Results. Lollipops are a convenient adjusted dosage form. The list of available drugs included in this dosage form is limited. The introduction of alcohol-water extract from hawthorn fruits is a promising way to expand the range of dosage forms containing hawthorn. Conclusion. The result of the research was the establishment of prospects for expanding the range of dosage forms through the development of lollipops containing an alcohol-water extract from hawthorn fruits.

Alteration of Sweet and Bitter Taste Sensitivity with Development of Glucose Intolerance in Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Model OLETF Rats.

Patients with diabetes exhibit altered taste sensitivity, but its details have not been clarified yet. Here, we examined alteration of sweet taste sensitivity with development of glucose intolerance in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats as a model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Compared to the cases of Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats as a control, glucose tolerance of OLETF rats decreased with aging, resulting in development of diabetes at 36-weeks-old. In brief-access tests with a mixture of sucrose and quinine hydrochloride, OLETF rats at 25 or more-weeks-old seemed to exhibit lower sweet taste sensitivity than age-matched LETO ones, but the lick ratios of LETO, but not OLETF, rats for the mixture and quinine hydrochloride solutions decreased and increased, respectively, aging-dependently. Expression of sweet taste receptors, T1R2 and T1R3, in circumvallate papillae (CP) was almost the same in LETO and OLETF rats at 10- and 40-weeks-old, while expression levels of a bitter taste receptor, T2R16, were greater in 40-weeks-old rats than in 10-weeks-old ones in both strains. There was no apparent morphological alteration in taste buds in CP between 10- and 40-weeks-old LETO and OLETF rats. Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota revealed strain- and aging-dependent alteration of mucus layer-regulatory microbiota. Collectively, we concluded that the apparent higher sweet taste sensitivity in 25 or more-weeks-old OLETF rats than in age-matched LETO rats was due to the aging-dependent increase of bitter taste sensitivity in LETO rats with alteration of the gut microbiota.

Sorbitol production from mixtures of molasses and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate using the thermally adapted Zymomonas mobilis ZM AD41

Byproducts from the sugarcane manufacturing process, specifically sugarcane molasses (SM) and sugarcane bagasse (SB), can be used as alternative raw materials for sorbitol production via the biological fermentation process. This study investigated the production of sorbitol from SM and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SBH) using a thermally adapted Zymomonas mobilis ZM AD41. Various combinations of SM and SBH on sorbitol production using batch fermentation process were tested. The results revealed that SM alone (FM1) or a mixture of SM and SBH at a ratio of 3:1 (FM2) based on the sugar mass in the raw material proved to be the best condition for sorbitol production by ZM AD41 at 37 °C. Further optimization conditions for sorbitol production revealed that a sugar concentration of 200 g/L and a CaCl2 concentration of 5.0 g/L yielded the highest sorbitol content. The maximum sorbitol concentrations produced by ZM AD41 in the fermentation medium containing SM (FM1) or a mixture of SM and SBH (FM2) were 31.23 and 30.45 g/L, respectively, comparable to those reported in the literature using sucrose or a mixture of sucrose and maltose as feedstock. These results suggested that SBH could be used as an alternative feedstock to supplement or blend with SM for sustainable sorbitol production. In addition, the fermentation conditions established in this study could also be applied to large-scale sorbitol production. Moreover, the thermally adapted Z. mobilis ZM AD41 is also a promising sorbitol-producing bacterium for large-scale production at a relatively high fermentation temperature using agricultural byproducts, specifically SM and SB, as feedstock, which could reduce the operating cost due to minimizing the energy required for the cooling system.

Optimizing semen cryopreservation in Calomys laucha: a step forward in rodent reproductive research

BACKGROUND: Examining semen cryopreservation in Calomys laucha offers valuable insights for reproductive research and species conservation. OBJECTIVE: To determine the most effective sugar for the cryopreservation of C. laucha semen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using 36 epididymides from C. laucha, semen samples were diluted in a 3% skimmed milk medium supplemented with one of four sugars (glucose, fructose, lactose, or sucrose) at a concentration of 0.3 M. These mixtures underwent a conditioning phase at 37°C for 10 min, cooled to −80°C for another 10 min, and were subsequently stored in liquid nitrogen. RESULTS: Upon thawing, samples treated with lactose and glucose solutions show superior sperm motility, achieving 8.2% and 10.0% respectively, in contrast to the fructose (2.0%) and sucrose (4.1%) mixtures. Furthermore, samples preserved in glucose registered the highest sperm penetration rates, reaching 44.9%. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that a cryopreservation medium containing 0.3 M glucose can contribute to the safeguarding C. laucha rodent semen.

