Mixture Of Probiotic Bacteria Research Articles

Deciphering the role of Moringa oleifera seeds and probiotic bacteria on mitigation of biogas production from ruminants

Maintaining cleaner and more sustainable ecosystems by mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock through dietary manipulation is in demand. This study was aimed to assess the effect of Moringa oleifera seeds and probiotics (Pediococcus acidilactici BX-B122 and Bacillus coagulans BX-B118) as feed supplements on GHG production and fermentation profile from steers and sheep. The treatments included diets containing 0, 6, 12, and 18% of M. oleifera seeds meal and a mixture of probiotic bacteria (0.2 ml/g of diet). Total biogas production, CH4, CO, and H2S emission from animals (up to 48 h), rumen fermentation profile, and CH4 conversion efficiency were recorded using standard protocols. Results showed interaction among M. oleifera seeds and probiotics on asymptotic biogas production and total biogas production up to 48 h (P < 0.05). The rate of CH4 emission in steers was reduced from 0.1694 to 0.0447 ml/h using 6 and 18% of M. oleifera seeds (P < 0.05). Asymptotic CO and the rate of CO production were increased (P < 0.05) by supplementing different doses of M. oleifera seeds and probiotics. Adding 12% of M. oleifera seeds and probiotics reduced H2S production from 0.0675 to 0.0112 ml H2S/g DM (at 48 h of fermentation) in steers. In sheep, the additives mitigated H2S production from 0.0364 to 0.0029 ml H2S/g DM (at 48 h of fermentation), however there were not interaction (P = 0.7744). In addition, M. oleifera seeds and probiotics reduced the pH level and dry matter degradability (DMD) in steers and sheep (P < 0.0001) showing a positive impact on CH4:ME and CH4:OM (in steers) and CH4:SCFA (in sheep), while the interaction was not significant (P > 0.05) for CH4:SCFA (in steers) and CH4:ME and CH4:OM (in sheep). In conclusion, the interaction of M. oleifera seeds and probiotics in the feeding diet reduced GHG emissions and affected the fermentation profile of steers and sheep.

Hepatotoxicity of polymeric proanthocyanidins is caused by translocation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides through impaired gut epithelium

Polymeric proanthocyanidins (P-PAC) induced hepatotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were supplemented with P-PAC alone or with a mixture of probiotic bacteria (PB), Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia muciniphila for 14 consecutive days. The liver tissues of sacrificed mice were analyzed by mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the P-PAC metabolites. Potential P-PAC metabolites, 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and pyrocatechol were detected in higher concentrations and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was detected exclusively in the mice supplemented with P-PAC and PB. Supplementation with P-PAC alone or with PB caused no shift in the α-diversity of mice gut microbiota. P-PAC induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice through increasing liver exposure to intestinal bacterial lipopolysaccharides by reducing expression of gut epithelial tight junction proteins, claudin-3 and occludin. Lipopolysaccharide concentrations in the livers of mice supplemented with P-PAC were significantly high compared to the control mice. Furthermore, P-PAC downregulated the expressions of claudin-3 and claudin-4 tight junction proteins in cultured Caco-2 cell monolayers. PB biotransformed P-PAC into bioavailable metabolites and potentially reduced the toxicity of P-PAC. The toxicity of P-PAC and their synbiotics need to be critically evaluated for the safety of human consumption.

Sheep's Butter and Correspondent Buttermilk Produced with Sweet Cream and Cream Fermented by Aromatic Starter, Kefir and Probiotic Culture.

