Mixture Of Potassium Nitrate Research Articles

Light Pyrotechnics Using Gunpowder Derived from Fly Ash Bottom Ash (FABA) Waste and Activated Carbon

Pyrotechnic materials are a category of materials that are often used in various applications, including military activities, lighting, signaling, and combat effects. In this study, an experiment was conducted to create a light pyrotechnic material using gunpowder, which is a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and activated carbon. The manufacturing process involved the activation of carbon from fly ash bottom ash (FABA) waste and the composition of different pyrotechnic materials. The experiment involved testing pyrotechnic compositions with varying ratios of KNO3 : carbon : sulfur. The results showed that the composition with a ratio of 15 : 7.5 : 7.5 produced the highest light intensity, reaching 104 lux, and provided optimal visual effects. In addition, the relative proportions of oxidizer, carbon and sulfur affected the type of pyrotechnic effect produced. Pyrotechnic light generation from gunpowder could be considered successful, and the best composition for spectacular visual effects was a ratio of 15 : 7.5 : 7.5. However, sufficient caution and knowledge were required in the use of pyrotechnic materials to ensure safety and compliance with applicable regulations.

DESIGN OF A TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ON A BALL MILL MACHINE TO PROCESS HOMOGENIZATION OF BLACK POWDER USING AN AUTOMATIC SYSTEM

Abstract: In the military world, battle technology has experienced very rapid development, both close-range combat and long-range combat. In long-distance combat the technology that is often used is rocket technology where this rocket technology can paralyze the enemy in large numbers. Black powder is a mixture of potassium nitrate (KNO3), carbon powder (C) and sulfur (S). (Evie Lestariana, LAPAN). The black powder itself functions as an igniter filling material for the propellant combustion process. This research is to design a tool to support the manufacture of black powder in the igniter filling to help the combustion of rockets, especially those owned by the Indonesian Army. This study uses an experimental method using empirical calculations to get a tool with the desired specifications. Before carrying out the calculations, the author collects research data to carry out calculations, the data collected are as follows: 1. Roller shaft rotation: 246 rpm, 2. Roller shaft torque: 4.0697 Nm, 3. Roller shaft diameter: 25 mm, 4. Pulley shaft diameter top: 100mm. The results obtained after carrying out the calculations are the diameter of the driving pulley 98 mm, the belt contact angle against the pulley 174.6º, and the length of the V-belt 453.14 mm, moment of inertia on the gearbox output shaft 1884,8 mm4.

Capacitance of a Gold Electrode in Molten Mixtures of Potassium Nitrate and Potassium Chloride

Capacitance of a Gold Electrode in Molten Mixtures of Potassium Nitrate and Potassium Chloride

Evaluation of small scale n‐heptane fire extinguishing efficacy by natural antioxidants based pyrotechnic compositions: An experimental study

SummaryThe conventional pyrotechnic compositions (PCs) for firefighting application mostly consist of potassium nitrate, chlorate or perchlorate as oxidants and organic resin‐like phenol‐formaldehyde, melamine‐formaldehyde, epoxy resin and polyurethanes are used as reducers. Unfortunately, there are also some potential disadvantages to the use of conventional compositions. These are related to high combustion temperature with the generation of heat and flame which may cause secondary fire chances and hazards associated with the use of organic resins. Exposure to phenol, melamine, epoxy resins and polyurethanes are considered as a life‐threatening occupational hazard. Under the present study, new pyrotechnic compositions were prepared with the combination of natural antioxidants like ascorbic acid and gallic acid as reductant and mixture of potassium nitrate with potassium chlorate as oxidant. Fire extinguishing efficacies, calorific value, burn rate, the flame temperature of newly developed compositions was evaluated against potassium nitrate and phenol‐formaldehyde resin‐based conventional composition. Although both the new and conventional composition has shown good fire extinguishing efficacies, extinguishing 4.57 KW of small scale n‐heptane pool fire in 3 to 4 seconds, these newly developed compositions showed 67% to 76% reduction in flame temperature. It was also found that these new compositions exhibit a faster burn rate and lower calorific value than the conventional composition. To understand the fire extinguishing mechanism by the discharged aerosol particulate, its physical and chemical characteristics were assessed by a series of techniques viz; HRXRD, SEM, FTIR, EDX.