Dental composite biodeterioration in the presence of oral Streptococci and extracellular metabolic products

ObjectiveSecondary caries is a primary cause of early restoration failure. While primary dental caries has been extensively researched, our knowledge about the impact of secondary caries on dental restorations is relatively limited. In this study, we examined how different clinically relevant microbially-influenced environments impact the degradation of nano-filled (FIL) and micro-hybrid (AEL) dental composites. MethodsMaterial strength of two commercial dental composites was measured following incubation in aqueous media containing: i) cariogenic (Streptococcus mutans) and non-cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus sanguinis) grown on sucrose or glucose, ii) abiotic mixtures of artificial saliva and sucrose and glucose fermentation products (volatile fatty acids and ethanol) in proportions known to be produced by these microorganisms, and iii) abiotic mixtures of artificial saliva and esterase, a common oral extracellular enzyme. ResultsNano-filled FIL composite strength decreased in all three types of incubations, while micro-hybrid AEL composite strength only decreased significantly in biotic incubations. The strength of both composites was statistically significantly decreased in all biotic incubations containing both cariogenic and non-cariogenic bacteria beyond that induced by either abiotic mixtures of fermentation products or esterase alone. Finally, there were no statistically significant differences in composite strength decrease among the tested biotic conditions. ConclusionsThe results show that conditions created during the growth of both cariogenic and non-cariogenic oral Streptococci substantially reduce commercial composite strength, and this effect warrants further study to identify the mechanism(s). Clinical SignificanceDental biofilms of oral Streptococci bacteria significantly affect the mechanical strength of dental restorations.

Solubility of fructose and sucrose in mixtures of methanol and water: Experiment and application of equations of state and activity coefficient model

Beyond biochemical functions, carbohydrates have great industrial and economic importance. To improve industrial processes and to develop new applications for these substances, the knowledge of their solubility behavior in different solutions is often necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to collect experimental data on the solubility of fructose and sucrose in hydroalcoholic solutions of methanol and water, using a chromatographic method. The solubility was evaluated for the entire mole fractions of the binary mixture covering the temperatures from 298.15 K to 323.15 K. The results indicated that the chromatographic method is suitable for determining sugar concentration, but it implies an increased uncertainty over the results. The solubility of both sugars was low in methanol-rich binary mixtures, rising with the increasing proportion of water. Greater dependence of the solubility as a function of the composition of the binary mixture was observed for sucrose, indicating stronger molecular interaction and therefore greater deviation from ideality. The NRTL activity coefficient model and the PC-SAFT and CPA equations of state were successfully employed to correlate the solid-liquid equilibrium. The binary interaction parameters were optimized as a function of temperature. The NRTL model has shown greater deviations than those presented by the equations of state. Meanwhile, the equations of state have presented a similar performance.

Bebida deportiva isotónica a base de jugo de piña: Estabilidad durante su almacenamiento acelerado

It was evaluated the behavior, during accelerated storage, of the quality indicators of an isotonic sport drink made from the mixture of pineapple juice, distilled water, sucrose and NaCl. The drink was packed in amber glass bottles was pasteurized at 80 °C for 5 min in a water bath. The drink was stored at 45, 50 and 55 °C with the aim of achieving accelerated deterioration. The drink presented a total sugar content of 7.6%, osmolality of 328 mOsm/kg and sensory acceptance corresponding to the category -I like it slightly-. At the end of storage at each temperature, there was a decrease in brightness and an increase in the values of a* and b*, related to the increase (p ≤ 0.05) of the browning index (IP) and the moment of sensory rejection, due to a notable loss of pineapple color. The behaviors of the IP at each temperature were adjusted to polynomial models of order five with high coefficients of determination (> 0.98). This study provides useful information for the optimization of beverage production, quality control and spoilage prediction, which could contribute to the development of new products and satisfy consumer needs.

