Mixture Of Isopropanol Research Articles

Study of the Parameters Impacting the Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide in Ionic Liquids

AbstractTo overcome the chemical inertness of CO2, one strategy consists of pre‐activating or destabilizing it, to lower the reduction barrier, by preparing a carbene‐CO2compound where the CO2is bent rather than linear. This pre‐activation has been studied in ionic liquids (IL) based on imidazolium as a cation with different anions under conditions of mild pressure, room temperature and UV/Vis light. This screening showed that only 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium acetate (C1C4ImOAc) was capable of effectively pre‐activating CO2by chemical sorption to give a more reactive 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium‐2‐carboxylate (C1C4ImCO2) species. A co‐solvent can be used to consume the photo‐generated holes in Pd/g‐C3N4as a sacrificial agent but also to provide the protons necessary to reduce CO2. In this study, the influence of several type of co‐solvents such as H2O, isopropanol (iPrOH), and 1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐3‐methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [C1C2(OH)ImNTf2], has been tested on the activation of CO2in C1C4ImOAc. We first defined the optimal molar ratio of co‐solvent to be used in order not to compromise CO2pre‐activation for subsequent application in CO2transformation. Photocatalytic reductions of CO2to CO on Pd/g‐C3N4by varying different parameters demonstrated that CO2pre‐activation in a mixture of C1C4ImOAc and isopropanol was the most efficient to consider a prospective strategy of CO2photoreduction in an IL medium.

Demonstration of Advanced Data Mining Tools for Optimization of Pellets Employing Modified Extrusion-pelletization Technique

Background: The multi particulate drug delivery system is preferred due to its numerous advantages but the batch to batch consistency and to achieve desired physical properties are the major challenges in the formulation of such dosage form. Objective: The objective of the present study was to explore the concept of quality by design for the development of galantamine HBr controlled release pellets using a modified palletization technique. Methods: Compritol 888 and Ethocel were chosen as hydrophobic release retardants, while Avicel was chosen as pelletization aid. A compatibility study was conducted between the drug and excipients. Drug loaded extrudes were prepared by using a mixture of isopropyl alcohol, and dichloromethane. Before converting the wet extrudes into pellets, pregelatinized starch was sprinkled on them to improve the physical properties of the pellets. The pellets were characterized for size, shape, and flow. The critical evaluation parameter was the drug dissolution pattern in distilled water. The dissolution data were treated with advanced data mining techniques. The in-vivo profile was predicted employing pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug and in-vitro drug release data of optimized batch pellets. Results: The failure mode and effect analysis revealed that the amount of Compritol 888 ATO and Ethocel were the most critical formulation parameters. The results of FTIR and DSC revealed compatibility between the drug and the excipients. The spherical pellets exhibited good flow. The drug dissolution studies of the batches, prepared according to the central composite design, revealed modified drug release. Multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance were performed to identify statistically significant factors. Contour plots demonstrated the impact of the amount of Compritol 888 and ethyl cellulose. The Design-Expert software was used to identify optimized formulation. The predicted in-vivo plasma concentration-time profile revealed the modified drug release up to 12h. Conclusions: Compritol and Ethocel were able to retard the drug release up to 12 hrs in distilled water. The innovative finding of this study is the use of a dry binder (pregelatinized starch) to improve the characteristics of pellets. Other dry binders are expected to show a similar effect. The newer processing technique can be of use in the industry.

Equations for the Correlation and Prediction of Partition Coefficients of Neutral Molecules and Ionic Species in the Water–Isopropanol Solvent System

We use literature data on solubilities of 46 compounds in the water–isopropanol (IPA) system to obtain the corresponding partition coefficients, P, for transfer from water to water–IPA mixtures. We have then used our previously constructed linear free energy equation to obtain equations that correlate log10 P at water–IPA intervals across the entire water–IPA system. These equations can then be used to predict partition coefficients and solubilities of further compounds in the water–IPA systems at 298 K. The coefficients in our linear free energy equation encode information on the physicochemical properties of the water–IPA mixtures. We show that the hydrogen bond basicity of the water–IPA mixtures only increases slightly from water to IPA, but that the hydrogen bond acidity of the mixtures decreases markedly from water to IPA in a smooth continuous manner. We have also used data on ions and on ionic species to set out equations for the estimation of their partition coefficients from water to water–IPA mixtures. We find that for partition from water to IPA itself, log10 P = − 1.81 for H+.