Paul-Louis Cyfflé's (1724-1806) search for porcelain

Seven unglazed figurines from private collections, attributed to Cyffle’s Terre de Lorraine manufacture in Luneville (1766–1780), were subjected to porosity and scanning electron microscopic analyses to determine bulk element compositions and the composition and nature of their constituent phases. One figurine bears the mark CYFFLE A. LUNEVILLE, three the mark TERRE DE LORRAINE. The studied samples pertain to four compositional groupings: (1) Two porous (18–20 % water adsorption W.A.) bodies containing milled quartz-rich frit +anhydrite (former gypsum) +phyllosilicate +Ca-rich matrix; (2) A soft-paste (artificial) porcelain body (10 % W. A.), containing quartz +calcic plagioclase (An 88–95 ) + glassy matrix. The latter is inferred to derive from a former frit. A coronitic, amorphous (as revealed by electron backscattered diffraction analysis) reaction rim is visible around the quartzes. The K-rich and Na-poor composition of the frit is best explained as a mixture of potassium nitrate, alum, calcined gypsum, sand, and moderate amounts of salt and soda; (3) A porous (23 % W. A.), hybrid porcelain body with finely milled particles of quartz, mullite-bearing hard-paste porcelain, Na-Ca-siliceous glass and metakaolinite; (4) Three hard-paste porcelain bodies, some with relict quartz, andesine plagioclase (An 37–45 ), pseudomorphs of kaolinite and the liquidus phase mullite in a glassy matrix. Well fired figurines have no W. A. due to the pervasive former melt phase, underfired figurines 7 %. These wares can contain small amounts of lead (1.8 wt% PbO) and SO 3 (0.6 wt%), suggesting the use of lead frit and gypsum. The diversity of Cyffle’s production is now better recognized. His trial-and-error experiments made use of a remarkably wide range of paste mixtures, with porcelain bodies in the French (soft-paste) and the German (hard-paste) tradition.

Effect of oxide additives on radiolytic decomposition of potassium nitrate

Gamma-ray induced decomposition of binary mixtures of potassium nitrate with 90, 70, 50, 30 and 10 mol% SiO2, Al2O3, MnO2, V2O5, La2O3, CeO2, Sm2O3, Eu2O3, Gd2O3 and Dy2O3 has been studied at different doses up to 500 kGy. Radiolytic decomposition of the nitrate is affected by the concentration of the oxide in the binary mixture as well as by the absorbed dose. The enhancement is up to 103 times at 90 mol% of the additive.G(NO2 −) values calculated on the basis of electron fraction of the nitrate decrease with the increasing concentration of the nitrate. A comparison ofG(NO2 −) for 90 mol% oxides shows decreasing trend as Gd2O3>Sm2O3≈Dy2O3> Eu2O3>CeO2>Al2O3>V2O5>SiO2>MnO2. ESR and TL measurements suggest the formation of radical species which interact with the radical species of nitrate causing enhanced decomposition by energy transfer mechanism.

Gamma radiolytic decomposition of solid binary mixtures of potassium nitrate with halides

Gamma-ray induced decomposition of solid binary mixtures of KNO3 with halides viz. KCl, KBr and KI has been studied at room temperature. G(NO2−) values were found to vary with absorbed dose. Size and electronegativity of anions and molar composition of halides are the other factors influencing radiolysis.

The production of alamethicins by Trichoderma spp.

The production of polypeptides containing a high percentage of 2-methylalanine residues by a number of isolates of Trichoderma spp. has been examined. It has been shown that good yields (0.5-1.0 g L-1) can be achieved on synthetic media provided an insoluble carbohydrate is included and provided single-spore isolates that have this production ability are selected from time to time. Such yields could not be obtained on any single nitrogen source investigated, but a mixture of potassium nitrate, glutamine, and 2-methylalanine was effective. It was shown that at least eight polypeptides were produced in shake-flask or tank fermentation and that the proportions of these metabolites depended on the fermentation temperature, its pH, age, and aeration. Fermentation conditions for enhancing the production (independently) of two of the metabolites at the expense of the others are given. These two metabolites have been obtained in crystalline form and details of some of their physical and chemical properties are given.

Estimation of propranolol hydrochloride

A simple calorimetric method for the determination of propranolol hydrochloride has been worked out. The method involves nitration of the drug with a mixture of potassium nitrate and sulphuric acid. The coloured nitro-derivative has an absorption maxima at 360 nm. The working concentration range is 10–50 μg/ml. The method is applicable to analysis of pharmaceutical preparations.