Production and characterization of an extracellular Mn2+ activated ß-D-fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus labruscus ITAL 28.255 with transfructosylating activity

Fungal ß-D-fructofuranosidases present biotechnological potential for use in food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries. In light of this, the best culture conditions for the production of ß-D-fructofuranosidase by Aspergillus labruscus ITAL 28.255 were obtained with an M-5 medium maintained at 30°C and 100 rpm for 120 h. The use of a mixture of rye flour and sucrose (1.5:0.5, m/m) and 2% yeast extract as the carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, proportioned the best production of the enzyme. The extracellular ß-D-fructofuranosidase was purified 17-fold, with 9% recovery, and was characterized as a glycoprotein with 67 kDa (SDS-PAGE) and 40.7% carbohydrate content. The best temperature and pH for enzyme activity were 55°C and 5.5, respectively. The enzyme activity was maintained around 75% at 40 and 50°C for 1 h, with a half-life of 5 min at 70°C. The hydrolytic activity was increased in the presence of Mn2+. The Vmax and KM were 4.74 mM and 140.3 U/mg using sucrose; while, in the presence of Mn2+, the KM was 2.17 mM and the Vmax was 292.9 U/mg. The enzyme performed the transfructosylation reaction, enabling the production of FOS, mainly 1-kestose. This is the first report on the potential of A. labruscus to produce β-fructofuranosidase with transfructosylation activity.

Lyoprotectant Constituents Suited for Lyophilization and Reconstitution of Stem-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.

Stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as an alternative approach to stem cell therapy. Successful lyophilization of EVs could enable convenient storage and distribution of EV medicinal products at room temperature for long periods, thus considerably increasing the accessibility of EV therapeutics to patients. In this study, we aimed to identify an appropriate lyoprotectant composition for the lyophilization and reconstitution of stem-cell-derived EVs. MSC-derived EVs were lyophilized using different lyoprotectants, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, mannitol, trehalose, and sucrose, at varying concentrations. Our results revealed that a mixture of trehalose and sucrose at high concentrations could support the formation of amorphous ice by enriching the amorphous phase of the solution, which successfully inhibited the acceleration of buffer component crystallization during lyophilization. Lyophilized and reconstituted EVs were thoroughly evaluated for concentration and size, morphology, and protein and RNA content. The therapeutic effects of the reconstituted EVs were examined using a tube formation assay with human umbilical vein endothelial cells. After rehydration of the lyophilized EVs, most of their generic characteristics were well-maintained, and their therapeutic capacity recovered to levels similar to those of freshly collected EVs. The concentrations and morphologies of the lyophilized EVs were similar to the initial features of the fresh EV group until day 30 at room temperature, although their therapeutic capacity appeared to decrease after 7 days. Our study suggests an appropriate composition of lyoprotectants, particularly for EV lyophilization, which could encourage the applications of stem-cell-derived EV therapeutics in the health industry.

Effect of different sweetener and concentration on sensory and chemical attributes of peeled and un-peeled coffee kombucha

The exocarp and mesocarp of the coffee bean are traditionally not peeled in some regions of Indonesia when producing coffee using traditional methods. Even though it has been a long practice among traditional coffee farmers, unpeeled coffee has a very limited market due to its sensory weakness and thus hardly meets international coffee standards. Therefore, product diversification can be a strategic approach to improving this sub-grade coffee’s economic value. One of the alternatives is developing the coffee into kombucha. Kombucha processing has been well known for its ability to transform non-delightful sensory attributes into something more acceptable. In this study, the effects of different sweeteners and concentrations were investigated and designed as a nested experiment. Both peeled and unpeeled coffee were brewed with the French-press technique and used as a medium for kombucha. Different sweeteners, such as sucrose, glucose, and a mixture of sucrose and honey, were also applied in ratios of 5, 10, and 15%. It was observed that both peeled and unpeeled coffee kombucha have a competitive level of sensory preference with similar total sugar, total acidity, and total dissolved solids (p-value > 0.05). Those were achieved by adding 15% sucrose for peeled coffee kombucha and 10% sucrose-honey mix for the unpeeled one.