Synthesis of FAU-Zeolite Membrane by a Secondary Growth Method: Influence of Seeding on Membrane Growth and Its Performance in the Dehydration of Isopropyl Alcohol-Water Mixture.

Y-type zeolite membranes were prepared on a porous tubular α-alumina support by a secondary growth process. Various experimental conditions such as seed size, pH of seed solution, and degassing of support were examined for understanding their influence on the membrane deposition process. The experimental results showed that the potential of alumina support surface and the USY seed slurry plays a significant role in controlling the electrostatic interaction between seed particles and support surface and also the aggregation of USY seed particles in the slurry. In addition, we also noted the significance of the capillary forces working at the three-phase interface on the support surface and is a key factor that governs the seeding behavior onto the tubular support surface. Optimization of these parameters resulted in crack-free compact membranes that were able to effectively separate a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and water in a vapor-phase separation process.

An Optically Reconfigurable Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Process for Broadband Switchable Organic Single-Mode Microlasers

An Optically Reconfigurable Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Process for Broadband Switchable Organic Single-Mode Microlasers

Synthesis of Air-Stable Cu Nanoparticles Using Laser Reduction in Liquid

We report the synthesis of air-stable Cu nanoparticles (NPs) using the bottom-up laser reduction in liquid method. Precursor solutions of copper acetlyacetonate in a mixture of methanol and isopropyl alcohol were irradiated with femtosecond laser pulses to produce Cu NPs. The Cu NPs were left at ambient conditions and analyzed at different ages up to seven days. TEM analysis indicates a broad size distribution of spherical NPs surrounded by a carbon matrix, with the majority of the NPs less than 10 nm and small numbers of large particles up to ∼100 nm in diameter. XRD collected over seven days confirmed the presence of fcc-Cu NPs, with some amorphous Cu2O, indicating the stability of the zero-valent Cu phase. Raman, FTIR, and XPS data for oxygen and carbon regions put together indicated the presence of a graphite oxide-like carbon matrix with oxygen functional groups that developed within the first 24 h after synthesis. The Cu NPs were highly active towards the model catalytic reaction of para-nitrophenol reduction in the presence of NaBH4.

Evodiamine in several binary aqueous co-solvents: Solubility measurement and modeling, Hansen solubility parameter, preferential solvation and apparent dissolution and transfer properties

Equilibrium solubilities of evodiamine were determined in four aqueous mixtures of methanol, isopropanol, acetone and ethanol over their full mass fraction range via the shake-flask approach covering from 283.15 to 323.15 K. The solubility profiles showed maxima in the neat cosolvents. The temperature and the mixture composition dependence of evodiamine solubility in mole fraction scale was well described by using five well-known models involving NRTL, Jouyban-Acree, van't Hoff-Jouyban-Acree, UNIQUAC and Wilson. The means of the relative deviations were recorded as 5.40%, 0.98% and 0.48% for the Wilson, UNIQUAC and NRTL models, respectively. The Jouyban-Acree and van't Hoff-Jouyban-Acree models resulted in the calculated relative average and root-mean-square deviations lower than 6.83% and 9.19 × 10−6, respectively. Hansen solubility parameter was utilized to disclose the solubility behavior of evodiamine. We also employed the linear solvation energy relationships to detect which intermolecular interactions were mainly responsible for the observed solvent effect upon solubility behavior. This analysis revealed the highlighted role of cavity term and dipolarity-polarizability of solvent in solubility variation of evodiamine. Solubility data was further examined by using the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals method in order to analysis the preferential solvation of evodiamine in the mixtures. Results showed the selective solvation of evodiamine by organic solvent in intermediate and organic solvent-rich compositions, and by water in water-rich compositions. The thermodynamic quantities including the apparent molar dissolution enthalpy, molar dissolution entropy and molar Gibbs energy, and the relative contribution of dissolution enthalpy and dissolution entropy to the dissolution Gibbs energy change for dissolution of evodiamine were calculated in each binary mixture. Moreover, the transfer properties were derived and discussed.