Small ruminant dairy products are common in some Mediterranean countries, in the Middle East and Africa, and can play a particular role in the development of rural areas. Butter has been the object of few research studies aimed at evaluating its potential as a vehicle for probiotic microorganisms. Moreover, the recovery of fermented buttermilk with functional properties can be considered an excellent opportunity to value this dairy byproduct. Therefore, the purpose of the present work was to develop different sheep butters and respective buttermilks after cream fermentation by: (1) a mesophilic aromatic starter (A); (2) a kefir culture (K); and (3) a mixture of probiotic bacteria (P). The butters and buttermilk produced with fermented cream were compared with non-fermented sweet cream (S) butter or buttermilk, respectively, regarding their physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics. The adjusted production (%, w/v) obtained for butter were: S (44.48%), A (36.82%), K (41.23%) and P (43.36%). S, A and K butters had higher solids, fat and ashes contents than P butter. The probiotic butter had a total fat of ca. 75% (w/w), below the legal limits, while all others had fat levels above 81.5%. In all samples, the pH decreased and the acidity increased over 90 days of refrigerated storage. These variations were more evident in the P butter, which agrees with the highest lactic acid bacteria counts found in this sample. Differences in color between samples and due to storage time were also observed. In general, the butter samples tended to become darker and yellower after the 60th day of storage. Texture analysis showed comparable results between samples and greater hardness was observed for the P butter, most probably due to its higher relative saturated fatty acids content (66.46% compared to 62−64% in S, A and K butters). Regarding rheological properties, all butters showed pseudoplastic behavior, but butter P had the lowest consistency index (249 kPa.sn−1). The probiotic butter and the corresponding buttermilk had viable cell counts greater than 7 Log CFU/g, indicating their suitability as probiotic carriers. All products were well accepted by consumers and small, but non-significant, differences (p > 0.05) were observed in relation to the sensory parameters evaluated. In general, it can be concluded that the use of adequate starter cultures can allow the production of innovative and potentially healthier products, alongside the valorization of dairy byproducts, improving the income of small-scale producers.

Effects of the organic selenium sources with/without probiotics on broiler chicken growth, meat quality and meat selenium content

Context Selenium is an essential trace micronutrient that plays an important biological role in maintenance of animal health. Aims The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of dietary supplementation of selenium (Se)-enriched yeast (SeY), Se–chitosan (SeCh), and selenised glucose (SeGlu) as organic forms of Se, as well as the interaction of these compounds with probiotics, on broiler chicken growth, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and meat Se concentration. Methods In total, 300 1-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to six experimental groups in a 3 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Factors tested included Se sources (SeY, SeCh, and SeGlu at a concentration of 0.3 mg/kg) and probiotics (a mixture of probiotic bacteria containing Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus lichen formis, Lactobacillus faecium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus plantarum, at concentrations of 0 and 100 mg/kg). The treatments were replicated in five floor pens, with 10 broiler chickens per pen. Key results For the entire period (1–42 days), broiler chickens given SeCh or SeGlu showed a lower feed conversion ratio than did broiler chickens fed SeY (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with SeGlu without or with probiotics had considerably higher breast relative weight than did those fed SeY without probiotics. In comparison to SeY-fed birds, those fed SeCh or SeGlu had lower thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, drip loss, cooking loss, and higher water-holding capacity values in the breast muscle (P &lt; 0.05). Birds fed diets supplemented with SeCh and SeGlu with probiotics had higher yellowness and lower thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and cooking loss in breast meat than did birds fed diets supplemented with SeY without or with probiotics. Furthermore, the concentration of Se in meat was higher in birds fed a SeGlu diet with probiotics than in other treatments, except in birds fed a SeCh diet with probiotics. Conclusions Compared to the use of SeY, the use of SeCh and SeGlu as new Se forms is a simple, unique, and cost-effective technique for improving broiler chicken growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. Implications These findings provide a basis for the application of SeCh and SeGlu in chicken broiler diets.

Research of safety and toxicity of drug “Biozapin”