PFAS-Free Carbon Electrodes for Efficient Micropollutants Removal through Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton: From Material Synthesis to Module Design

Emerging micropollutants (MPs) in water bodies such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, personal care products, and per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have posed environmental, ecological, and anthropological issues since MPs are too persistent to be degraded by conventional biological treatment. On the other hand, electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) have proved themselves as efficient and robust techniques to unselectively degrade MPs by forming OH radicals (•OH). Among EAOPs, electro-Fenton, or more specifically heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF), suggests an eco-friendly and energy-efficient treatment technique with a wide pH range for removing persistent MPs. In HEF, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is electrochemically produced on the cathode surface, which can react with immobilized, adjacent Fe catalysts for •OH generation. Yet, one challenge for HEF is that most of the studies have primarily focused on synthesizing Fe-containing carbons as a catalyst that suffers from several delicate preparation steps, which are time-, chemical-, and energy-consuming and lack reusability over consecutive runs [1].Additionally, these catalysts are usually powders, entailing adding polymeric binders for the immobilization of the catalyst layer on electrodes. The presence of polymeric binders, e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)—as PFAS-containing compounds on the electrode surface—enhances the risk of PFAS contamination during the HEF process due to mechanical wear-off or degradation under the harsh oxidative condition caused by the formation of unselective •OH. Therefore, developing PFAS-free carbon electrodes for the HEF process offering facile fabrication and good reusability with a scaling-up perspective is imperative to enable decentralized solutions for MPs removal, especially highly recalcitrant PFAS. In this work, freestanding carbons made of bio-based precursors, chitosan and sucrose, serve as electrodes for the HEF process. Chitosan is the backbone for the self-standing feature and a nitrogen-rich biopolymer, while sucrose serves as a carbon-rich compound. The mixture of chitosan and sucrose undergoes silica- and ice-templating to make a hierarchically porous carbon [2]. Bio-based carbons illustrated their capability for oxygen reduction reactions, particularly the electro-generation H2O2 [3]. As-synthesized carbons proved to remove carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole as two persistent MPs at pH 3 and pH 7 [3]. Moreover, a novel flow-through electrolysis module equipped with as-synthesized carbons has been designed and operated to remove 20 mg/L CBZ solution at a current density of 20 mA/cm2. This module design demonstrates the ease of scaleup for a decentralized water/wastewater treatment unit to remove highly recalcitrant MPs.

Development of the Enteral Mixtures Composition for the Protein-Energy Deficiency Correction

Protein-energy deficiency is widespread among patients with surgical, traumatological, burn and other profiles. The study aims at the enteral mixture composition development for patients with protein-energy deficiency. The authors analyzed composition, market presence and therapeutic orientation of enteral mixtures of Russian and foreign manufacturers; revealed insufficiency of oriented enteral mixtures of Russian production for patients with protein-energy deficiency. A man developed biomedical requirements for the enteral mixture composition for the protein-energy deficiency correction; justified the use of high-protein basic raw materials – whey protein concentrate and pea protein isolate; fats – medium-chain triglycerides and PUFA ω-3; carbohydrates – maltodextrin and sucrose mixtures. By the Etalon software, the researchers developed optimal formulation of the enteral mixture. The enteral mixture should be water-soluble in order to absorb nutrients into the gastrointestinal tract effectively, as well as suitable for self-consumption as a separate meal for people with disabilities or in conditions of limited access to food. The inclusion of enteral mixtures in the diet therapy of patients with protein-energy deficiency will improve their nutritional status, and treatment quality; accelerate rehabilitation; and reduce hospital costs for treatment and rehabilitation measures.