Efficient surface passivation using two-step ammonium sulfide based treatment for GaN/AlGaN heterojunction phototransistors

The effects of different ammonium sulfide [(NH4)2Sx]-based treatments on the surface passivation of dry-etched and thermally recovered GaN epilayer have been investigated. A two-step treatment using HCl followed by the mixture of (NH4)2Sx and isopropyl alcohol demonstrated a more effective removal of intrinsic oxide layer and formation of sulfide passivation. The compensating centers on both the p- and n+-type GaN surfaces were significantly reduced. The fabricated base-floating GaN/Al0.1GaN heterojunction phototransistors (HPTs) with the surface passivation showed improved I–V and enhanced optical gain due to the effective suppression of surface recombination current. A maximum gain of 1.3 × 105 was obtained at 5 V bias in the HPTs using the two-step treatment.

Energy efficient and environmentally friendly pervaporation-distillation hybrid process for ternary azeotrope purification

Isopropanol and acetonitrile are important chemical raw materials that are widely used in the chemical industry. However, mixtures of acetonitrile, isopropanol, and water are difficult to separate as these compounds form azeotropes. The solvents were screened based on their relative volatility and toxicity. To reduce the energy consumption, a heat pump-assisted extractive distillation process was proposed. Furthermore, the pervaporation–distillation hybrid process was studied. Life cycle assessment was used to evaluate the environmental impact of the processes. The total annual cost and energy consumption of the hybrid process were 21.11% and 45.91% lower, respectively, than those of the basic process. The values of global warming potential and acid potential of the hybrid process are 810.57 and 1.45, respectively, which are the smallest among those of processes studied. It is concluded that the hybrid process can not only reduce energy consumption, but is also more environmentally friendly than the other processes.

Non-covalently-functionalized CNTs incorporating poly(vinyl alcohol) mixed matrix membranes for pervaporation separation of water-isopropanol mixtures

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) / modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were prepared to study the pervaporation (PV) dehydration of aqueous azeotrope isopropanol mixture. CNTs were modified by wrapping different amount (5–14 wt%) of poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSSA) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) on CNT respectively. ATR, XRD, FESEM, TGA and tensile tests were used to characterize the modified carbon nanotubes and the membranes. For carbon nanotubes wrapped lower amount of poly(styrenesulfonate), the pervaporation results showed that the separation factor remarkably increased and the flux slightly decreased by increasing the content of the modified nanotubes from 0 to 3 wt%, while a reverse trend was observed with further incorporation of the nanotubes up to 5 wt%. Interestingly, increasing poly(styrenesulfonate) density around nanotubes’ sidewalls led to non-ideal effects such as interchain coiling of poly(styrenesulfonate) and formation of rigidified coiled-coil aggregations, so the best PV results were achieved at lower wrapping of poly(styrenesulfonate). However, wrapping nanotubes by poly(vinylpyrrolidone) resulted in fabrication of nanocomposites without evidence of defects or agglomerations and enhanced thermal and mechanical properties. Among all prepared membranes, the best PSI (303) was obtained by embedding 4 wt% of poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-wrapped-nanotubes into poly (vinyl alcohol) that could be attributed to good compatibility and interactions between the fillers and the matrix. Hydrogen bonding between carbonyl groups of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and hydroxyl groups of poly(vinyl alcohol), formation of hydrophilic channels and helical wrapping of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) chains instead of interchain coiling were responsible for the observed improvement in separation performance of the membranes containing PVP-wrapped-CNTs.

Fabrication of fine-pored polydimethylsiloxane using an isopropyl alcohol and water mixture for adjustable mechanical, optical, and thermal properties.

Porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has garnered interest owing to its large inner surface area, high deformability, and lightweight, while possessing inherent properties, such as transparency, flexibility, cost-effectiveness, ease of fabrication, chemical/mechanical stability, and biocompatibility. For producing porous PDMS, gas foaming, sacrificial template, and emulsion template techniques have been used extensively. However, the aforementioned methods have difficulty in achieving submicron-sized inner pores, which is advantageous for improving flexibility and transparency. This study demonstrates a simple fabrication method for obtaining porous PDMS with fine pores partially down to the sub-micron scale. This is possible by the use of cheap, volatile, and easily accessible isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as a co-solvent in water and pre-PDMS emulsion. IPA shows an affinity towards both water and prepolymer, resulting in an increased distribution of small water particles inside PDMS before curing. These water particles evaporate while curing the prepolymer emulsion, thereby generating fine pores. The fine size and number density of pores are controlled by water and the added amount of IPA, resulting in adjustable mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of porous PDMS.