Electrical Conductivity of Molten Mixtures of Potassium Nitrate with Lead Nitrate and the Tobolsky Parameter

Electrical Conductivity of Molten Mixtures of Potassium Nitrate with Lead Nitrate and the Tobolsky Parameter

Determination of ruthenium in biological material by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry using electrothermal atomisation.

A sensitive and rapid method was developed for the determination of ruthenium in faces and other products of digestion by ruminants. The sample was ashed at 350 °C with a mixture of potassium nitrate and potassium hydroxide, dissolved in dilute nitric acid and analysed by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry using a carbon rod atomiser. The method is particularly free from interferences and is suitable for the determination of ruthenium at concentrations between 5 and 50 µg per gram of dry matter.

Synchronization of germination of celery seeds

SUMMARYThe effects of osmotic pre‐treatments on the germination response of celery seeds were studied in a series of experiments designed to optimize that treatment. The experimental variables were different osmotica (polyethylene glycol (PEG) or a mixture of potassium nitrate and tri‐potassium orthophosphate), levels of osmotic potential, temperature and duration of treatment. The rate and synchronization of germination were very significantly improved by many of these pre‐treatments but the maximum effects on cv. Lathom Blanching were obtained by treating the seeds with a solution of the salt mixture of c.–10 bars potential at 15 °C for 21 days. This treatment resulted in 50 % germination of the viable seeds within 1–4 days at a temperature of 20 °C compared with 13‐7 days from the untreated seeds. There were indications that the optimum pre‐treatment may vary somewhat between varieties and seed stocks. The results showed that the effects of the two osmotica on germination response were similar, thus enabling a technique to be developed for treating, with the salt solution, larger quantities of seed and germinating them prior to fluid drilling in the field.

Separation of Molybdenum from Plutonium-238 Dioxide

Two methods by which molybdenum metal coatings may be removed from plutonium dioxide shards are: (a) fusion of the coated shards in a mixture of potassium nitrate and potassium hydroxide, cooling t...

Association Constants in Molten Mixtures of Univalent and Divalent Nitrates. I. Silver Chloride in Mixtures of Potassium Nitrate with Calcium Nitrate or Strontium Nitrate1

Association Constants in Molten Mixtures of Univalent and Divalent Nitrates. I. Silver Chloride in Mixtures of Potassium Nitrate with Calcium Nitrate or Strontium Nitrate¹

Reduction of Nitrates in Acid Medium with Raney Catalyst Powders

Abstract Of several Raney catalyst powders (alloys of aluminum with other metals), the most efficient reduetant of nitrates in acid medium was that of Al and Ni; others, in decreasing order of reducing power, were Cu-Al, Ni-Cr-Al, Co-Al, and Fe-Al. In the reduction, nascent hydrogen, generated by the reaction of Al with the acid, is adsorbed on the alloying metal and there reduces the nitrate. A relatively small amount of the alloy is required, and the resulting salts do not interfere with subsequent Kjeldahling and distillation. The method was applied successfully to mixed fertilizers containing nitrates and to mixtures of potassium nitrate with organic materials that are occasional constituents of fertilizers. The method is suitable for solid and liquid fertilizers that contain considerable chloride.

チオセミカルバチッド関連化合物の合成 (第5報)

Preparation of 2-amino-5-nitro-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole was unsuccessful by the rearrangement of nitro group in the side chaine at 2-position of 2-nitramino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole and also by direct nitration of 2-acetamido-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole with a mixture of potassium nitrate and conc. sulfuric acid at various temperatures. The reaction of 2-nitramino-5-R-1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles (R=H, CH3, C2H5, C3H7, and iso-C4H9) with benzylamine in boiling xylene afforded 2-benzylamino-5-R-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole (except in the case of R=H) and 3-mercapto-4-benzyl-5-R-4H-1, 2, 4-triazole. The former was also prepared by the reaction of 2-chloro-5-R-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole (R=H, CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7, and iso-C4H9) with benzylamine in methanol. 3-mercapto-4-benzyl-5-R-4H-1, 2, 4-triazoles (R=H, CH3) were prepared from 1-acyl-4-benzyl-3-thiosemicarbazides by cyclization with 10% sodium carbonate solution, which were synthesized by using 80% formic acid, and a mixture of acetic acid and its anhydride with 4-benzyl-3-thiosemicarbazide, respectively. Recation of 4-benzyl-3-thiosemicarbazide with 99% formic acid gave 2-benzylamino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole.

The Action of Certain Reagents on Amoeboid Movement

The Action of Certain Reagents on Amoeboid Movement