VALIDATION OF AN ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF 1-KESTOSE, GLUCOSE AND SUCROSE IN THE REACTION PRODUCTS OF A FRUCTOSYLTRANSFERASE

The enzymatic synthesis of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) from sucrose by the action of fructosyltransferases produces a mixture of different carbohydrates. The concentration of each carbohydrate involved must be quantified to follow its variation as the kinetics of the reaction progresses. This requires a method such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with refractive index detector (IR). The aim of this work was to validate the HPLC-IR analytical method for the quantification of total and individual carbohydrates in mixtures of 1-kestose, sucrose and glucose. For this study, the validation parameters recommended by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), the ICH (International Council for Harmonisation) and the EMEA (European Medicines Agency) were followed. The method was able to quantify carbohydrates with adequate levels of precision, accuracy and linearity in ranges of 1.6-8.7, 4.3-22.0 and 7.0-41.0 mg/mL for glucose, 1-kestose and sucrose, respectively. The lowest limit of detection was for glucose (0.2 mg/mL) and the highest for sucrose (0.8 mg/mL), while the lowest and highest limit of quantification were also for glucose (0.6 mg/mL) and sucrose (1.8 mg/mL). The detection (0.7 mg/mL) and quantification (1.4 mg/mL) limits for 1-kestose were intermediate. The HPLC-IR method was used to calculate the concentration of the carbohydrates involved in the reaction kinetics of a recombinant fructosyltransferase (Sa1-SSTrec). This analytical technique can be implemented for the analysis of samples from the FOS production process at both laboratory and industrial scale, but also the technique is useful to detect 1-kestose in functional foods based in fruit juices.

Supplementation of Javanese Long Pepper Extracts into Sucrose-Free Hard Candy for Improving Antibacterial Activity against Streptococcus mutans

Hard candy was made from the mixture of sucrose, glucose, and water. However, the excessive intake of sucrose can cause serious dental problems such as dental caries. Sucrose in hard candy formula is replaceable, using xylitol with the calory content of 40% lower than sucrose, while it also supresses the bacterial growth of Streptococcus mutans causing dental caries. Hard candy functionality is improved by addition of Javanese long pepper extracts containing various chemicals such as alkaloid, saponin, and piperin found up to 4-6%, and they exert antibacterial activity. This current work characterized the quality (i.e., color, pH, solubility time, sensory) of sucrose-free hard candy supplemented with Javanese long pepper extracts, and evaluated the antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans causing dental caries. The experiment followed a non-factorial completely randomized design consisting of different proportions of xylitol and glucose: 0:50, 30:80, 35:85, and 20:90, carried out at triplicates. As a result, the higher concentration of xylitol positively affected the characteristics of sucrose-free hard candy, including color, pH, and sensory properties. In addition, the concentration of xylitol showed positive impact to inhibition of Streptococcus mutans.

Accelerated Sulfur Oxidation by Ozone on Surfaces of Single Optically Trapped Aerosol Particles

The sulfur oxidation in mixed sodium thiosulfate/sucrose/aqueous microdroplets by gaseous ozone is studied in this work via aerosol optical tweezers coupled with Raman spectroscopy, which can simultaneously determine various physicochemical properties and the heterogeneous reaction kinetics of single optically trapped microdroplets, allowing for elucidating their complicated interplay. According to the kinetics measurement results at different relative humidities, ozone concentrations, and stoichiometries of inorganic and organic solutes, this work finds that a high aerosol ionic strength can accelerate the ozone oxidation of thiosulfate at air–water interfaces, while a high aerosol viscosity prolongs the reaction time scales due to diffusion-limited kinetics. The kinetic multilayer model of aerosol surface and bulk chemistry (KM-SUB) is utilized to investigate the observed heterogeneous kinetics results and to retrieve the surface reaction rate coefficients. The KM-SUB model fit results indicate that the observed kinetics of sulfur oxidation in binary sodium thiosulfate aqueous microdroplets with high ionic strengths is dominated by interfacial reactions, and the fitted surface reaction rate coefficients increase 1 order of magnitude when the droplet ionic strength increases around 40 M. This work further utilizes the kinetics measurements of ozone dependence to discuss the coupling among properties of ozone gas-interface-bulk partitioning and surface reaction rate in the kinetics model. Finally, this work also exploits the surface reaction of thiosulfate with ozone to retrieve the aerosol viscosity of microdroplets containing ternary aqueous sodium thiosulfate and sucrose mixtures, demonstrating the feasibility of pinning down aerosol viscosities via reaction kinetics.