Modern animal husbandry and poultry farming is developing very rapidly compared to the possibilities of previous years. Obtaining high economic indicators is possible with balanced feeding and strict observance of veterinary and sanitary measures. Failure to comply with the technology of cultivation leads to the activation of opportunistic pathogens. During the industrial rearing of animals, microflora accumulates both indoors and in the environment. Fattening animals with pelleted feed indoors and the lack of contact with donors of typical microorganisms available in nature (soil, insects, plants) lead to the intestine's colonization by enterobacteria. As a result, probiotics have become very popular in animal husbandry and poultry to normalize the intestinal microflora and disinfect humus, treat animal housing, and eliminate odors: probiotics – microbial drugs which are stabilized cultures of microorganisms that have antagonistic activity against pathogenic microflora. Today, the sources of probiotic strains are nine species of microorganisms. However, probiotics' antimicrobial and stimulating potential based on safe and effective strains of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens bacilli is much higher than probiotics based on Lacto- and bifidobacteria. The study aimed to investigate the safety and cute toxicity of the probiotic drug “Biozapin” based on a mixture of probiotic bacteria Bacillus sybtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and aluminosilicate with a single injection into animals and to establish the maximum therapeutic, toxic and lethal doses. The article presents information on the study results of acute toxicity and safety of the drug “Biozapin”. At intragastric administration of this drug to white mice at a dose of 5000 mg/kg of body weight, it does not cause their death; therefore, it is possible to draw a conclusion that this drug is nontoxic. Dilution of the drug “Biozapin” in various concentrations are harmless to the simplest tetrachimene piriformis. The increase in live weight of one head of mice with forced administration of the drug “Biozapin” intragastrically in different concentrations was: sample № 1 – 11.5 %, sample № 2 – 10.0 %, sample № 3 – 13.5 %, sample № 4 – 11.7 %, sample № 5 – 11.1 %, in the control group – 13.9 %. At pathological autopsy of animals, no visible pathological changes were found. The results of toxicological studies have shown that the drug “Biozapin” is harmless and non-toxic.

Volatile Glycosides from the Leaves of Morus alba with a Potential Contribution to the Complex Anti-diabetic Activity

The leaves and root bark of Morus alba, the white mulberry tree, are well-known traditional medicines for the treatment of type II diabetes. Several different types of constituents have been suggested to be responsible for the anti-diabetic activity of mulberry drugs, such as iminosugars, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds, glycopeptides and ecdysteroids. Our group recently suggested that a volatile-oil like fraction of the hot water extract of M. alba leaves, containing several phenyl-propane derivatives, can increase the glucose consumption of adipocytes. Here we report the isolation of three glycosylated volatile constituents from mulberry leaves, two megastigmane derivatives along with the beta-D-glucoside of eugenol. Furthermore, a commercially available mixture of probiotic bacteria was assessed to study the effect of the intestinal flora on the megastigmane derivatives. Significant amounts of the aglycons of both compounds were liberated, suggesting that these compounds can be metabolized in the large intestines and absorbed without the sugar moiety after the consumption of a traditional mulberry tea. Based on literature data, both the glycosides and their aglycons have a potential contribution to the beneficial effects of mulberry leaves in type 2 diabetes.