An environmentally friendly carton adhesive from acidic hydrolysis of waste potato starch

In food industries, especially in factories producing potato chips, large quantities of wastes can be generated that can harm aqueous environments. Before the potato chips are produced, at stages such as cutting and slicing the potato, the potato starches from the blade pass into the aqueous medium. The starch in this aqueous medium can be recycled by centrifuging or decanting before discharging. Otherwise, producing energy by sending it to biogas production facilities is a common method. The industrial starch obtained in this way is referred to as a by-product or waste. Thus, these waste starches, which are renewable, low-cost, multi-functional, biodegradable and nontoxic, can be used in different industries by changing their properties with some physicochemical or chemical methods and can be brought into the economy as cardboard adhesive. The aim of this study was to obtain an environmentally friendly cardboard adhesive from the modification of waste potato starch (WPS) by hydrolysis. WPS was homogenized in different amounts of deionized water and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) mixtures (0–135 mL). Subsequently, the mixtures were hydrolyzed by 25 mL of HCl or H2SO4 at different concentrations (0.25–1.25 M). The structure of the modified potato starch (MWPS) was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM), the thermal behavior by thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis, and the viscosity by Brookfield viscosimeter. The adhesive property of the MWPS samples was determined as a tensile strength on a “dog-bone shape” cardboards by texture analyzer. The molecular weight profiles of the starch samples were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and the effect on the mechanical properties of starch was investigated. The molecular weight of starches was obviously decreased by acid hydrolysis. The observed peaks in the FT-IR spectrum were similar in the WPS and MWPS samples, and not affected by the type and concentration of the IPA or acids. In the SEM images, the granules surface of the MWPSs became shrunken and even fractured with the recessed surfaces. As the acid hydrolysis increases, the diffraction of crystalline peaks, and the thermal stability and degradation temperatures decreased. The viscosity significantly decreased with the increasing of the acid concentration. The best adhesive was obtained from the hydrolysis of 0.50 M HCl (25 mL) in 135 mL of water with the strength of 10.90 MPa.

The solubility and dissolution thermodynamic properties of chloroquine diphosphate in different organic solvents

Due to the currently commercial process for production of chloroquine diphosphate with certain disadvantages, there is need to select relevant solvents and to design an optimized production process. The dissolution process of chloroquine diphosphate (form II) in different solvents within the temperature range from 273.15 K to 313.15 K is studied by using the isothermal equilibrium method. Most information in pure solvents is in DMF (3.781 × 10−5 in mole fraction) at 313.15 K, followed by ethanol (2.426 × 10−5), n-propanol (1.153 × 10−5) and isopropanol (8.20 × 10−6). In mixtures of isopropanol (1-w) + DMF (w), the solubility values increase monotonically with the increasing mass fraction (w) of DMF. However, in the system of ethanol (1-w) + DMF (w), solubility increases first, and then decreases with the composition as DMF increases. The maximum value is (4.466 × 10−5) at w = 0.40 at 313.15 K, an increase about 2 fold. The solubility process depends on the chemical properties of solvent such as the hydrogen bond acidity (α), hydrogen bond basicity (β), dipolarity/polarizability (π*) and the Hildebrand solubility parameter (δ2 H), which are discussed. Moreover, the solubility results are evaluated by the modified Apelblat equation and Jouyban-Acree model, and the values of relative average deviation (RAD) are all less than 1.11% in pure organic solvents, and no more than 4.03% in two mixtures. Besides, the calculation of apparent thermodynamic analysis indicates that the dissolution is an endothermic, spontaneous and entropy driven process.

A comprehensive comparison of four methods for extracting lipids from Arabidopsis tissues

BackgroundThe plant lipidome is highly complex, and the composition of lipids in different tissues as well as their specific functions in plant development, growth and stress responses have yet to be fully elucidated. To do this, efficient lipid extraction protocols which deliver target compounds in solution at concentrations adequate for subsequent detection, quantitation and analysis through spectroscopic methods are required. To date, numerous methods are used to extract lipids from plant tissues. However, a comprehensive analysis of the efficiency and reproducibility of these methods to extract multiple lipid classes from diverse tissues of a plant has not been undertaken.ResultsIn this study, we report the comparison of four different lipid extraction procedures in order to determine the most effective lipid extraction protocol to extract lipids from different tissues of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.ConclusionWhile particular methods were best suited to extract different lipid classes from diverse Arabidopsis tissues, overall a single-step extraction method with a 24 h extraction period, which uses a mixture of chloroform, isopropanol, methanol and water, was the most efficient, reproducible and the least labor-intensive to extract a broad range of lipids for untargeted lipidomic analysis of Arabidopsis tissues. This method extracted a broad range of lipids from leaves, stems, siliques, roots, seeds, seedlings and flowers of Arabidopsis. In addition, appropriate methods for targeted lipid analysis of specific lipids from particular Arabidopsis tissues were also identified.