Probiotic Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis

In 2009, 2 manuscripts were added to the literature that demonstrated the effectiveness of probiotics in inducing remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. The first manuscript was published by Miele and colleagues. Twenty-nine newly diagnosed ulcerative colitis patients were randomized to receive either VSL#3 on a weight-based dose or a placebo in conjunction with concomitant steroid induction and mesalamine maintenance treatment. The subjects were children with a mean age of 9.8 years ranging from 1.7 to 16.1 years. There were 13 females and 16 males. The subjects were thoroughly evaluated at 1 month, 2 months, 6 months, and 1 year after the diagnosis or at the time of relapse. All 29 patients responded at the induction of therapy, and remission was achieved in 13 patients (92.8%) treated with VSL#3 and inflammatory bowel disease therapy and in 4 patients treated with placebo and inflammatory bowel disease therapy. This gave a clear statistical result of effectiveness of the probiotics with a P level of less than 0.001. At 1 year, 3 of the 14 patients treated with the probiotics relapsed, whereas 11 of 15 on the placebo relapsed, again giving a significant P value of less than 0.014. The authors concluded that their randomized, placebo-controlled trial suggested the efficacy and safety of a high concentrated mixture of probiotic bacteria, VSL#3, in active ulcerative colitis and demonstrated its role in maintenance of remission. The study carried out in Italy included both endoscopic and histologic evaluations. The second study was carried out in India by Sood and colleagues and again revealed that VSL#3 was safe and effective in achieving clinical responses and remissions in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis. They had randomized adult patients to groups that were given VSL#3 (n=77) or placebo (n=70) twice daily for 12 weeks. Their end point was a 50% decrease in the ulcerative colitis disease activity index at 6 weeks, and a secondary end point included remission at 12 weeks and reduction in total individual Ulcerative Colitis Disease Activity Index parameters. Comparing the probiotic treatment group to the placebo gave a clear P value of less than 0.001, and at 12 weeks there were 33 patients on the probiotics which achieved remission, whereas only 11 patients given placebo had a remission, again with a P value of less than 0.0001. These 2 reports seem to tip the scale in favor of recommending probiotic therapy for ulcerative colitis. The dose in the first article was weight-related, but in the second article it was 3.6! 10 colony forming units twice daily (4 sachets). By definition, probiotics are live human bacteria when fed in either pills, tablets, or foods that benefit the host. The first clinical study on the use of a probiotic in ulcerative colitis was reported by Rembacken and colleagues in 1999. They randomized patients with active ulcerative colitis to either mesalamine 800mL three times daily or Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 strain for up to 3 months of therapy. Remission had been induced with the use of corticosteroids. Remission was obtained in 75% of patients treated with the mesalamine and 68% treated with the probiotics. There is difficulty in interpreting this study because of the small differences in the time to remission, 42 days for the probiotics patients and 44 days for the mesalamine. Some interpreted this as meaning that they both work but, in contrast, the use of the mesalamine was at a very low dose. Nevertheless, this was the first study that gave some indication that probiotics may work. In 2007, a Yale University Workshop was held to review the medical literature on the use of probiotics in ulcerative colitis. This review was carried out by Fedorak and Dieleman which revealed that there were 15 controlled studies reported since 1980, and induction of remission was noted in 7 studies evaluating 350 patients. It seemed that induction of remission did occur but that the results varied. The most effective probiotics used were E. coli Nissle strain and VSL#3. A detailed review on maintenance of remission by these same authors revealed that there were 8 studies using 775 patients. Four showed clear maintenance remission and 4 did not. Again, the most effective organisms were E. coli Nissle and VSL#3. In the most recent review of the literature by Kroeker and Dieleman, their recommendation for probiotic use in ulcerative colitis, quoting an update in the Yale review,

Differential protein expression in early Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua) in response to treatment with probiotic bacteria

Proteome analysis was used to study the effects of probiotic bacteria treatment on the protein expression in early Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae. The main focus was on proteins connected to immune function, growth and development. The results demonstrated that none of the identified cod larvae proteins showing up-regulation after administration of probiotic bacteria are known to have a function in immunity. In contrast, several proteins exhibiting down-regulation after exposure to the probiotic bacteria may be related to stress and immune responses. This indicates that the probiotic treated larvae were experiencing a lower level of immune-stimulation than the control group. It is therefore tempting to postulate that the probiotic bacteria mixture used in the present study reduced the environmental stress by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Most of the identified up-regulated proteins in the probiotic group relative to the control may be linked to growth and development. The most pronounced up-regulation of proteins was found in several muscle α-actin isoforms indicating improved growth upon probiotic bacteria treatment.

Effect of prebiotic supplementation on a probiotic bacteria mixture: comparison between a rat model and clinical trials

The effects of a probiotic mixture (PRO), supplemented with either galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) or polydextrose (PDX), on cell numbers of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria (BIF) were studied in conventional rats and healthy human subjects. In rats the baseline BIF cell numbers were below the detection limit and were increased by the 2-week GOSPRO intervention. In contrast baseline LAB numbers in rats were high and not affected by the treatments. The human study consisted of two independent but concurrent trials; both started with PRO followed by GOSPRO or PDXPRO periods. In the human subjects variation in numbers of BIF and LAB were high. The GOSPRO group exhibited high counts of faecal LAB and BIF at the start and showed little or no effects of the interventions. In contrast, the PDX group had low faecal LAB and BIF numbers at the start and clearly increased cell numbers of BIF after the PDXPRO period, and LAB after the PRO and PDXPRO period, compared with the run-in period. We propose here that responses to pro- and prebiotics are dependent on baseline numbers of LAB and/or BIF, and that the conventional rat model does not predict well the treatment responses in humans. The survival of PRO was presumably enhanced by the use of prebiotic supplementation and advocates the use of particular combinations of pro- and prebiotics.