Solubility determination and thermodynamic properties calculation of macitentan in mixtures of ethyl acetate and alcohols

Due to macitentan (form I) is hydrophobic and has poor solubility, in this work, the solubility of macitentan in (methanol + ethyl acetate), (ethanol + ethyl acetate) and (isopropanol + ethyl acetate) was studied and correlated. In three mixed solvents, the solubility increased with the increase of temperature. In pure solvents, the largest mole solubility data was in ethyl acetate (1.223 × 10−2 at 313.15 K), followed by methanol (6.02 × 10−4 at 313.15 K), ethanol (4.58 × 10−4 at 313.15 K) and isopropanol (2.46 × 10−4 at 313.15 K). The solubility increased monotonically with the increase of ethyl acetate mass fraction at all studied temperatures. In mixtures of (ethyl acetate + methanol), the values varied from 6.02 × 10−4 to 1.223 × 10−2 at 313.15 K, an increase of 20.32 folds, meanwhile, 26.70 folds for mixtures of (ethanol + ethyl acetate) and 49.72 folds for mixtures of (isopropanol + ethyl acetate). The values of relative average deviations (RAD) in three systems with Jouyban-Acree model are 6.20%, 5.95% and 4.95%, respectively. For CNIBS/R-K model, the data is less than 5.0% at the temperature range from 273.15 K to 293.15 K only in mixture of (ethyl acetate + methanol). However, the data of Residual Sum of Squares (RSS) for Jouyban-Acree model and CNIBS/R-K model are 5.72 and 2.26, respectively. According to the result of analysis, the CNIBS/R-K model could provide a suitable prediction in three mixed solvents. In the following, the analysis of apparent thermodynamic properties for the dissolution processes indicate the dissolution process is not only endothermic but also entropy-driving.

The Effects of Solvent on Doctor‐Bladed Perovskite Light Absorber under Ambient Process Condition for Multiple‐Cation Mixed Halide Perovskites

A doctor‐blading process for the fabrication of triple‐cation halide‐perovskite thin films using eco‐friendly solvents under ambient conditions is demonstrated. An eco‐friendly perovskite precursor composed of γ‐butyrolactone (GBL)/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)/isopropanol (IPA) mixture is used. The coordination between PbI2 and DMSO effectively suppresses the perovskite crystal grow rate which results in a dense and uniform film. However, the intermediate DMSO–PbI2 phase residual has a negative impact on the perovskite film quality. The amount of residues, the trap‐state defect density, the perovskite film uniformity, and the device performance can be considerably affected by adding IPA in the precursor due to its capability to facilitate DMSO evaporation. Heating post‐treatment on the top side of the film homogenizes the evaporation rate of the air–liquid surface which leads to a larger grain size and unbroken film. The device using perovskite solution with GBL/DMSO/IPA mixture as solvent achieves a decent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.3% with a Voc of 1.01 V and a Jsc of 19.3 mA cm−2. The bare device retains 76.5% of its original PCE after 25 days under ambient environment at 35 °C, with 35–40% relative humidity. A large‐size device with an active area of 2.4 cm2 delivers a PCE of 8.52%.

Multiscale Simulation of the Formation of Platinum-Particles on Alumina Nanoparticles in a Spray Flame Experiment

Platinum decorated alumina particles have the potential of being a highly (cost-)effective catalyst. The particles are synthesized from platinum(II) acetylacetonate dissolved in a mixture of isopropanol and acetic acid with dispersed alumina carriers. The process is simulated by means of large eddy simulation with reaction kinetics and aerosol dynamics modeling. A two mixture fraction approach for tabulated chemistry with a thickened flame model is used to consider the complex reaction kinetics of the solvent spray combustion. Diffusion is described followings Ficks law with a unity Lewis number for the gas phase species, whereas the particle diffusion coefficients are calculated according to the kinetic theory. An extended model for aerosol dynamics, capable of predicting deposition rate and surface particle growth, is derived from the classical sectional technique. The simulations are compared and validated with product particle characteristics obtained from the experimental observations. Distributions for different locations within the simulation domain show the evolution of particle sizes deposited on the alumina particle surface, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the composite particles are shown in comparison to 3D particles ballistically reconstructed from simulation data. The ratio of deposited platinum on the alumina carrier particles and the mean diameters of the deposited particles are in good agreement with the experimental observation. Overall, the new method has demonstrated to be suitable for simulating the particle decoration process.

A Novel Multi-Step Purification Method for Production of Profitable Food Grade Phosphoric Acid and Ammonium Based Fertilizers from a Sedimentary Ore

Effective parameters on producing food grade phosphoric acid and consequently di-ammonium phosphate fertilizer from a sedimentary phosphate ore were investigated in this study. The ore characterization analysis was performed and revealed that there were 32.32% of P2O5 along with some elements such as iron, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, fluorine, arsenic and lead in the ore deposit. Following the initial washing experiments, two methods were used to dissolve ore and multi-step purification of phosphoric acid was performed to remove impurities. Accordingly, the solution had been concentrated using solvent extraction system. The extractant was prepared in a novel way from three-to-one mixture of Tributyl-phosphate and Isopropyl-alcohol. Kerosene was used as a solvent in these experiments. For optimization, the experiments were performed using statistical design method by DX7 software and then high purity phosphoric acid was obtained. Finally, the obtained phosphoric acid was converted to ammonium based fertilizers during optimization tests.

An Innovative Method for Large‐Scale Synthesis of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanosheets by Liquid Phase Exfoliation

AbstractHexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h‐BNNSs), the geometry similar to that of two‐dimensional (2D) graphene has engrossed substantial attention due to its promising superior thermal, electrical, and dielectric properties for both fundamental studies as well as potential applications. Due to the strong covalent bond interactions in bulk hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), the high yield synthesis of large‐size h‐BNNSs is still a challenging task. In this report, a facile and innovative mixed solvent was carried out in the liquid phase exfoliation method via ultra‐sonication to obtain h‐BNNSs in large quality. The mixed solventconsisting of a mixture of Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and De‐ionized (DI) water (in 3 : 7 ratio) is used for the highly efficient and cost‐effective synthesis of h‐BNNSs. In an optimized condition, the production yield of h‐BNNSs is approximately 90 % with a concentration of 0.6mg/mL. Here, the Lewis acid‐base interaction mechanism is responsible for the exfoliation of h‐BN due to the electron deficient boron atoms. The exfoliated ultra‐thin h‐BNNSs show better results, which is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Hence, our study provides a simple, large scale and economical exfoliation approach for the preparation of h‐BNNSs in next generation potential applications.

Determination of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 and 33 compounds from eight different drug classes in whole blood by LC-MS/MS

IntroductionMost bioanalytical LC-MS/MS methods are developed for determination of single drugs or classes of drugs, but a multi-compound LC-MS/MS method that can replace several methods could reduce both analysis time and costs. The aim of this study was to develop a high-throughput LC-MS/MS method for determination of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 (PEth 16:0/18:1) and 33 other compounds from eight different drug classes in whole blood. MethodsWhole-blood samples were prepared by 96-well supported liquid extraction (SLE). Chromatographic separations were performed on a biphenyl core shell column with a mobile phase consisting of 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.1 and methanol. Each extract was analyzed twice by LC-MS/MS, injecting 0.4 μL and 2 μL, in order to obtain narrow and symmetrical peaks and good sensitivity for all compounds. Stable isotope-labeled internal standards were used for 31 of the 34 compounds. ResultsA 96-well SLE reversed phase LC-MS/MS method for determination of PEth 16:0/18:1 and 33 other compounds from eight different drug classes was developed and validated. By using an organic solvent mixture of isopropanol/ methyl tert-butyl ether (1:5, v:v), all compounds, including the polar and ampholytic compounds pregabalin, gabapentin and benzoylecgonine, was extracted by 96-well SLE. Discussion/conclusionFor the first time an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of alcohol biomarker PEth 16:0/18:1 and drugs and metabolites from several different drug classes was developed and validated. The developed LC-MS/MS method can be used for high-throughput analyses and sensitive determinations of the 34 compounds in whole blood.